This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: need further update on relations post-National Security Law passage. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2023)
The United States had a consulate in British Hong Kong. Hong Kong was often used as a trade lane between the West and the People's Republic of China during the Cold War.[1]
After 1997
U.S. foreign policy toward Hong Kong was stated in the U.S.–Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. It ruled that the U.S. would continue to treat Hong Kong apart from the People's Republic of China even after the 1997 transfer of sovereignty marking the end of British rule. The United States maintains substantial economic and political interests in Hong Kong. The United States supports Hong Kong's autonomy by concluding and implementing bilateral agreements; promoting trade and investment; arranging high-level visits; broadening law enforcement cooperation; bolstering educational, academic, and cultural links; and supporting the large community of U.S. citizens and visitors.
On the world stage, Hong Kong is an active member of the global coalition against terrorism, and has joined the Container Security Initiative and remains an important partner with regard to eliminating funding for terrorist networks and combating money laundering. Hong Kong has passed legislation designed to bring it into compliance with applicable UNanti-terror resolutions and Financial Action Task Force recommendations.[2]
According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 44% of Hong Kong people approve of U.S. leadership, with 38% disapproving and 18% uncertain.[3] As of 2020, Gallup's report showed an increase of the disapproval rate to 60%, with the approval rate at 31% and uncertainty at 9%.[4]
The Edward Snowden incident in 2013 had been a diplomatic crisis between Hong Kong and United States. On May 20, 2013, Edward Snowden, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, arrived in Hong Kong. He leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in Hong Kong in early June. Snowden disclosed that "the United States government has committed a tremendous number of crimes against Hong Kong. The PRC as well,"[6] going on to identify Chinese Internet Protocol addresses that the NSA monitored and stating that the NSA collected text-message data for Hong Kong residents.[7] On June 22, U.S. officials revoked his passport.[8] On June 23, Snowden boarded a commercial flight to Moscow.[9]
The incidence had proven to be a rare diplomatic conflict between Hong Kong and the United States. At the time, the United States had an active extradition treaty with Hong Kong,[10] Snowden, however, had not been detained by Hong Kong as requested by the United States. Hong Kong authorities said that it was because the United States' extradition request had not fully complied with Hong Kong law,[11][12] and there was no legal basis to prevent Snowden from leaving.[13][14][Notes 1] On June 24, U.S. State Department spokesman Patrick Ventrell said "we're just not buying that this was a technical decision by a Hong Kong immigration official. This was a deliberate choice by the government to release a fugitive despite a valid arrest warrant ... though the Privacy Act prohibits me from talking about Mr. Snowden's passport specifically, I can say that the Hong Kong authorities were well aware of our interest in Mr. Snowden and had plenty of time to prohibit his travel."[17]
2019–20 Hong Kong protests
A series of protests against the Hong Kong government broke out on 15 March 2019, in response to the 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill. By 9 June, the protests became the subject of global attention as demonstrations grew more violent. The New York Times writes,
“Fueled by anger toward the police, as well as the slow erosion of civil liberties, the largely leaderless protests morphed into a broader, more complicated movement about protecting freedoms, democracy and Hong Kong's autonomy. The list of protesters’ demands has grown to include amnesty for arrested participants and direct elections for all lawmakers and the chief executive.”
The bill has since been eradicated, but protests continue.[18]
In August 2019, foreign ministry spokeswoman of China Hua Chunying said: "As you all know, they are somehow the work of the US" and that China would "never allow any foreign forces" to interfere in Hong-Kong, and warned that "those who play (with) fire will only get themselves burned."[19] So far this has been the most direct accusation Beijing has made against the US.
Hong Kong protests of June 2019.
However, when president Trump commented on the ongoing protests he said: "At some point they are going to want to stop that. But that's between Hong Kong and that's between China, because Hong Kong is a part of China." Joseph Cheng, a retired political science professor who is involved in Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement commented on president Trump's comment, he said: "It appears to the Hong Kong people that the Hong Kong issue is not an important issue in the agenda of the president.”, as reported by Bloomberg.[20]
In early September 2019, Hong-Kong protesters were waving "tens of thousands" of US-flags on a march to the US Consulate in Hong Kong asking for help from the Trump administration to help end the confrontations with the Hong Kong government, as reported by CNN.[21]
In November 2019, United States President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act, which banned the sale of crowd-control munitions like tear gas and rubber bullets to the Hong Kong police. This harmed the United States’ relations with the Hong Kong Government, although both bills have seen strongly positive reactions among the Hong Kong protestors.[22]
The South China Morning Post writes, "The Human Rights and Democracy Act is an extension of the Hong Kong Policy Act, the basis of the US approach since 1992. The US believes human rights are universal, and has a long-standing policy that China should honor its agreements on Hong Kong" and that "It is the United States’ long-standing policy that China honor its commitments to protect those rights, as outlined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984, an international treaty filed with the United Nations."[23]
Revocation of Special Exemptions
On 28 May 2020, China's National People's Congress approved the controversial national security laws for Hong Kong, which aim at cracking down protests and ban "any acts or activities" that the communist government considers to endanger China's national security. The critics have called this new legislation a "killer blow" to Hong Kong's autonomy and freedoms. The legislation allows the government's national security agencies to operate in Hong Kong.[24]
On 29 May 2020, United States' President Donald Trump ordered to remove the exemptions that give Hong Kong special status in America due to the PRC's new national security law for the territory. Trump announced that the extradition treaty between Hong Kong and the United States will be affected, the United States travel guidance for this territory will be changed, and the officials who undermined Hong Kong's freedoms will be sanctioned.[25] The Hong Kong Autonomy Act imposes sanctions on officials and entities that help violate Hong Kong's autonomy. It was signed into law by President Trump on 14 July 2020, following the enactment of the Hong Kong national security law in June 2020.[26] Under Trump's Executive Order on Hong Kong Normalization, which was also signed the same day, the United States has suspended and eliminated different and preferential treatment of Hong Kong's autonomy. This act also suspends parts of the United States-Hong Kong Policy act of 1992 and effectively states that Hong Kong is no longer treated separate from China.[27]
China's foreign ministry retaliated with counter-sanctions against United States officials for "gross interference in China's affairs", and stated the Act as a "mistake".[28] Hong Kong has expressed severe disappointment and denounced the U.S. for having "politicized juridicial co-operation"
On 19 August 2020, United States president Donald Trump ordered to suspend or terminate three bilateral agreements with Hong Kong. These agreements cover the surrender of fugitives, transfer and convicted prisoners as well as reciprocal tax exemptions on income from international shipping.[5]
On 11 November 2020, China passed new measures to Hong Kong national security law that effectively prohibits pro-democracy Hong Kong lawmakers from participating in Hong Kong's legislative council. The measure bars any Hong Kong legislator who support pro-democracy, oppose Chinese national security laws, refusal to recognize Beijing's sovereignty over Hong Kong, and seek "foreign countries or foreign forces to interfere in the affairs of the region".[29] Immediately, four Hong Kong legislators, who were pro-democracy and were running for election in the council, were disqualified from Hong Kong's upcoming election. 15 pro-democracy legislators, including Democratic Party chairman Wu Chi-wai, who wanted to help Hong Kong overturn China's rule and restore sovereignty for the special administrative region, resigned in protest to the Chinese Communist Party. China stated they wanted Hong Kong to being "governed by patriots", and thus there are currently no more position parties in Hong Kong.[30]
United States officials have criticized China's continued violation of Hong Kong's freedom. U.S. national security advisor Robert O'Brien accused China of violating its international commitments and threatened additional sanctions against Chinese officials who were "responsible for extinguishing Hong Kong's freedom”. In response to the recent barring of pro-democracy legislators, O'Brien said that the “‘One country, two systems’ is now merely a fig leaf covering for the CCP's [Chinese Communist Party] expanding one-party dictatorship in Hong Kong".[29] U.S. senators on the committee on foreign relations such as Republican senator, Marco Rubio, and Democrat senator, Jeff Merkley, said democracy in Hong Kong was “gasping for air”. In a statement, the senators said:
“China's unelected and unaccountable national people's congress standing committee took another grave step toward stripping the people of Hong Kong of their sacred rights and freedoms. It is critical that the United States and all allies of freedom come together to recognise and condemn the undeniable and far reaching ramifications of this authoritarian power grab, which has wiped out what little remained of Hong Kong's democratic political system and violates China's treaty obligations.”
On December 17, 2023, the U.S. State Department again called for Jimmy Lai's release shortly before his trial was set to begin.[31] Spokesperson Matthew Miller said: "We urge Beijing and Hong Kong authorities to respect press freedom in Hong Kong. Actions that stifle press freedom and restrict the free flow of information – as well as Beijing and local authorities’ changes to Hong Kong’s electoral system that reduce direct voting and preclude independent and pro-democracy party candidates from participating – have undermined Hong Kong’s democratic institutions and harmed Hong Kong’s reputation as an international business and financial hub."[32]
On March 29, 2024, the U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated upon issuing the annual Hong Kong Policy Act report: "This year, I have again certified that Hong Kong does not warrant treatment under U.S. laws in the same manner as the laws were applied to Hong Kong before July 1, 1997. This year’s report catalogs the intensifying repression and ongoing crackdown by PRC and Hong Kong authorities on civil society, media, and dissenting voices, including through the issuance of bounties and arrest warrants for more than a dozen pro-democracy activists living outside Hong Kong. In response, the Department of State is announcing that it is taking steps to impose new visa restrictions on multiple Hong Kong officials responsible for the intensifying crackdown on rights and freedoms, pursuant to Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act."[33]
The United States Consulate General Hong Kong is located at 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong. Despite the name, the Consulate General is not subordinate to their country's embassy to the PRC in Beijing. The Consul-General of the United States holds ambassadorial rank, and reports to the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian Affairs in the US Department of State.[34] By contrast, the US Consuls-General posted to Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang report to the Deputy Chief of Mission of the US Embassy in Beijing who is directly subordinate to the US ambassador.
The United States and Hong Kong have strong economic and social ties together. There are some 1,300 U.S. firms, including 726 regional operations, and about 85,000 American citizens living in Hong Kong.[35] According to U.S. Government statistics, U.S. exports to Hong Kong totaled $17.8 billion in 2006. U.S. direct investment in Hong Kong at the end of 2006 totaled about $38.1 billion, making the United States one of Hong Kong's largest investors, along with China and Japan. According to US merchandise statistics in 2018, Hong Kong's total trade value of $43.8 billion made it the 21st largest trading partner with the US.[36]
Hong Kong is also a full member of the World Trade Organization and maintains a separate customs territory from mainland China. Together with the U.S., Hong Kong is also an independent member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum and Financial Action task Force.[2] Hong Kong enjoyed a high degree of autonomy as a separate customs territory, with no changes to borders, staffing, or technology export controls since the 1997 handover.
Hong Kong is No. 1 export destination for American turtles.[37]
In October 2002, The United States and Hong Kong signed a civil aviation agreement, which significantly liberalised the aviation market. As one of the largest trading surplus partners with the United States, valued at $31 billion, Hong Kong maintains large imports of American aircraft and spacecraft. Electric machinery, pearls, gold, diamonds, works of art, meat, and fruit and nuts are also significant imports from Hong Kong. American exports to Hong Kong valued at $12.8 billion in 2018. The United States is one of Hong Kong's largest sources of foreign direct investment. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and other U.S. agencies regularly cite Hong Kong as a leading example of complex trading systems.[2]
Intellectual property rights (IPR) protection had improved substantially in recent years and the introduction of effective new legislation to control illicit production and improved enforcement had now made Hong Kong a regional model for effective IPR protection. However, online piracy has not been effectively addressed with current copyright laws.
With the signing of the Hong Kong Autonomy Act in 2020, United States customs requires goods imported from Hong Kong to use the "Made in China" label instead of "Made in Hong Kong".[38] Hong Kong's commerce secretary Edward Yau condemned these measures by the U.S. He asked, “How could a Hong Kong-made product be labelled as a product as made in some other place?” and stated that the rules "doesn't comply with WTO rules... over the origin of products". Yau expressed concerns of Hong Kong's future as a separate customs territory and international trading centre and denounced the U.S. for undermining the integrity of Hong Kong.[39]
^Hong Kong's Secretary for JusticeRimsky Yuen argued that government officials did not issue a provisional arrest warrant for Snowden due to "discrepancies and missing information" in the paperwork sent by U.S. authorities. Yuen explained that Snowden's full name was inconsistent, and his U.S. passport number was also missing.[15] Hong Kong also wanted more details of the charges and evidence against Snowden to make sure it was not a political case. Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen said he spoke to U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder by phone to reinforce the request for details "absolutely necessary" for detention of Snowden. Yuen said "As the US government had failed to provide the information by the time Snowden left Hong Kong, it was impossible for the Department of Justice to apply to a court for a temporary warrant of arrest. In fact, even at this time, the US government has still not provided the details we asked for."[16]
^"Hong Kong did not assist Snowden's departure". Global Post. Agence France-Presse. June 25, 2013. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Yuen also said there were discrepancies and missing information in documents used to identify Snowden. 'On the diplomatic documents, James was used as the middle name, on the record upon entering the border, Joseph was used as the middle name, on the American court documents sent to us by the American Justice department, it only said Edward J Snowden,' he said. Hong Kong authorities also noticed that documents produced by the U.S. did not show Snowden's American passport number.
Grand Prix of MontrealIndyCar / CART / Champ CarTempatCircuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaLomba pertama1984Lomba terakhir2006Jarak tempuh181.503 miJumlah putaran67 lapsNama sebelumnyaMolson Indy 300 (1984–1986)Molson Indy Montreal (2002–2005)Terbanyak menang(pengemudi)Tidak ada pemenang berulangTerbanyak menang(tim)Newman/Haas Racing (3)Terbanyak menang(pabrikan)Lola (6) Grand Prix Montreal adalah balapan mobil tahunan di Montreal, Quebec pada kalender Champ Car World Series. …
Romaine FieldingMotion Picture Magazine (Agustus 1915) Vol. X No.7, New YorkLahirWilliam Grant Blandin(1867-05-22)22 Mei 1867Riceville, IowaMeninggal16 Desember 1927(1927-12-16) (umur 60)Hollywood, CaliforniaKebangsaanAmerika SerikatNama lainRoyal A. BlandinPekerjaanPemeran Romaine Fielding (nama lahir William Grant Blandin, 22 Mei 1867 – 15 Desember 1927) adalah seorang pemeran, penulis naskah dan sutradara film bisu Amerika Serikat yang dikenal karena berkarya dalam f…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Home and Away. Home Sweet HomeGenreGaya hidupPresenterGlenda WiraIlham NurkarimJaswin KaurNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaProduksiDurasi30 menit (Minggu)Rumah produksiTrans TVDistributorTrans MediaRilis asliJaringanTrans TVFormat gambarDolby Digital HD 16:9Format audioStereoDolby Digital 5.1Rilis7 November 2021 (2021-11-07) –29 Mei 2023Acara terkaitGriya UnikThe ProjectD'sign (di NET.) Home Sweet Home adalah sebuah acara gaya hidup yang memba…
صوفي حسن تقسيم إداري البلد إيران [1] إحداثيات 37°27′04″N 46°41′47″E / 37.451111°N 46.696389°E / 37.451111; 46.696389 الرمز الجغرافي 22520 تعديل مصدري - تعديل صوفي حسن هي قرية في مقاطعة هشترود، إيران. عدد سكان هذه القرية هو 68 في سنة 2006.[2] مراجع ^ صفحة صوفي حسن في GeoNames ID.…
Fredrik Reinfeldt Jabatan: Perdana Menteri Swedia Ke-32 Periode Jabatan: 6 Oktober 2006 - 2014 Pendahulu: Göran Persson Pengganti: Stefan Löfven Wakil PM: Maud Olofsson Kelahiran: 4 Agustus 1965, Österhaninge, Stockholm Istri: Filippa Reinfeldt Kepercayaan: Agnostik Partai politik: Partai Moderat John Fredrik Reinfeldt (IPA: [ˈfreːdrɪk ˈrajnˌfɛlt], lahir 4 Agustus 1965) adalah Perdana Menteri Swedia mulai tahun 2006 sampai 2014 dan seorang ketua konservatif liberal dari Partai Mode…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Las Maitas – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Las MaitasDesaNegara ChiliRegionRegion Arica y Parinacota Las Maitas adalah sebuah desa di Region Arica y Parinacota, Chili. Referensi Koo…
Norihiro Nishi Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Norihiro NishiTanggal lahir 9 Mei 1980 (umur 43)Tempat lahir Prefektur Osaka, JepangPosisi bermain GelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1999-2011 Júbilo Iwata 2012-2013 Tokyo Verdy Tim nasional2004 Jepang 5 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Norihiro Nishi (lahir 9 Mei 1980) adalah pemain sepak bola asal Jepang. Statistik Jepang Tahun Tampil Gol 2004 5 0 Total 5 0 Pranala luar National Football Team…
Pedro de Mendoza y LujánMonumen Pedro de Mendoza, Parque Lezama, di San Telmo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.Lahirc. 1487Guadix, Granada (Spanyol)[1]Meninggal23 Juni 1537Samudra AtlantikPekerjaanConquistador Spanyol Pedro de Mendoza y Luján (c. 1487 – 23 Juni 1537), adalah conquistador, tentara dan pengelana Spanyol, dan adelantado pertama Río de la Plata. Pedro de Mendoza berasal dari keluarga bangsawan di kota Guadix, Granada. Pada tahun 1529, ia ditawarkan untuk berkelana ke Amerika Se…
George EnescuNama dalam bahasa asli(ro) George Enescu BiografiKelahiran19 Agustus 1881 George Enescu (en) Kematian4 Mei 1955 (73 tahun)Arondisemen ke-8 Paris Tempat pemakamanPemakaman Père-Lachaise, 68 48°51′44″N 2°23′31″E / 48.862169°N 2.391839°E / 48.862169; 2.391839Grave of Enesco (en) Data pribadiPendidikanConservatoire de Paris University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (en) KegiatanPekerjaanKomponis, pemain biola, pianis, dirigen, music teacher (en)…
Grand Prix Italia 1981 Lomba ke-13 dari 15 dalam Formula Satu musim 1981 Detail perlombaanTanggal September 13, 1981Nama resmi L Gran Premio d'ItaliaLokasi Autodromo Nazionale Monza, MonzaSirkuit Permanent racing facilityPanjang sirkuit 5.800 km (3.60 mi)Jarak tempuh 52 putaran, 301.600 km (187.400 mi)Cuaca Dry and sunnyPosisi polePembalap René Arnoux RenaultWaktu 1:33.467Putaran tercepatPembalap Carlos Reutemann Williams-FordWaktu 1:37.528 putaran ke-48PodiumPertama Alain Prost RenaultKedua Al…
Aljazair padaOlimpiade Musim Dingin 2010Kode IOCALGKONKomite Olimpiade AljazairSitus webwww.coa.dzPenampilan pada Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010 di VancouverPeserta1 dalam 1 cabang olahragaPembawa benderaMehdi-Selim KhelifiMedali 0 0 0 Total 0 Penampilan pada Olimpiade Musim Dingin (ringkasan)19921994–2002200620102014–20182022 Aljazair ikut serta dalam Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010 di Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada. Aljazair hanya mengirimkan seorang atlet untuk cabang ski lintas alam n…
American Kennel ClubSingkatanAKCTanggal pendirian1884; 139 tahun lalu (1884)Wilayah layanan Amerika SerikatBahasa resmi InggrisSitus webwww.akc.org American Kennel Club (AKC) adalah sebuah badan pengasuhan anjing di Amerika Serikat. Selain mengasuh anjing, kelompok tersebut juga mempromosikan dan mengadakan acara-acara untuk para anjing, yang meliputi Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, sebuah acara tahunan yang mempelopori pembentukan resmi dari AKC, National Dog Show, dan AKC National Champ…
ArgunЭргүнэcode: mn is deprecated (Mongolian)Аргуньcode: mn is deprecated code: ru is deprecated (Rusia)额尔古纳河code: mn is deprecated code: ru is deprecated code: zh is deprecated (Tionghoa)Diambil di daerah Shiwei, Mongolia Dalam, China.Russia berada di sisi seberangnya.EtimologiProto-Mongolia: ergene, yang berarti luasLokasiNegaraTiongkok, RusiaKrai RussiaKrai ZabaykalskyRegion (setingkat prefektur) TiongkokHulunbuirCiri-ciri fisikHulu su…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Aneflus zilchi Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Aneflus Spesies: Aneflus zilchi Aneflus zilchi adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Sp…
Rapid transit station in Philadelphia Drexel Station at 30th StreetL platform prior to rename and redesignGeneral informationLocation30th and Market StreetsPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaCoordinates39°57′18″N 75°11′01″W / 39.955°N 75.1835°W / 39.955; -75.1835Owned by SEPTAPlatforms: 1 island platform: 2 side platformsTracks4Connections Amtrak, NJ Transit Rail, SEPTA Regional Rail (at 30th Street Station) SEPTA City Bus: 9, 30, 31, 44, 49, 62, LUCY SEPTA Subu…
An Yong-hak Informasi pribadiNama lengkap An Yong-hakTanggal lahir 25 Oktober 1978 (umur 45)Tempat lahir Prefektur Okayama, JepangPosisi bermain GelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2002–2004 Albirex Niigata 2005 Nagoya Grampus Eight 2006–2007 Busan I'Park 2008–2009 Suwon Samsung Bluewings 2010 Omiya Ardija 2011–2012 Kashiwa Reysol 2014– Yokohama FC Tim nasional2002-2012 Korea Utara 39 (3) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik An Yong-hak (l…
Everyday, KatyushaSampul Edisi Regular menampilkan Atsuko Maeda dan Tomomi ItanoSingel oleh AKB48Sisi-BKore Kara Wonderland Yankee SoulHito no ChikaraAntiDirilis25 Mei 2011 (2011-05-25)FormatCD Singel, musik unduhDirekam2011GenreJ-popDurasi26:19 (Tipe A reguler) 28:20 (Tipe B reguler)LabelKing Records/You! Be CoolPenciptaYasushi AkimotoProduserYasushi AkimotoVideo musikEveryday, Katyusha di YouTube Video musikKore kara Wonderland (pratayang) di YouTube Everyday, Katyusha (Everyday、カチ…
Jeffrey Warren Jeff Daniels (lahir 19 Februari 1955) merupakan seorang aktor berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yang menjadi terkenal saat bermain di film utamanya seperti Dumb & Dumber, Speed, Terms of Endearment, Gettysburg, Arachnophobia, Because of Winn-Dixie, dan The Squid and the Whale. Dia dilahirkan di Athens, Georgia. Dia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1980. Filmografi Ragtime (1981) Terms of Endearment (1983) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985) Marie (1985) Heartburn (1986) Something W…
