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Bermuda–United States relations

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Bermuda–United States relations



Bermuda	United States

The United Kingdom is formally responsible for Bermuda's foreign and defense policy. American policy toward the United Kingdom is the basis of US–Bermudian relations. In the early 20th century, as modern transportation and communication systems developed, Bermuda became a popular destination for wealthy American, British, and Canadian tourists. While the tariff enacted in 1930 by the US against its trading partners ended Bermuda's once-thriving agricultural export trade – primarily fresh vegetables to the US, it helped spur the overseas territory to develop its tourist industry, which is second only to international business in terms of economic importance to the island.

History

During World War II, Bermuda became a significant United States Armed Forces site because of its location in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1941, the US signed a lend-lease agreement with the UK giving the British surplus US Navy destroyers in exchange for 99-year lease rights to establish naval and air bases in Bermuda. The bases consisted of 5.8 square kilometers (2.2 sq mi) of land largely reclaimed from the sea. The US Naval Air Station was on St. David's Island, while the US Naval Air Station Annex was at the western end of the island in the Great Sound.

Both bases were closed in September 1995 (as were British and Canadian bases), and the lands were formally returned to the Government of Bermuda in 2002.

The Government of Bermuda has begun to pursue some international initiatives independent of the UK in recent years.

An estimated 8,500 US citizens live in Bermuda, many employed in the international business community. Many American businesses are also incorporated in Bermuda, although no figures are available. Despite the trend of American companies moving to Bermuda or other offshore jurisdictions to escape US taxes, Bermuda maintains that the island is not a "tax haven" and that it taxes both local and foreign businesses equally.

While US visitors to Bermuda are critical to the island's tourism industry, the number of US visitors to Bermuda is declining. In 2006 only 76% of air arrivals originated from the US compared to 83.9% in 1990. The number of air and cruise passengers from the US totaled 464,000 in 2000. That number fell to 451,924 American passengers in 2006, however in 2023, this figure is 625,000.^[1]

In 2005, 74% of Bermuda's imports came from the US. Areas of opportunity for US investors are in the re-insurance and financial services industries, although the former US base lands may also present long-term investment opportunities. In 2023, that number has increased to 80%.^[2]

Principal US Officials

Consul General – Karen Grissette^[1]

Diplomatic missions

The US Consulate General is located just outside Hamilton, the capital of Bermuda.

References

^ ^a ^b "Consul General". U.S. Consulate General in Bermuda. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ Hamilton, U. S. Consulate General (2023-03-30). "U.S. - Bermuda Relations". U.S. Consulate General in Bermuda. Retrieved 2023-11-04.

External links

Bernews: Exhibit Fetes Island’s Presidential Ties

This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Bilateral relations

Africa	Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Liberia Libya Malawi Morocco Mozambique Namibia Rwanda Somalia Somaliland South Africa Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Belize Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Grenada Mexico Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Special Relationship Bermuda Cayman Islands Uruguay Venezuela
Asia	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Cayman Islands Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
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Oceania	Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea
Former	Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations
Commonwealth of Nations Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership European Union International Monetary Fund Latin America League of Nations United Nations

Diplomacy
History 1814–1919 British entry into World War I Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office Foreign Secretary Diplomatic missions of / in the United Kingdom Prime Ministerial overseas trips

Category
Commons

Foreign relations of the United States

Bilateral relations

Africa

Central	Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe
East	Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Somaliland South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
North	Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sudan Tunisia
Southern	Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Namibia South Africa
West	Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Americas

Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago
Central	Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama
Northern	Canada trade
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Asia

Central	Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
East	China Hong Kong Macau Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan
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Southeast	Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Western	Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Georgia Iran Iraq Israel military Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen

Europe

Eastern	Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Transnistria Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Ukraine
Northern	Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden United Kingdom Special Relationship Bermuda Cayman Islands
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Oceania

Australasia	Australia New Zealand
Melanesia	Fiji Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu
Micronesia	Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Palau
Polynesia	Cook Islands Samoa Tonga Tuvalu

Former states

Multilateral relations
Africa Arab League Asia East Asia European Union Latin America Middle East United Nations C5+1 Major non-NATO ally Third Border Initiative International organizations

Doctrines, policies, concepts

Presidential doctrines	Proclamation of Neutrality Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor policy Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton Bush Obama
Other doctrines	Lodge Corollary Stimson Kirkpatrick Weinberger Powell Rumsfeld Wolfowitz
Policies and concepts	Blowback China policy Containment Domino theory Foreign aid Middle East policy Non-interventionism Progressive realism Rollback Special Relationship

v t e United Kingdom–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States British Ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, London Macdonald House, London Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom Winfield House British Consulate-General, Boston Consulate of the United States, Liverpool Northern Ireland Bureau United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland Texas Legation Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Treaty of Paris (1783) Jay Treaty Monroe–Pinkney Treaty Treaty of Ghent Rush–Bagot Treaty Treaty of 1818 Webster–Ashburton Treaty Oregon Treaty Clayton–Bulwer Treaty Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862 Shanghai International Settlement Treaty of Washington (1871) Halifax Fisheries Commission Treaty of Berlin (1889) Bering Sea Arbitration Great Rapprochement Olney–Pauncefote Treaty Tripartite Convention Hay–Pauncefote Treaty Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Anglo-French Financial Commission Migratory Bird Treaty Balfour Mission Conference of Ambassadors Washington Naval Conference Four-Power Treaty Washington Naval Treaty Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) Destroyers-for-bases deal U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter Arcadia Conference Second Washington Conference Bermuda Conference Washington Conference (1943) First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Moscow Declarations Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement Second Quebec Conference Malta Conference (1945) Moscow Conference (1945) Bermuda Agreement Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Anglo-American loan US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Nassau Agreement Polaris Sales Agreement Bermuda II Agreement Guadeloupe Conference 1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties UK–US extradition treaty of 2003 Extradition Act 2003 Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action New Atlantic Charter British-American Parliamentary Group Friends of Wales Caucus
Conflicts	American Revolution United States Declaration of Independence American Revolutionary War War of 1812 Origins Chesapeake–Leopard affair United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom Aroostook War Pig War (1859)
Incidents	Embargo Act of 1807 Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident Caroline affair Oregon boundary dispute Hermosa Creole case Paulet affair Mosquito Coast Bombardment of Greytown Passenger Cases Trent Affair Chesapeake Affair Ellen Southard Alabama Claims Murchison letter Venezuelan crisis of 1895 Alaska boundary dispute Hindu–German Conspiracy Impact Pan Am Flight 103 Scottish Court in the Netherlands Trial JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd. British Guantanamo Bay detainees Dixie Chicks controversy 190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident Detention of U.S. and UK diplomats in Zimbabwe Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi Julian Assange Death of Linda Norgrove FTC v. Balls of Kryptonite The United States of America v Nolan Steele dossier Christopher Steele Trump Tower wiretapping allegations Death of Harry Dunn
Military relations	2024 missile strikes in Yemen AUKUS British Defence Staff – US CIA activities in the United Kingdom Diego Garcia Expulsion of the Chagossians Five Eyes ECHELON UKUSA Agreement International Maritime Security Construct Iraq War Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo Montreal Laboratory Operation Sky Shield Operation Vigilant Warrior Project E Project Emily RAF Ascension Island RNAD Coulport Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom Tizard Mission Trident RNAD Coulport United States Naval Facility, Barbados War Plan Red World War I Supreme War Council World War II European theatre Diplomatic history of World War II United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II Allied technological cooperation during World War II Arnold Scheme British Security Co-ordination Alexander Halpern British contribution to the Manhattan Project British hydrogen bomb programme British nuclear testing in the United States British Purchasing Commission Combined Food Board Combined Munitions Assignments Board Combined Production and Resources Board Combined Raw Materials Board Combined Shipping Adjustment Board Eagle Squadrons Europe first Four-Power Authorities Four Power Naval Commission Operation Bolero Tripartite Naval Commission
Related	Special Relationship Resolute desk United Kingdom and the American Civil War Cotton diplomacy United States v England (1950 FIFA World Cup) American studies in the United Kingdom Bermuda–United States relations Cayman Islands–United States relations British Invasion Second British Invasion Fountain of Time The Ghost Shirt North Atlantic triangle USA House American Ambulance Great Britain The Atlantic Bridge British-American Project British International School of Boston British War Relief Society Cambridge–MIT Institute Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Marshall Scholarship Mont Tremblant Conference Royal Oak Foundation UK Fulbright Commission AC-2 Apollo (cable system) PTAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-7 TAT-8 TAT-11 TAT-12/13 TGN Atlantic Ariel programme Ariel 1 Ariel 2 Yo, Blair Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations 18th-century American piracy of British literature Albion's Seed The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World Drunk Enough to Say I Love You? Letter from America President Trump – The Piers Morgan Interview
Category:United Kingdom–United States relations

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