Book of Negroes

*Book of Negroes*
Book of Negroes
The National Archives, London; Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax; National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC;
Date	1783

The Book of Negroes is a document created by Brigadier General Samuel Birch, under the direction of Sir Guy Carleton, that records names and descriptions of 3,000 Black Loyalists, enslaved Africans who escaped to the British lines during the American Revolution and were evacuated to points in Nova Scotia as free people of colour.

Background

The first African person in Nova Scotia arrived with the founding of Port Royal in 1605.^[1] African people were then brought as slaves to Nova Scotia during the founding of Louisbourg and Halifax. The first major migration of African people to Nova Scotia happened during the American Revolution. Enslaved Africans in America who escaped to the British during the American Revolutionary War became the first settlement of Black Nova Scotians and Black Canadians. Other Black Loyalists were transported to settlements in several islands in the West Indies and some to London. Recorded in 1783, this 150-page document is the only one to have recorded Black Canadians in a large, detailed scope of work.^[2]

The document contains records on 3000 Africans; the former slaves recorded in the Book of Negroes were evacuated to British North America, where they were settled in the newly established Birchtown and other places in the colony. According to the Treaty of Paris (1783), the United States argued for the return of all property, including slaves. The British refused to return the slaves, to whom they had promised freedom during the war for joining their cause. The detailed records were created to document the freed people whom the British resettled in Nova Scotia, along with other Loyalists. The book was assembled by Samuel Birch, the namesake of Birchtown, Nova Scotia, under the direction of Sir Guy Carleton.

Some freedmen later migrated from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone, where they formed the original settlers of Freetown, under the auspices of the Sierra Leone Company. They are among the ancestors of the Sierra Leone Creole ethnic group.

Notable people recorded in the Book of Negroes include Boston King, Henry Washington, Moses Wilkinson and Cato Perkins.

As the Book of Negroes was recorded separately by American and British officers, there are two versions of the document. The British version is held in The National Archives in Kew, London^[3] The American version is held by the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.^[4] It was published under the title The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (1996), edited by Graham Russell Hodges, Susan Hawkes Cook, and Alan Edward Brown.^[5]

Representation in other media

The Canadian novelist Lawrence Hill wrote The Book of Negroes (2007, published in the United States as Someone Knows My Name). It is inspired by the 3,000 former Black African Slaves from America, many of whom were owned by White slave owners. The Former Black African slaves were given free land and housing by the British, in a Nova Scotia town called Birchtown, named after the original author of "The Book of Negros" British Brigadier General Samuel Birch.

In 1792 1,200 residents of Birchtown chose to emigrate to another British Colony called Sierra Leone, which was founded by a British Lieutenant John Clarkson for freedmen in South Africa.

During the 1784 Shelburne riots that lasted 5 days - no fatalities. The American refugees were upset the free land and jobs were only being given to the former black African slaves who worked for less pay.

He features Aminata Diallo, a young African woman captured as a child; she is literate and acts as a scribe to record the information about the former slaves. The book won the top 2008 Commonwealth Writers' Prize.^[6]

Canadian director Clement Virgo adapted the book into a six-hour television mini-series of the same title. The series premiered on CBC in Canada on 7 January 2015 and on BET in the United States on 16 February 2015 and starred Aunjanue Ellis, Lyriq Bent, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Louis Gossett Jr.^[7]

Notes

^ "African Nova Scotian Community", African Nova Scotian Affairs, Nova Scotia, Canada.
^ Nova Scotia Archives & Records Management - African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition
^ PRO 30/55 - C. Folios, no. 10427.
^ "Record of the Week: The Book of Negroes", Rediscovering Black History (National Archives), 5 February 2015.
^ "Review: The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution, edited by Graham Russell Hodges, Susan Hawkes Cook, and Alan Edward Brown", William and Mary Quarterly, 1996, Third Series, Vol. 53, No. 4, accessed 27 September 2011
^ Angela Hickman, "Merging history and fiction", The Journal, Volume 135, Issue 30 — 1 February 2008, Queens University, accessed 26 September 2011.
^ Tambay A. Obenson, "First Trailer for Mini-Series Adaptation of Acclaimed 'The Book of Negroes' Surfaces" Archived 19 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, IndieWire, 24 June 2014.

External links

"The Book of Negroes", African Nova Scotians: in the Age of Slavery and Abolition, Nova Scotia Archives
"Book of Negroes", Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia, 2001, Noval Scotia Museum
Cassandra Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006).
Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People, Canadian Digital Collections, website includes link to Book of Negroes
African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition (Digitized version of the British copy)
Inspection Roll of Negroes Book No. 2 (Digitized version of the American copy.)
Carleton Papers – Book of Negroes, 1783 (Library and Archives Canada). Searchable database of the Book of Negroes.
Hodges, Graham R. The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution. New York: Garland Pub. in association with the New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1996. Print version of the American copy.