Battle of Arklow (1649)

Battle of Arklow (1649)
	Part of the Cromwellian Conquest of Ireland
Date	1 November 1649
Location	Near Arklow, County Wicklow
Result	English victory
Belligerents
Royalists; Irish Confederation	Commonwealth of England
Commanders and leaders
Earl of Inchiquin; Earl of Carlingford	Maj. Nelson
Strength
2,500 Cavalry	500 Cavalry; 1,500 Infantry
Casualties and losses
Low	Low

52°47′39″N 6°09′54″W / 52.7941°N 6.1649°W / 52.7941; -6.1649

Arklow

Belfast

Dublin

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Ireland and Arklow

The Battle of Arklow was a minor skirmish that took place at Glascarrig on the coast road near Arklow in County Wicklow on 1 November 1649. It was fought between the army of the Parliamentarians and the combined forces of the Irish Royalists and Confederates during the Irish Confederate Wars.^[2]

Background

By late October 1649, the Irish had suffered a number of major defeats at the hands of the army of the English Parliament – a defeat at the Battle of Rathmines and the loss of the important towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Ormonde was keen to regain the initiative. In October, he received word from Castlehaven^[3] that a column of English soldiers was preparing to march from Dublin to Wexford to reinforce Cromwell's troops in the south. This presented the Irish leadership with a chance to engage the Parliamentarians without risking too many soldiers.^{[citation needed]}

The Baron of Inchiquin and Theobald Taaffe (who had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Knocknanuss only two years before) were given command of a force of 2,500. This operation was of particular importance to the credibility of Inchiquin: he was distrusted by the majority Catholic population of Ireland due to a number of atrocities he had committed in the previous years of fighting, and in the autumn of 1649 many of the Protestant soldiers in Munster formerly loyal to him had mutinied and joined with the forces of Parliament. He now had a chance to regain some standing; it was more or less Inchiquin's last throw of the dice.^{[citation needed]}

The English soldiers under Major Nelson left Dublin in the last days of October. As the Parliamentarians proceeded through the Wicklow Mountains they were harassed by tories although these attacks did not substantially hinder the force. In the meantime, Inchiquin prepared an ambush a little to the south of the town of Arklow where the hills come close to the sea. A log barricade was placed across the road to Wexford and infantry men were deployed behind it or otherwise concealed by the roadside. Nelson, however, heard a rumour that an ambush was planned and moved his force using a more roundabout route, hoping to avoid Inchiquin's army.^{[citation needed]}

Inchiquin realised what was happening and swiftly moved his cavalry to intercept the Parliamentarians. Most of Nelson's infantry, however, could not keep up and consequently did not take part in the fighting.^{[citation needed]}

The battle

As Inchiquin's mounted force came into view, the English hurriedly deployed on a beach, their backs to the sea. As the Royalist and Irish forces ordered themselves in preparation for an attack, the Parliamentarian horse charged, hoping to catch the enemy by surprise, but were successfully repulsed on two occasions. After the second failed charge, Inchiquin launched a counter-assault with his cavalry on the Parliamentarian horsemen. Demoralised and outnumbered, the Parliamentarian horse fled back towards the infantry, with the Royalists and Irish in pursuit. The disciplined Parliamentarian infantry opened up their ranks to allow their own horse to pass through, after which the gaps in the ranks were closed once more. Inchiquin's charging cavalry now unexpectedly found that the retreating horse had disappeared, to be replaced by a mass of pike-heads and levelled musket barrels.^[a] Close range musket fire tore into the Royalist-Irish cavalry, throwing them into disorder and leaving the beach bloodstained. The Parliamentarian cavalry then counter-attacked, forcing the Royalist-Irish forces to retreat. Nelson then resumed his march to Wexford unmolested.^[1]

Consequences

The Battle of Arklow was a relatively small battle and the failure of the Irish forces to cripple Nelson's New Model Army was a demoralising setback but little more. For Inchiquin, however, the consequences were more serious. The battle had presented an opportunity for him to regain the trust of his countrymen, both Catholic and Protestant. His failure to defeat the numerically smaller English force left Inchiquin disgraced.^[2] After the battle, Inchiquin returned to Munster, where there were still a number of companies loyal to him. These forces, however, were routed by Broghill in March the next year.^[7] Shortly afterwards Inchiquin fled to the continent.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Esson's The Curse of Cromwell: A History of the Ironside Conquest of Ireland states that the Irish forces were driven off by light cannon fire, but this is not mentioned in Cromwell's report to the Speaker of the English Parliament or Ludlow's The Battle of Glascarrig.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Ludlow (1849), p. 239.
^ ^a ^b Ireland’s Wars: New Ross, Arklow And Duncannon (1649).
^ Wheeler (1999), p. 261.
^ Esson (1971).
^ Carlyle (1902), pp. 93–94.
^ Ludlow (1849).
^ Wheeler (1999), p. 145.

References

Carlyle, Thomas (1902). Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches with Elucidations, Volume 2, Part 5. London: Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
Esson, D.M.R (1971), The Curse of Cromwell: a history of the Ironside conquest of Ireland, London: Leo Cooper Ltd.
"Ireland's Wars: New Ross, Arklow And Duncannon (1649)". Never Felt Better. Never Felt Better. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
Ludlow, Edmund (1849), "The Battle of Glascarrig", in Firth, C.H. (ed.), The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant-General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England, 1625–1672, vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 239
Wheeler, James Scott (1999), Cromwell in Ireland, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, ISBN 0-7171-2884-9