*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:10, 15 December 2024 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23:45, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
Born in Maia, Porto, Fernandes started his career at Italian Serie B side Novara but soon made a move to Serie A side Udinese in 2013, followed by Sampdoria three years later. After five years in Italy, he signed with Sporting CP in 2017. He won back-to-back Taças da Liga in 2018 and 2019, as well as the Taça de Portugal, leading to him being named in the Primeira Liga Team of the Year and Primeira Liga Player of the Year in both seasons. In 2018–19, he scored a record of 33 goals in all competitions, making him the highest-scoring Portuguese midfielder and the highest-scoring midfielder in Europe in a single season. In January 2020, Fernandes signed with Manchester United for an initial €55 million (£47 million), becoming at the time the second-highest fee for a Portuguese player leaving the domestic league. He has made more than 200 appearances for United, and has won the FA Cup and EFL Cup.
Fernandes was born in Maia, Metropolitan Area of Porto. Growing up, he supported Boavista and Manchester United.[5] During his childhood, Fernandes used to play football on the streets with his older brother Ricardo, who was also a professional football player.[6] His father, who had emigrated to Switzerland, wanted Fernandes to move with him, but he refused, due to the standard of Swiss football at the time.[7][8]
Club career
Early career
Fernandes began his youth career at local club Infesta. Growing up, Fernandes was offered a youth contract at Porto's academy, but he went to local rivals Boavista, who offered him transportation to training, with his parents being unable to take him to Porto on daily basis.[7] Fernandes played most of his youth football with Boavista, starting his career as a centre-back, before being converted to an attacking midfielder at the age of 15, following a loan to Pasteleira.[7][8]
Spell in Italy
Novara (2012–2013)
On 27 August 2012, he joined Novara in Italy.[9] Fernandes initially struggled in his new life in Italy, after suffering from homesickness and also had problems learning Italian. After his girlfriend moved to Italy, Fernandes quickly learned the language and began settling in the country, being nicknamed the "Maradona of Novara" and the "Mini Rui Costa".[8] After only a few weeks with the youth sides, Fernandes was promoted to the first team in Serie B, and went on to appear in slightly more than half of the league games during the 2012–13 season, helping his team to fifth place and the promotion play-offs.[10]
Udinese and Sampdoria (2013–2017)
In summer 2013, Serie A clubs Inter Milan and Juventus wanted to sign him, but instead, Fernandes decided to sign for Udinese in a co-ownership deal, who promised him first-team opportunities.[11] He made his debut in Serie A on 3 November, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–3 home loss against Inter Milan.[12] Fernandes scored his first league goal on 7 December, in a 3–3 draw at Napoli.[13] He scored again in the second match between the sides in a 1–1 draw.[14]
On 16 August 2016, Fernandes moved to Sampdoria on loan with an obligation to be signed permanently.[15][16] He made his league debut twelve days later, playing six minutes in a 2–1 home win over Atalanta.[17] Fernandes scored his first goal for his new team on 26 September, in a 1–2 away loss to Cagliari.[18] He scored 5 goals in 33 Serie A appearances during the campaign,[19] helping them to finish in tenth position.[20]
On 15 May 2018, Fernandes and several of his teammates, including coaches, were injured following an attack by around 50 Sporting supporters at the club's training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on Champions League qualification.[27][28] Despite the events, the team agreed to play in the final of the Taça de Portugal scheduled for the following weekend,[29] eventually losing to Desportivo das Aves.[30] Fernandes was named the Primeira Liga Player of the Year on 6 July.[31] Four days later he signed a new five-year contract with a €100 million release clause,[32] having turned back on his original decision to leave the Estádio José Alvalade following the departure of club president Bruno de Carvalho, and being given an improved salary in the process.[33]
2018–2020: Highest-scoring midfielder in Europe
Fernandes scored his 23rd competitive goal of the 2018–19 campaign during a 3–1 home win against Portimonense on 3 March 2019, through a late penalty, surpassing António Oliveira's club record for goals by a midfielder in a season, set in 1981–82.[34] On 5 May, he scored a hat-trick in an 8–1 away rout of Belenenses SAD, in the process becoming the highest-scoring Portuguese midfielder in a single season of all time, with 31 goals to his name.[35] He scored his 33rd and final goal of the season on 25 May 2019, during Sporting's victory against Porto in the Taça de Portugal final.[36][37] He was named Primeira Liga Player of the Year for the second successive year for his performances in the 2018–19 season.[38]
He scored seven goals in his first 10 appearances of the 2019–20 season, including a run of scoring in six consecutive appearances.[39] This made him the third Sporting player in the 21st century to score in six or more consecutive appearances for the club, after Mário Jardel and Bas Dost.[40] On 28 November, he scored twice and assisted the other two goals in a 4–0 victory over PSV Eindhoven, which guaranteed Sporting qualification to the knockout stages of the UEFA Europa League.[41]
Manchester United
2019–2020: Europa League top scorer
On 29 January 2020, English club Manchester United confirmed they had reached an agreement with Sporting for the transfer of Fernandes for a fee reportedly worth up to €80 million (£67.6 million),[42] subject to the player passing a medical and agreeing personal terms.[43] The transfer was officially completed the following day, for an initial fee of around €55 million (£47 million),[44] plus up to €25 million (£21 million) in add-ons and 10% of the profits should United ever sell Fernandes.[45] Fernandes signed a five-and-a-half-year contract.[46]
He made his debut on 1 February, playing the full 90 minutes of a goalless draw at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers.[47] In Manchester United's 2–0 away win over Chelsea on 17 February, he provided an assist for the second goal, a header from Harry Maguire.[48] Fernandes came on as a late substitute for Manchester United against Club Brugge in a 1–1 draw on his European debut for the club.[49] He scored his first goal for Manchester United against Watford on 23 February, converting from the penalty spot in an eventual 3–0 victory at Old Trafford, a match in which he also provided an assist for the third goal scored by Mason Greenwood.[50] His first European goal for the club came in the second leg of their UEFA Europa League round of 32 tie against Club Brugge at Old Trafford, in which he scored a penalty, helping them to a 5–0 victory.[51] On 16 March, Fernandes was voted as the Premier League Player of the Month for February.[52]
On 30 June, Fernandes scored his first brace for the club in a 3–0 win over Brighton & Hove Albion.[53] For his performances in June, he won multiple club and Premier League awards, including Premier League Player of the Month and Goal of the Month, becoming the first player to win both awards concurrently in Premier League history.[54][55] He also became the first Manchester United player to win back to back Premier League Player of the Month awards since Cristiano Ronaldo in the 2006–07 season.[56] In September, Fernandes was named as the winner of Manchester United's Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year award, given to the club's best player from the previous season.[57]
2020–2021: Individual success and Europa League final
On 26 September, Fernandes scored his first goal of the season against Brighton & Hove Albion in the 100th minute of a 3–2 win at the Amex Stadium; it was one of the latest goals in Premier League history, and came after referee Chris Kavanagh had blown the final whistle, before a video assistant referee awarded United a penalty which Fernandes converted.[58] On 7 November, Fernandes scored a brace and provided an assist against Everton to secure a 3–1 away win.[59] He was named Premier League Player of the Month for November in recognition of his four goals and one assist that month,[60] and again in December after scoring three goals and providing four assists in that month, becoming the first player to win the award four times in a single calendar year.[61][62] He scored one goal and made two assists in United's Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton on 2 February 2021.[63] He finished third in terms of top goalscorers in the league with 18 goals and second among the top assist providers with 12.[64]
In April, a day after Manchester United had announced their plan to quit the UEFA Champions League to join the European Super League along with 11 other clubs, Fernandes became the first potential European Super League player to comment on this, stating his disapproval: "Dreams can't be [bought]."[65][66] By the next day, Manchester United withdrew from the European Super League, which was also announced to be "suspended" that day, amid a backlash from players, managers, football institutions, politicians, fans and the media.[67][68] On 29 April, he scored twice and assisted two more goals in a 6–2 home win over Roma in the first leg of the Europa League semi-finals;[69] and provided an assist in a 3–2 defeat in the return leg, which allowed United to advance to the final 8–5 on aggregate.[70] On 18 May, he was named as the winner of the Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year award for the second successive season.[71] On 26 May, Manchester United drew 1–1 against Villarreal after extra-time, in the Europa League Final, but eventually lost on penalties, despite Fernandes netting his spot kick in the shoot-out.[72]
On 14 August, in the opening match of the Premier League season, Fernandes scored a hat-trick against Leeds United in a 5–1 win.[73] He then scored in the team's next home game against Newcastle United,[74] before missing a last minute penalty against Aston Villa two weeks later that would have salvaged a 1–1 draw.[75] He later posted an apology for his penalty miss on Instagram.[76] On 23 November, Fernandes provided an assist for Jadon Sancho in United's 2–0 victory away against Villarreal in the Champions League, to ensure his team qualification to the round of 16, becoming the first player to provide an assist in five consecutive matches of a Champions League campaign for an English club.[77] On 2 December, Fernandes made his 100th appearance for the club, opening the scoring in United's 3–2 home win over rivalsArsenal at Old Trafford.[78]
On 1 April 2022, Fernandes signed a new contract which would keep him at Manchester United until June 2026, with the option of a further year.[79] On 2 May, he scored his 50th goal for Manchester United in the club's 3–0 home win over Brentford.[80] His performances declined during the season, with Fernandes alongside his teammates struggling and under-performing and with United supporters becoming increasingly frustrated by Fernandes' complaints to referees during matches, and with the club finishing a disappointing sixth place, qualifying for the UEFA Europa League, despite Fernandes being the top assist provider in the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League, with seven assists in total.[81][82]
2022–2023: Ending the trophy drought
On 1 July, Manchester United announced that they had changed Fernandes' squad number from 18 to his preferred number 8, the same number he wore during his time for Sporting CP and as a tribute to his birth date and his father, upon the departure of Juan Mata, after his contract expired.[83] Fernandes scored his first goal of the season on 27 August in a 1–0 away win against Southampton.[84]
On 3 January 2023, Fernandes made his 150th appearance for the club, assisting Marcus Rashford's goal in United's 3–0 home win over Bournemouth.[85] Two weeks later, he was instrumental in United's 2–1 comeback win over Manchester City in the Manchester derby, scoring a goal that was part of the build-up play for United's controversial equaliser despite Rashford being in an offside position, helping United to extend their winning run to nine in all competitions.[86] On 18 January, Fernandes scored in a 1–1 away draw to Crystal Palace, registering his 100th goal contribution for the club. He also became the Manchester United midfielder with the second most goal contributions in the Premier League, only behind Paul Scholes.[87] On 26 February, Fernandes started in the 2023 EFL Cup final as Manchester United beat Newcastle United 2–0 at Wembley Stadium, winning his first trophy with the club.[88]
Fernandes created the most chances (119) in the 2022–23 Premier League, the highest on record since 2003–04 by a Manchester United player in a single campaign. United qualified for the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League after securing a third-place finish in the Premier League.[89] In the 2023 FA Cup final, Fernandes equalised for United through a penalty in an eventual 2–1 defeat to local rivals Manchester City.[90][91]
2023–present: Club captaincy and FA Cup win
On 20 July, Fernandes was named as Harry Maguire's replacement as club captain.[92] On 26 August, Fernandes scored his first goal of the season, netting a penalty, and also assisting Casemiro in a 3–2 comeback win over Nottingham Forest.[93] The following months, United endured a difficult start to the season, most notably in the Premier League and Champions League, finishing last in their group.[94] Fernandes' captaincy came under scrutiny, despite being the football player who played the most minutes in world football, with 72 games and 6,666 minutes dating from 15 September 2022 to 2023.[95][96][97]
In January 2024, during the winter transfer window, Fernandes was the recipient of a contract offer worth €100 million from Saudi Pro League side Al-Hilal. If he had accepted the offer, he would have joined his national teammate Rúben Neves, as well as former manager Jorge Jesus, who was keen on signing him. However, the deal was eventually turned down by Fernandes, who felt he had unfinished business at United, stating that he was "happy [...] focused on Man United".[98][99]
Fernandes appearing for Manchester United during the 2024–25 season
On 7 April, he scored his 50th Premier League goal from 50 yards (46 m) in a 2–2 draw against United's arch rivalsLiverpool at Old Trafford.[100][101] He was then named Manchester United Player of the Month for April after scoring seven goals in six appearances that month.[102] On 23 May, Fernandes won the Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year, becoming a three-time recipient of the award.[103] In the 2024 FA Cup final against local rivals Manchester City, Fernandes assisted Kobbie Mainoo's goal in an eventual 2–1 win for United, winning his second trophy with the club and his first as club captain.[104] After the match, pundit and former United midfielder Roy Keane praised Fernandes: "I've been critical of Bruno over the years, but I've been proven wrong, his leadership was outstanding. I've always mentioned how brilliant he is as a player."[105] In July, Fernandes was linked with a move to Saudi Arabia, with two clubs in the Saudi Pro League interested in him,[106] but these rumors were dispelled in August when his contract with Manchester United was extended to 30 June 2027.[107]
On 29 September, Fernandes was sent off for a high challenge on James Maddison in United's 3–0 loss to Tottenham Hotspur at Old Trafford.[108] However, on 1 October, the red card was overturned by The Football Association, following a successful claim of wrongful dismissal by the referee.[109] On 3 October, he was sent off for the second time in five days when he received two yellow cards in a 3–3 draw with FC Porto in the UEFA Europa League.[110] This made him the first Manchester United player to be sent off in consecutive matches since Eric Cantona in March 1994.[111] He made his 250th appearance for the club on 11 November, scoring the opening goal and assisting Alejandro Garnacho in a 3–0 win against Leicester City.[112]
With the Portugal under-20s, Fernandes took participated in the 2014 Toulon Tournament. In this competition, he played four out, scoring against Chile in a group stage match, helping Portugal to a third-place finish.
Fernandes represented Portugal at under-19, under-20, under-21 and under-23 levels, for a total of 28 caps. Prior to his international debut, he was named captain of the under-21 team by coach Rui Jorge.[113] He scored four goals and provided four assist in Portugal under-21s qualification campaign, helping them to qualify for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.[114] In June, Fernandes took part in the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, helping Portugal to a group stage finish, and scoring a goal against Serbia in the opening match.[115]
Overlooked for selection by Portugal during his spell in Italy, Fernandes was first chosen on 28 August 2017, replacing the injured Pizzi for World Cup qualifiers against the Faroe Islands and Hungary to be played the next month, although he did not play in either match.[120] Fernandes won his first full cap on 10 November 2017, replacing Manuel Fernandes for the last 34 minutes of the 3–0 friendly win over Saudi Arabia in Viseu.[121]
He was then selected by Fernando Santos for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.[122] He scored his first goal on 7 June with a header in the last warm-up match before the tournament, a 3–0 defeat of Algeria at the Estádio da Luz.[123][124] Fernandes' first World Cup game took place on 15 June, when he played 66 minutes in a 3–3 group stage draw against Spain, being booked in the process.[125] On 30 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 2–1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16.[126]
2018–2021: Nations League title and subsequent struggles
Fernandes was selected for three matches in the league phase of the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League group stage,[127][128] helping the hosts Portugal qualify to the inaugural Nations League Finals in June 2019. In the UEFA Nations League Finals, Fernandes played both matches as Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0 in Porto to win the trophy.[129] For his performances throughout the competition, he was named in the "Team of the Tournament".[130]
Fernandes was named in Portugal's final squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament, appearing in all games of the eventual round of 16 exit.[131] Fernandes went on to be criticized for his performances during the tournament, as he struggled to replicate his club form for his country, being heavily fatigued and overshadowed by other teammates, he went to be a first-team player to a substitute, by the end of Portugal's campaign in tournament.[132]
Fernandes after scoring in a group stage game against Uruguay at the 2022 FIFA World Cup
In October, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar,[134] being included in the final 26-man squad for the tournament.[135] On 25 November, Fernandes provided two assists in Portugal's 3–2 group stage win against Ghana.[136] Three days later, Fernandes scored both of Portugal's goals in a 2–0 victory over Uruguay, securing his team's qualification to the knockout stages.[137] On 6 December, he provided an assist for Pepe, who scored Portugal's second goal in a thrashing 6–1 win in the round of 16 match against Switzerland and became the second-oldest player to ever score in the tournament.[138] Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals after losing 1–0 to Morocco.[139][140] Despite Portugal's elimination, Fernandes finished the tournament as the joint-top assister with three assists.[141]
His World Cup form continued during the UEFA Euro 2024qualifiers in March, providing two assists and a brace against Bosnia and Herzegovina in a 3–0 win on 17 June.[142] On 8 September, on his 29th birthday, Fernandes scored the only goal of an away win over Slovakia.[143] On 11 September, he scored a goal and provided a hat-trick of assists in a 9–0 home defeat of Luxembourg, the former's biggest win in international history.[144] In the reverse fixture against Slovakia, on 13 November, Fernandes provided a brace of assists in a 3–2 win, leading Portugal to qualify for Euro 2024, marking the nation's fastest qualification to a major tournament in their history.[145] Fernandes finished the qualifying campaign as the top assister with eight assists, with Portugal topping their qualifying group, and setting a new national team record of ten consecutive wins.[146]
On 21 May 2024, he was selected in the 26-man squad for the UEFA Euro 2024.[147] On 22 June, Fernandes scored Portugal's third goal in a 3–0 win against Turkey, securing his country's qualification to the knockout phase.[148] In Portugal's round of 16 match against Slovenia, he played the full 120 minutes and scored the team's second kick of the penalty shootout which they won 3–0.[149] Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals to France after losing 5–3 in another penalty shootout.[150]
Player profile
Style of play
An attacking midfielder, Fernandes is a direct, energetic box-to-boxplaymaker who is capable of both taking on defenders and setting the rhythm of play.[151][152] Directness also means that Fernandes tends to take a lot of risks with the type and level of passes he attempts to complete. However, despite being prone to turnovers, he typically presses the opposition right after losing possession.[153] Fernandes boasts a prolific goalscoring record from the midfield position. He frequently shoots from outside the penalty area and is an accurate free-kick[151] and penalty taker.[154] His movement off the ball is also key, with him often roaming around the attacking areas of the pitch, or dropping deep to pick up possession.[151] As well as operating in the attacking midfielder role, he can also operate in a deeper central midfield role, or as a second striker.[151] During his time at Manchester United, under Erik ten Hag, Fernandes also played on the right wing on many occasions, due to his crossing ability, which made him an effective assist provider.[155]
Reception
Regarding his creative and goalscoring ability, Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola once said "Bruno's influence is outstanding. Unbelievable. Today saw a few games, the last games and I said: 'this guy's creativity is one of the best I've ever seen'."[156] In 2023, Manchester City and Belgian midfielder Kevin De Bruyne rated him as the best player in his position in Premier League commenting, "I think he's [Fernandes] a creative machine and just in general."[157] former Manchester United defender Rio Ferdinand commented that Fernandes "is a player who knows how to create chances [...], who can for bit of imagination, creativity, the patience around the box, the ability to hit a ball from the edge of the box an put in the back of net, [...] manipulate and take ball".[158] Ferdinand also praised his leadership abilities, stating "he was one of the players in the game that lead's by example".[159] Former Manchester United coach Ole Gunnar Solskjær stated that Fernandes was a "bit of a mix between Paul Scholes and Juan Sebastián Verón".[160] Fernandes goalscoring abilities have also drew comparisons with former Chelsea midfielder Frank Lampard, after breaking his record of being the highest-scoring midfielder in Europe in a single season.[161]
Goal celebration
Fernandes has adopted a particular goalscoring celebration throughout his career: after scoring a goal, he usually celebrates by covering his ears with both of his hands, as a tribute to his daughter, who covers her ears pretending not to hear him.[7][8]
Sponsorship
Fernandes is sponsored by sportswear company Nike. He wears Nike Mercurial Vapor boots.[162]
Personal life
When Fernandes moved to Italy at age 18 to join Novara, he was joined there by childhood sweetheart Ana Pinho; they married in 2015.[7] The couple have a daughter (January 2017) and a son (September 2020).[7] He has tattoos on both of his arms with the number 8, in which he tributes to his birth date and to his father, who was also a footballer and wore the number 8 shirt, during his playing career, the letter F symbolising his surname and the number 23 as a tribute to his debut with the Portugal national football team, when he was aged 23.[7][8]
Fernandes is multilingual; apart from his native Portuguese, he is fluent in Spanish, English, and Italian. He also speaks some French.[8]
Fernandes also has a brother named Ricardo who plays in the Ninth Tier of English football for Roffey.[163]
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 19 December 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Primeira Liga Goal of the Month: August 2017, September 2017[citation needed]
Primeira Liga Midfielder of the Month: August 2017, October/November 2018, December 2018, January 2019, February 2019, March 2019, April 2019, August 2019, September 2019, January 2020[187]
^Tornesi, Duarte; Toucedo, Rafael (10 September 2017). "Bruno Fernandes arranca como Balakov" [Bruno Fernandes gets going like Balakov]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). Porto. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^"Vitória na estreia" [Win in debut] (in Portuguese). Portuguese Football Federation. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^"Portugal vence e garante quartos de final" [Portugal win and confirm quarter-finals] (in Portuguese). Portuguese Football Federation. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^"Portugal assegura primeiro lugar" [Portugal confirm first place] (in Portuguese). Portuguese Football Federation. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^Lemos, Pedro (11 September 2023). "Portugal 9–0 Luxemburgo (crónica)" [Portugal 9–0 Luxembourg (report)] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
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Coppa Mitropa 1988-1989 Competizione Coppa Mitropa Sport Calcio Edizione 47ª Date dal 20 ottobre 1988all'8 dicembre 1988 Luogo Europa Partecipanti 4 Nazioni 4 Risultati Vincitore Baník Ostrava(1º titolo) Secondo Bologna Statistiche Miglior marcatore Lorenzo Marronaro Fabio Poli (3) Incontri disputati 4 Gol segnati 19 (4,75 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1987-1988 1990 Manuale La Coppa Mitropa 1988-1989 fu la quarantasettesima edizione del torneo e venne …
American baseball pitcher (born 1984) For other people named Ian Kennedy, see Ian Kennedy (disambiguation). Baseball player Ian KennedyKennedy with the Kansas City Royals in 2016PitcherBorn: (1984-12-19) December 19, 1984 (age 39)Huntington Beach, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 1, 2007, for the New York YankeesLast MLB appearanceSeptember 15, 2023, for the Texas RangersMLB statisticsWin–loss record104–114Earned run average4.16St…
Internal combustion engine Engine block of a BMW M20 straight-six engine (top view) The inline-six engine (also referred to as a straight-six engine; abbreviated I6 or L6) is a piston engine with six cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. A straight-six engine has perfect primary and secondary engine balance, resulting in fewer vibrations than other designs of six or fewer cylinders. Until the mid-20th century, the straight-six layout was the most common design for engines w…
American baseball player Baseball player Tom LundstedtCatcherBorn: (1949-04-10) April 10, 1949 (age 75)Davenport, IowaBatted: SwitchThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 31, 1973, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 28, 1975, for the Minnesota TwinsMLB statisticsBatting average.092Home runs0Runs batted in1 Teams Chicago Cubs (1973–74) Minnesota Twins (1975) Thomas Robert Lundstedt (born April 10, 1949), is a former professional baseball player who played i…
Ижевско-Воткинское восстание 1918 годаОсновной конфликт: Гражданская война в России Дата 8 августа 1918 — 14 ноября 1918 Место Прикамье Причина Недовольство рабочих Ижевского и Воткинского заводов запретом свободной торговли и понижением зарплаты, попытка мобилизации рабочих …
هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالياب…
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