Bale Province, Ethiopia

Bale (Afaan Oromo: Baalee; Amharic: ባሌ), also known as Bali, is the name of a former polities located in the southeastern part of modern Ethiopia. It bordered the Dawaro to the north, Hadiya in the west, and Adal in the east and its core areas were located around the Shebelle River.^[1] However, the borders of Bale during the medieval period are unclear - it is usually placed around the Wabe Shebelle river, another river that shaped its borders was the Wabe River. Overall, borders of historical Bale corresponded to the modern districts of Goba, Sinana-Dinsho, Agarfa, Gasera and Goro.^[2] In the 14th century it was located between Ifat and Solomonic tributary state of Hadiya.^[3] Taddesse Tamrat locates Bale south of the Shebelle River, which separated the kingdom from Dawaro to the north and Adal to the northeast;^[4] Richard Pankhurst adds that its southern boundary was the Ganale Dorya River.^[5] Ulrich Braukämper, after discussing the evidence, states that this former dependency "occupied an area in the northeast of the province which later was named after it, between the mountain range of Urgoma and the eastern Wabi Bend."^[6]

History

Bale was first mentioned during the rule of the Zagwe dynasty, and was described as a "mysterious province" that bordered the Islamic sultanates and provinces of Dawaro and Sharkha in the north, Adal in the east and Hadiya in the west. There was no hereditary dynasty that ruled Bale, but Islam was present in the province, as shown by 13th century Arabic inscriptions found in Bale. According to oral traditions, Islam was brought to Bale by a Muslim scholar named Sheikh Hussein, who migrated from Merca before settling in Bale sometime in the 12th or 13th century. Considered an isolated land, Bale was nevertheless known for its production of cotton, although its southern location limited its ability to trade.^[7] Along with other Muslim polities in the region, including Dawaro, Arababni, Hadiya, Shirka, and Dara, Bale became part of the so-called confederation of Zeila under the Sultanate of Shewa, however later in the centuries it became involved in a tug of war between the rising Christian Solomonic dynasty and Muslim states in the region. The historian Chihab al-Umari described its size as 20 days travel by six days travel, and its lands were more fertile and with a better climate than its Muslim neighbors. It had an army of 18,000 horsemen and "many" foot soldiers.^[8]

In 1332, Bale was conquered by the Christian king of the Ethiopian Empire, Amde Seyon. The subsequent expansion of Christian Ethiopia led to conflict between the neighboring Muslim polities and the Christian empire, and the borderland province soon became the epicenter of these conflicts. Ethiopian rule of Bale also provided an outpost to carry out attacks on neighboring states, such as Ifat and Adal. Due to its southernly position in the empire, Bale was under intense pressure from the neighboring Adal Sultanate, Adal was able to conquer Bale for a brief period in the early 15th century under Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din, but Bale was retaken by Christian Ethiopia under the emperor Zara Yaqob shortly after. Despite its peripheral status, Bale remained under Ethiopian control well into the early 16th century when Emperor Na'od repulsed a raid by an Adal leader named Adruh, this reign also witnessed the rebellion of a nobleman named Wanag Jan, who converted to Islam and slaughtered many Christians but was eventually defeated. The province thus remained apart of the empire, testimony to its Christian affiliation can be seen in the remains of a rock hewn church near Goba.^[9]^[10]

Bale was the first territory in Ethiopia, that Ahmad Gragn had invaded during his conquest of Ethiopia. Prior to his main campaigns into the highlands, one of his first expeditions was a raid against Bale, which by then had largely become a Christian province. While in Bale, Futuh al-Habasa reports that his men seized much loot, pillaged the province and "reduced it to cinders". The governor of Bale, upon learning that his province was being ravaged ordered all the inhabitants to assemble against the invaders, however the "sharifs and the Arabs who lived in Bale" welcomed the Imam and presented him with gifts. After defeating the governor, Ahmad left the province, taking with him a concubine named Hajirah. Despite this victory, Bale continued to remain unconquered and was heavily involved in the defense of other provinces. In Antokya, the Bale army under nobleman Addali ambushed a Adalite force, inflicting heavy losses. In response, the Imam made use of an imported cannon and a number of Arab mercenaries including skilled archers from Morocco, which easily put the Bale army to flight. By 1531, Bale was still unconquered and its people were largely unconverted. This prompted the Imam to send an army largely consisting of recent converts to subjugate the defiant province. Addali also mobilized his army for battle and what followed was one of the bloodiest battles of the war, the Battle of Bali. The two armies fought bravely and fiercely until Addali was killed. After this, the Imam ordered the victorious commander to take one fifth of the noblemen's wives and children and the rest to be given to his soldiers. The chronicler then reports that "All of the inhabitants of Bali, great and small, embraced Islam."^[11]^[12]

Bale soon fell under intense pressure from the Oromo expansion, according to Bahrey the Oromos began to invade Bale under the lubaship of Mudana gadaa (1530-1538).^[13] The Muslim governor of the province, Umar, moved to the northern parts of the province to avoid any confrontation with the Oromos, allowing them to occupy much of the southern and central parts of the province. Manuel de Almeida notes that the territory was occupied by the Oromo with little difficulty as the land was mostly flat lowland plains, which was ideal for a nomadic people to expand in. Sarsa Dengel, during his successful campaign against the ruler of Harar, advanced as far as the Shabelle, but the Oromo had meanwhile migrated further north. Although the Royal Chronicle of Emperor Susenyos reports that Dagano, the governor of Bale had paid tribute to Emperor Yaqob, Braukämper concludes that "from the entirety of the historical situation that Ethiopia's claim to sovereignty later in the seventeenth century was purely theoretical."^[14]^[15]^[16]

The Islamization of the Oromo in Bale began in the 18th century, when according to oral traditions, Sheikh Muhammad Tilma Tiamo, came from Harar to Bale after having a dream in which Sheikh Hussien called him to propagate Islam to the people of Bale and revive the shrine of Sheikh Hussien. Sheikh Abbas, an ethnic Argobba, also arrived to the shrine after seeing Sheikh Hussien in a dream. Sheikh Muhammad and his descendants eventually arose as the leader of the shrine, while Sheikh Abbas and his descendants were left in a deputy position, but played a key role in the conversion of the locals to Islam. The Islamification of Bale was intensified after Emperor Yohannes IV harsh policy towards of Muslim of Ethiopia, which prompted many of them to flee to Bale. More important however was the close proximity to the Emirate of Harar, the Emir Abd-Shakur initiated a strategy of converting the local Oromos around Harar, he eventually commissioned the construction of a mosque in the region.^[17]^[18]

Bale was finally incorporated into Ethiopia during Menelik II's conquests, prior to this Bale was apart of Arsiland which Darge Sahle Selassie campaigned against. The Arsi was defeated in 1886 at the Battle of Azule, but Darge did not move into Bale until 1891. Despite the fierce resistance at Arsi, the people of Bale were quickly pacified with minimal resistance as the conquest was largely achieved through diplomatic means. Darge then established a new provincial headquarters at Goba and gave the governorship to his son, Ras Asfaw. The province was divided into four districts centered around a garrison town, Goba, Dodola, Ginir and Dolo, where Shewan Amhara officers (neftenya) were granted estates while the local Oromo and Somali pastoralists were turned into tenants and forced to pay tribute to them.^[19]

Beginning in 1963, Waqo Gutu led a rebellion which at one point involved all of Bale. The Ethiopian military was not able to put it down until 1969. Waqo Gutu did not offer his surrender until February of the following year, and afterward was granted a commission in the Ethiopian Army.^[20]

With the adoption of the constitution in 1995, the former province of Bale was divided between the newly-formed regions of Oromia and Somali Region in Ethiopia.^{[citation needed]}

Topography

Arid plains, highland plateaus, woodlands, and mountain ranges are all part of Bale's diversified topography. There are many climates and ecosystems, which produce a wide range of flora and fauna, including numerous endemic species. The Wabe Shebelle River, which marks Bale's northern boundary, has carved out numerous deep canyons that serve as physical barriers to the surrounding regions. Bale is divided from the southern Guji and Borana regions by the Genale River, which forms part of the southern boundary. Other important rivers in the area include the Weib, Welmel, and Dumal.^[21]

Notes

^ Islam, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Ethiopia by Terje Østebø Page 52
^ Østebø, Terje (2012). John Hunwick; Rüdiger Seesemann; Knut Vikør (eds.). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia. Islam in Africa. Vol. 12. BRILL. p. 58. ISBN 978-9004184787.
^ Braukamper, Ulrich; Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 135. ISBN 9783825856717.
^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (1270-1527) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 142 n. 1.
^ Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 71
^ Braukämper, Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays (Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2002), p. 82
^ Østebø, Terje (2012). John Hunwick; Rüdiger Seesemann; Knut Vikør (eds.). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia. Islam in Africa. Vol. 12. BRILL. p. 51. ISBN 978-9004184787.
^ G.W.B. Huntingford, The Glorious Victories of Ameda Seyon, King of Ethiopia (Oxford: University Press, 1965), p. 21.
^ Bahiru, Amare (2017). A history of Christianity in Bale, ca. 1890 - 1991. Jimma, Ethiopia: Jimma University. pp. 12–14.
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780932415196.
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780932415196.
^ This campaign is described in Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 105-122.
^ Mohammed Hassen, The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History 1570-1860 (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994), p.22
^ Braukämper, Islamic History, p. 80
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780932415196.
^ Østebø, Terje (2012). John Hunwick; Rüdiger Seesemann; Knut Vikør (eds.). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia. Islam in Africa. Vol. 12. BRILL. p. 62. ISBN 978-9004184787.
^ History of Harar (PDF). Harar Tourism. p. 304.
^ Østebø, Terje (2012). John Hunwick; Rüdiger Seesemann; Knut Vikør (eds.). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia. Islam in Africa. Vol. 12. BRILL. p. 65. ISBN 978-9004184787.
^ Østebø, Terje (2012). John Hunwick; Rüdiger Seesemann; Knut Vikør (eds.). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia. Islam in Africa. Vol. 12. BRILL. p. 78. ISBN 978-9004184787.
^ Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 263f.
^ Østebø, Terje (2020). Islam, ethnicity, and conflict in Ethiopia : the Bale Insurgency, 1963-1970. Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 978-1-108-83968-6. OCLC 1151886130.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)