Bozeman (/ˈboʊzmən/BOHZ-mən) is a city and the county seat of Gallatin County, Montana, United States. Located in southwest Montana, the 2020 census put Bozeman's population at 53,293 making it the fourth-largest city in Montana.[7] It is the principal city of the Bozeman, Montana, Micropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of all of Gallatin County with a population of 118,960.[6] It is the fastest growing micropolitan statistical area in the United States in 2018, 2019 and 2020,[8] as well as the second-largest of all Montana's statistical areas.[9][10]
William Clark visited the area in July 1806 as he traveled east from Three Forks along the Gallatin River. The party camped 3 miles (4.8 km) east of what is now Bozeman, at the mouth of Kelly Canyon. The journal entries from Clark's party briefly describe the future city's location.[12]
John Bozeman
In 1863, John Bozeman, a pioneer and frontiersman from Pickens County, Georgia, along with a partner named John Jacob, opened the Bozeman Trail, a new northern trail off the Oregon Trail leading to the mining town of Virginia City through the Gallatin Valley and the future location of the city of Bozeman.
John Bozeman, with Daniel Rouse and William Beall, platted the town in August 1864, stating "standing right in the gate of the mountains ready to swallow up all tenderfeet that would reach the territory from the east, with their golden fleeces to be taken care of."[13]Red Cloud's War closed the Bozeman Trail in 1868, but the town's fertile land still attracted permanent settlers.
Nelson Story
In 1866, Nelson Story, a successful Virginia City, Montana, gold miner originally from Ohio, entered the cattle business. Story braved the hostile Bozeman Trail to successfully drive some 1,000 head of longhorn cattle into Paradise Valley just east of Bozeman. Eluding the U.S. Army, who tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from hostile Indians, Story's cattle formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.[14] Story established a sizable ranch in the Paradise Valley and holdings in the Gallatin Valley. He later donated land to the state for the establishment of Montana State University.[15]
In 1864, W.W. Alderson described Gallatin County as "one of the most beautiful and picturesque valleys the eye ever beheld, abounding in springs of clear water." Many tended to agree, and Bozeman quickly garnered the nickname of "The Egypt" of Montana.[21]
After incorporation, the first issue of the weekly Avant Courier newspaper, the precursor of today's Bozeman Chronicle, was published in Bozeman on September 13, 1871.[22]
Bozeman's main cemetery, Sunset Hills Cemetery, was given to the city in 1872 when the English lawyer and philanthropist William Henry Blackmore purchased the land after his wife Mary Blackmore died of pneumonia in Bozeman in July 1872.[24]
The first library in Bozeman was formed by the Young Men's Library Association in a room above a drugstore in 1872. It later moved to the mayor's office and was taken over by the city in 1890.[24]
The first Grange meeting in Montana Territory was held in Bozeman in 1873.[25] The Northern Pacific Railway reached Bozeman from the east in 1883.[26] By 1900, Bozeman's population had reached 3,500.
In 1892, the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries established a fish hatchery on Bridger Creek at the entrance to Bridger Canyon. The fourth oldest fish hatchery in the United States, the facility ceased to be primarily a hatchery in 1966 and became the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Bozeman National Fish Hatchery, later a fish technology and fish health center. The Center receives approximately 5,000 visitors a year observing biologists working on diet testing, feed manufacturing technology, fish diseases, brood stock development and improvement of water quality.[27][28]
Montana State University was established in 1893 as the state's land-grant college, then named the Agricultural College of the State of Montana. By the 1920s, the institution was known as Montana State College, and in 1965 it became Montana State University.[30]
20th century
Bozeman's first high school, the Gallatin Valley High School, was built on West Main Street in 1902. Later known as Willson School, named for notable Bozeman architect Fred Fielding Willson, son of Lester S. Willson, the building still stands today and functions as administrative offices for the Bozeman School District.[31]
In the early 20th century, over 17,000 acres (69 km2) of the Gallatin Valley were planted in edible peas harvested for both canning and seed.[32] By the 1920s, canneries in the Bozeman area were major producers of canned peas, and at one point Bozeman produced approximately 75% of all seed peas in the United States.[33] The area was once known as the "Sweet Pea capital of the nation" referencing the prolific edible pea crop. To promote the area and celebrate its prosperity, local business owners began a "Sweet Pea Carnival" that included a parade and queen contest. The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916. Promoters used the inedible but fragrant and colorful sweet pea flower as an emblem of the celebration. In 1977 the "Sweet Pea" concept was revived as an arts festival rather than a harvest celebration, growing into a three-day event that is one of the largest festivals in Montana.[32]
The first federal building and Post Office was built in 1915. Many years later, while unused, it became a film location, along with downtown Bozeman, in A River Runs Through It (1992) by Robert Redford, starring Brad Pitt. It is now used by HRDC, a community organization.
In 1986, the 60-acre (24 ha) site of the Idaho Pole Co. on Rouse Avenue was designated a Superfund site and placed on the National Priorities List. Idaho Pole treated wood products with creosote and pentachlorophenol on the site between 1945 and 1997.[38]
The Museum of the Rockies was created in 1957 as the gift from Butte physician Caroline McGill and is a part of Montana State University and an affiliate institution of the Smithsonian. It is Montana's premier natural and cultural history museum and houses permanent exhibits on dinosaurs, geology and Montana history, as well as a planetarium and a living history farm. PaleontologistJack Horner was the museum's first curator of paleontology and brought national notice to the museum for his fossil discoveries in the 1980s.[39]
Bozeman receives a steady influx of new residents and visitors in part due to its plentiful recreational activities, such as fly fishing, hiking, whitewater kayaking, and mountain climbing. Additionally, Bozeman is a gateway community through which visitors pass on the way to Yellowstone National Park and its abundant wildlife and thermal features. The showcasing of spectacular scenery and the Western way of life the area received from films set nearby, such as A River Runs Through It and The Horse Whisperer, have also served to draw people to the area.
21st century
From a rank of sixth in the early [19]80s, Bozeman has grown to become the fourth largest city in Montana.[40][41] The area attracts new residents due to quality of life, scenery, and nearby recreation. In August 2010, Bozeman was selected by Outside as the best place to live in the west for skiing.[42]
Growth in the Gallatin Valley prompted the Gallatin Airport Authority in 2009 to expand the Gallatin Field Airport with two new gates, an expanded passenger screening area, and a third baggage carousel.[43] Gallatin Field was subsequently renamed Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport.[44]
Bozeman has been one of Montana's fastest growing cities from 1990 into the new millennium. With a growth rate of 3%, Bozeman could soon surpass Great Falls as Montana's third largest city by 2025.[citation needed]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.15 square miles (49.60 km2), of which 19.12 square miles (49.52 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water.[46]
Bozeman experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) as it is located in a more humid microclimate setting. Bozeman and the surrounding area receive significantly higher rainfall than much of the central and eastern parts of the state, up to 24 inches (610 mm) of precipitation annually vs. the 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300 mm) common throughout much of Montana east of the Continental Divide.[47] Combined with fertile soils, this means plant growth is relatively lush. This undoubtedly contributed to the Gallatin Valley's early nickname as the "Valley of the Flowers," as well as the establishment of Montana State University, the state's agricultural college, in the city.[48] Bozeman has cold, snowy winters and relatively warm summers, though due to high elevation, temperature changes from day to night can be significant. The highest temperature ever recorded in Bozeman was 105 °F (40.6 °C) on July 31, 1892. The lowest recorded temperature, −46 °F (−43.3 °C), occurred in 1957 and also 1983.[49]
Unlike most of the country, Bozeman has actually gotten cooler with the new 1991–2020 normals. Average highs dropped by 1.7 °F (0.94 °C), especially in spring and summer. It has also gotten wetter and snowier.[citation needed]
In 2019, Bozeman experienced unusually warm and dry temperatures during the month of December. Montana State University campus reported a daily average of 0.2 inches (5.1 mm) of precipitation for the month, some of the lowest numbers seen in over 120 years. Montana State University also recorded just over 3 inches (76.2 mm) of snowfall during December, the second lowest snowfall ever recorded. Additionally, maximum temperatures were 2 °F (1 °C) warmer and lowest temperatures were 6 °F (3 °C) above typical standards in previous Decembers.[50] December 2023 has also been unusually warm and dry, in line with the country as a whole.
Climate data for Bozeman, Montana (Montana State University), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present
As of the census of 2020,[54] there were 53,293 people and 22,041 households in the city. The population density of the city was 2,587.2 inhabitants per square mile (998.9/km2), a substantial increase since the 2010 census.
The racial makeup of the city was 88.6% White, 4.8% Hispanic or Latino, 2.4% Asian, 1.1% American Indian, and 0.6% Black. 5.6% of residents identified two or more races.
Of the 22,041 households in the city, each household has on average 2.24 people.
13.2% of Bozeman's population is under 18 years of age, and 10.7% of the population is over 65 years of age. 97.8% of the city's population, at or over the age of 25, has graduated high school or higher, and 64.2% of the population have attained at least a bachelor's degree. The gender makeup of the city is 53% male and 47% female.
The median income household income of the city was $74,113. The median per-capita income was $45,037. 14.7% of the population fell below the poverty line.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010,[55] there were 37,280 people, 15,775 households, and 6,900 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,949.8 inhabitants per square mile (752.8/km2). There were 17,464 housing units at an average density of 913.4 per square mile (352.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.5% African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9% of the population.
There were 15,775 households, of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.1% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.3% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.80.
The median age in the city was 27.2 years. 15.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 28.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.4% were from 25 to 44; 16.7% were from 45 to 64; and 8.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.6% male and 47.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,509 people, 10,877 households, and 5,014 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,183.8 inhabitants per square mile (843.2/km2). There were 11,577 housing units at an average density of 919.0 per square mile (354.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.73% White, 0.33% African American, 1.24% Native American, 1.62% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.59% of the population.
There were 10,877 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.9% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.0% under the age of 18, 33.0% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 14.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,156, and the median income for a family was $41,723. Males had a median income of $28,794 versus $20,743 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,104. About 9.2% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Bozeman became an incorporated Montana city in April 1883 and adopted a city council form of government.[56] Currently, the City of Bozeman uses a city commission/city manager form of government which the citizens adopted on January 1, 1922[57] with an elected Municipal Judge. The City Commission is chaired by an elected Mayor. These three entities form the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government.[58]
Departments
Finance Department – Provides financial administration, treasury and accounting services, grant administration and sustainability management.[59]
Fire Department – Bozeman is served by the Bozeman Fire Department which is a full-time career fire department. There are currently 47 uniformed firefighters at three stations, four engines (one reserve), a ladder truck, a Battalion Chief's truck, 2 brush trucks, a HazMat unit, and 2 Medic Units. The Bozeman Fire Department responded to approximately 5,000 emergency calls in 2020.[60]
Park, Recreation and Cemetery Department – Operates the Sunset Hills Cemetery, maintains public parks throughout the city to include the East Gallatin Recreation Area and conducts recreational programs for the citizens of Bozeman.[61]
Public Service Department – Provides engineering, forestry, signs and signals, solid waste, street, vehicle maintenance, water reclamation, water and sewer and water treatment services for the citizens of Bozeman.[62]
Education
Public
Bozeman Public Schools has two components: Bozeman Elementary School District and Bozeman High School District.[63]Belgrade Public Schools has two components: Belgrade Elementary School District and Belgrade High School District.[64] Almost all of Bozeman is in Bozeman Elementary School District and Bozeman High School District. A small piece extends into Belgrade Elementary School District and Belgrade High School District.[65]
The Bozeman Public School District operates two high schools – Bozeman High School and Gallatin High School; two middle schools – Chief Joseph Middle School and Sacajawea Middle School; and eight elementary schools – Emily Dickinson Elementary School, Hawthorne Elementary School, Hyalite Elementary School, Irving Elementary School, Longfellow Elementary School, Meadowlark Elementary School, Morning Star Elementary School, and Whittier Elementary School.[66]
The district also operates the Bridger Alternative Program as a branch campus of Bozeman High School to serve "at-risk" secondary students.[67]
The former Emerson Elementary School is now a cultural community center. Willson School, originally a high school, then a middle school, then the base for an alternative high school, is still owned by the school district and houses a number of school district offices.
Headwaters Academy near the campus of Montana State University is a co-educational middle school (grades6 through 8).
Petra Academy is a co-educational school (gradespre-k through 12) affiliated with Protestant teachings.
Post-secondary
Bozeman is home to Montana State University, the state's largest university and the flagship campus of the Montana State University System. MSU set a new fall enrollment record in the fall of 2018, at a total of 16,902 students on campus.
In popular music, the members of the noise rock group Steel Pole Bath Tub are originally from Bozeman, and wrote a song titled "Bozeman" on their third album, The Miracle of Sound in Motion. The 1980s hard rock band Vixen also featured a former Bozeman resident, Janet Gardner, as lead singer.[78]
Literary references include the Bozeman area and real-life Bozeman artists Bob and Gennie DeWeese[79] as a key setting in Robert Pirsig's novel Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance; the narrator was a professor teaching English composition while developing his philosophical ideas, reflecting the author's own history; Pirsig taught at Montana State.[80]John Steinbeck passed through Bozeman via the former U.S. Route 10 as well as venturing into Yellowstone National Park, and recounted his impressions of Montana in Travels with Charley.[81]
In season 3, episode 13 of The Big Bang Theory, The Bozeman Reaction, Sheldon attempts to move to Bozeman. After being robbed at the bus station, he changes his mind and immediately purchases a ticket back to Pasadena.
National media coverage
On March 5, 2009, the city of Bozeman made national news when an early morning explosion destroyed three buildings in the historic downtown area. Several other buildings were damaged and one person was killed. The blast occurred about 8:15a.m. and prompted the evacuation of a two-block area. Investigators found the cause of the explosion to be a leak in a gas line that led to a business that was destroyed in the blast. The gas line was more than 70 years old.[82] Business owners and local residents later filed major lawsuits against Northwestern Energy, the company in charge of the gas line. The suits claimed negligence for the gas leak that led to the blast. As of December 2010, most of the lawsuits against the energy company were settled.[83]
In June of the same year, Bozeman was once again in the national news when it was reported that the city government was requesting job applicants provide their user names and passwords to social networking sites. A passage from the city's application form said, "Please list any and all current personal or business Web sites, web pages or memberships on any Internet-based chat rooms, social clubs or forums, to include, but not limited to: Facebook, Google, Yahoo, YouTube.com, MySpace, etc."[84]
After the initial news story aired, the Bozeman City Commissioner received e-mails and phone calls expressing indignation about the practice from across the nation. Bozeman residents were astonished and alarmed by the request. The local government believed the practice had been going on as part of a background search for about three years.[85] In response to the negative backlash from the news media and local citizens, the city rescinded the policy on June 20, 2009, just two days after the news broke.[86]
In March 2021 an episode of The Indicator, a spin-off podcast from NPR's Planet Money, covered a property boom in Bozeman due to remote working. The show states that the median home price in Bozeman is about 75% above the national median, while the median household income of about $50,000 is 25% below the national median. It concludes, "Bottom line, if you are a Bozeman local working a job in Bozeman, buying a house is becoming financially out of reach. The math doesn't work."[87]
Bozeman has operated a free public bus system called Streamline since 2006.[88] Streamline operates four routes, covering the university, Bozeman-Deaconess Hospital, Gallatin Valley Mall, 7th Avenue and 19th Avenue shopping areas, and downtown. The system is funded by a variety of federal, state, and local sources. The Gallatin Big Sky Transportation District has operated the Skyline bus service between Bozeman and Big Sky since December 2006.[89]
One of the three major regional airports serving southwest Montana is Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport west of Bozeman on the outskirts of Belgrade, Montana. It primarily serves travelers to Bozeman, Big Sky, West Yellowstone and Yellowstone National Park. A smaller commercial airport is located in West Yellowstone, 90 mi (140 km) south of Bozeman.
Notable people
The following individuals are either notable current or former residents of Bozeman (R), were born or raised in Bozeman in their early years (B), or otherwise have a significant connection to the history of the Bozeman area (C).
Steven Rinella, American outdoorsman, conservationist, writer, and television personality
Albert, Alfred and Chris Schlechten multi-generation family of photographers noted for portraiture and images of Yellowstone National Park and the Gallatin Valley.[95]R, R, B
James Willard Schultz, author and Glacier National Park explorer, lived in Bozeman 1928–1929 with partner Jessica McDonald, professor at Montana State; R[96] Schultz's papers are archived at Montana State Burlingame Special Collections Library.[97]
Fred F. Willson, designed many notable buildings in Bozeman between 1902 and 1956. R
Business and industry
Bozeman's top employers include Bozeman Health, Montana State University, Simms Fishing Products and Mystery Ranch[108] as well as at least two dozen high-tech companies engaged in research or production of lasers and other optical equipment,[109] over a dozen bio-tech companies, and several large software companies.[110] Nationally known companies based in Bozeman include ILX Lightwave (an MKS/Newport company), Quantel USA, RightNow Technologies, Snowflake Inc., Schedulicity, Workiva, onX[111] and Simms Fishing Products. Notable non-profit organizations based in Bozeman include the Greater Yellowstone Coalition, Human Resource Development Council (HRDC) and Eagle Mount.
^Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. pp. 62–65.
^Kennedy, Michael S. (1964). "Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory". Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History. New York: Hastings House Publishing. pp. 103–111.
^Wellman, Paul I. (1939). "IX-Men Who Didn't Care". The Trampling Herd. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 94–106.
^Siebel, Dennis (1996). Fort Ellis, Montana Territory (1867–1886) – The Fort That Guarded Bozeman. Bozeman, Montana: Gallatin County Historical Association. p. 44.
^Putnam, James Bruce (1988). The Evolution of a Frontier Town: Bozeman, Montana and Its Search For Economic Stability 1864–1887. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. p. 28.
^ abFreeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. p. 67.
^Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishers. p. 129. ISBN1-56044-540-8.
^Mulvaney, Tom (2009). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing. p. 70. ISBN978-0-7385-7084-6.
^Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. pp. 68–69.
^Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. p. 77.
^Hanna, Warren L. (1986). "Life with Apaki". The Life and Times of James Willard Schultz (Apikuni). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 233–248. ISBN0-8061-1985-3.
^ ab"Native Stars: The Spears Brothers – Rising Stars Call Bozeman Home" The Montana Pioneer, "Native Stars - the Spears Brothers". Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014. February 2014.
^Smith, Phyllis (1997). Sweet Pea Days: A History. Bozeman, MT: Gallatin County Historical Society. p. 1.
Further reading
Burlingame, Merrill G. (1976). Gallatin County Heritage-A Report of Progress 1805–1976. Gallatin County Bicentennial Committee.
Putnam, James Bruce (1988). The Evolution of a Frontier Town: Bozeman, Montana and Its Search For Economic Stability 1864–1887. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society.
Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society.
Bates, Grace (1994). Gallatin County-Places and Things Present and Past. Gallatin County Historical Society. ISBN0-930401-78-6.
Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman Names Have A History. Bozeman, MT: Gallatin County Historical Society.
Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishers. ISBN1-56044-540-8.
Smith, Phyllis (1997). Sweet Pea Days: A History. Bozeman, MT: Gallatin County Historical Society.
Jenks, Jim (2007). A Guide to Historic Bozeman. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. ISBN978-0-9721522-3-5.
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Old Washington County Courthouse in the village of West Kingston West Kingston is an unincorporated village and traditional county seat of Washington County, Rhode Island. It is the site of the Kingston Railroad Station Amtrak station, and is a part of the Town of South Kingstown. Overview Although unincorporated, West Kingston has a post office and recognized mailing address location. It shares ZIP code 02892 with much of western South Kingstown, a large portion of Richmond, Rhode Island to the…
Capteurs électroniques à base de semi-conducteurs. Un semi-conducteur est un matériau qui a les caractéristiques électriques d'un isolant, mais pour lequel la probabilité qu'un électron puisse contribuer à un courant électrique, quoique faible, est suffisamment importante. En d'autres termes, la conductivité électrique d'un semi-conducteur est intermédiaire entre celle des métaux et celle des isolants. Description Le comportement électrique des semi-conducteurs est généralement m…
Karel ČapekLahir(1890-01-09)9 Januari 1890Malé Svatoňovice, Bohemia, Kerajaan Austria-Hungaria (sekarang Republik Ceko).Meninggal25 Desember 1938(1938-12-25) (umur 48)PekerjaanpenulisSuami/istriOlga ScheinpflugováTanda tangan Karel Čapek (pelafalan Ceko: [ˈkarɛl ˈtʃapɛk] simakⓘ; 9 Januari 1890 – 25 Desember 1938) adalah penulis Ceko pada abad ke-20. Biografi Lahir pada tahun 1890 di sebuah desa pegunungan di Bohemia, Malé Svatoňovice, dari seorang ibu…
Peta Bailiwck Guernsey. Alderney terletak di bagian timur laut. Alderney (bahasa Prancis: Aurigny, Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) adalah pulau terbesar ketiga di Kepulauan Channel yang terletak di Selat Inggris. Pulau ini merupakan bagian dari bailiwick Guernsey, sebuah dependensi mahkota Britania Raya. Panjang pulau ini 5 km dan lebarnya 3 km. Jarak Pulau Alderney sekitar 16 km dari Cap de la Hague di Semenanjung Cotentin, Normandia, Prancis; 32 km dari Guernsey; dan 97 km dari …
Ezio Raimondi (Lizzano in Belvedere, 22 marzo 1924 – Bologna, 18 marzo 2014) è stato un filologo, saggista e critico letterario italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Attività accademica 1.2 Critica letteraria 1.3 Attività pubblicistica 1.4 Morte 2 Incarichi e titoli 3 Riconoscimenti 4 Opere 4.1 Curatele 5 Note 6 Voci correlate 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Attività accademica Nato da una famiglia poverissima, Raimondi cominciò la sua carriera accademica nel 1955 a Bologna p…
Partai Sosialis Britania British Socialist PartySingkatanBSPDibentuk1911Dibubarkan1920Didahului olehFederasi Demokrat SosialDiteruskan olehCPGBNSPSDNC (berpisah)Surat kabarJustice; The CallSayap pemudaLiga Sosialis MudaIdeologiSosialismeSetelah 1916:KomunismePosisi politikSayap kiriPolitik Britania Raya Partai Sosialis Britania (Inggris: British Socialist Party, disingkat BSP) adalah suatu partai politik berhaluan Marxisme yang dibentuk di Inggris pada tahun 1911. Setelah berj…
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The total length of the Saudi Arabian coastline is 2,640 kilometres (1,640 mi)[1] with two coastlines: a long west coast on the Red Sea and a shorter east coast on the Persian Gulf. As of 2010[update], active lighthouses in Saudi Arabia are maintained by the Saudi Ports Authority. There are about 633 navigational aids, of which 72% …
Gusztáv Sebes Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Gusztáv SebesTanggal lahir (1906-01-22)22 Januari 1906Tempat lahir Budapest, Austria-HungariaTanggal meninggal 30 Januari 1986(1986-01-30) (umur 80)Karier junior1919—1920 Müszaki Dolgozók SE1920—1924 Vasas SCKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1925—1926 Sauvages Nomades 1926—1927 Club Olympique Billancourt 1927—1929 MTK Hungária FC 1929—1940 Hungária FC 1945 MTK Hungária FC Tim nasional1936 Hungaria 1 (0)Kepelatihan1940—1942 S…
Austrian tennis player Alexander ErlerErler at the 2022 Internationaux de Tennis de BloisCountry (sports) AustriaResidenceKufstein, AustriaBorn (1997-10-27) 27 October 1997 (age 26)Innsbruck, AustriaHeight1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)Turned pro2015PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)CoachDaniel Huber, Thomas WeindorferPrize money$657,617SinglesCareer record1–1 (in ATP Tour events)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 322 (4 October 2021)Current ranking…