Dogs are capable of becoming infected with COVID-19. They are also capable of cheering up lonely caretakers during lockdowns.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected animals directly and indirectly. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is zoonotic, which likely to have originated from animals such as bats and pangolins.[1][2][3] Human impact on wildlife and animal habitats may be causing such spillover events to become much more likely.[4][5] The largest incident to date was the culling of 14 to 17 million mink in Denmark after it was discovered that they were infected with a mutant strain of the virus.[6][7]
While research is inconclusive, pet owners reported that their animals contributed to better mental health and lower loneliness during COVID-19 lockdowns.[8][9] However, contact with humans infected with the virus could have adverse effects on pet animals.[10]
A small number of pet animals have been infected. There have been several cases of zoo animals testing positive for the virus, and some became sick. The virus has also been detected in wild animals.
Cats, dogs, ferrets, fruit bats, gorillas, pangolins, hamsters, mink, sea otters, pumas, snow leopards, tigers, lions, hyenas, hippos, tree shrews and whitetail deer can be infected with and have tested positive at least once for the virus.[3] According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the risk of transmission from animals to humans and vice versa is considerably low but further studies are yet to be conducted.[3] Mice were initially unsusceptible but researchers showed that a type of mutation (called aromatic substitution in position 501 or position 498 but not both) in the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein can mouse-adapt the novel Coronavirus.[15] Some animals which were only thought to have been susceptible at low levels were later found to have experienced higher levels of infection than previously realized, either due to viral mutations or improved surveillance technology. Dogs, for instance, showcased low levels of infection or transmission early in the pandemic, but were later found to have experienced potentially elevated levels of asymptomatic infections.[16] As wild-life animals has been found to be infected with the virus, some wildlife species have benefited from the viral outbreak in ways where they can find new habitats due to reductions of outdoor human interactions.[17]
Animal deaths due to the disease are confirmed to have occurred on numerous occasions, with some species, such as mink, being particularly vulnerable and experiencing high mortality rates.[18][19][20]
Asiatic lions
The Nehru Zoological Park reported that eight Asiatic lions have contracted the virus. The samples were taken on 24 March 2021, after the lions showed signs of respiratory distress.[21]
Avian crossover
In the summer of 2022, two cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported in swans within China. Raj Rajnarayanan, assistant dean of research at New York Institute of Technology, hypothesized that Omicron variants were better primed to infect poultry such as chicken and turkeys when compared to the Delta variant.[22]
North American white-tailed deer have evidenced widespread SARS-CoV-2 infection over the course of the pandemic, together with smaller numbers of infections detected within North American mule deer and, outside of the Americas, within European fallow deer.[23][24]
SARS-CoV-2 or its antibodies has been detected in white-tailed dear across at least 15 US states, and one Canadian province.
Test results of 624 prepandemic and intrapandemic serum samples from wild deer from four states of the U.S.[28]
In November 2021, a Pennsylvania State University pre-print report awaiting peer review was reported on by news sources. The researchers tested roadkill and hunter-killed deer in Iowa between April 2020 and January 2021. They said that they found that up to 80% were infected.[26] CNN has reported that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in deer Illinois, Michigan, New York and Pennsylvania.[29]
A study published on 23 November 2021 indicates that large proportions of the wild deer population in the U.S. have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. The test results showed one "mismatch" in 2019, low inhibition values in 2020 and 152 positive samples (40% having antibodies) in 2021.[28]
It has been pointed out that such reverse zoonosis spillovers may cause reservoirs for mutating variants that could spill back to humans – a possible alternative source for variants of concern in addition to immunocompromised people.[26]
Gorillas
In January 2021, a troop of eight gorillas at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park tested positive for COVID-19 after being infected by a zookeeper who was asymptomatic. The gorillas were the first confirmed and known cases of COVID-19 in non-human apes.[31]
Hamsters
In January 2022, a cull of hamsters was announced in Hong Kong. Some 2,000 animals have been expected to be killed after a worker in a pet shop tested positive for the virus, which was also found among the pets. Conscious of the virus' ability to spread among hamsters,[32] and the possibility of transmission between species, in line with the territory's 'zero covid' policy, the cull was invoked.[33]
Marine mammals
Susceptibility
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is typically transmitted through droplets found in breaths, coughs, sneezes, etc. However, recent research shows that the virus can also be transmitted to the marine environment through stool and urine from infected individuals.[34] The virus can also be passed to the oceans through improper disposal of personal protective equipment containing live virus.[35] Marine mammal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 has been a topic of concern as there have been past recorded cases of alphacoronavirus and gammacoronavirus in this species.[36] Specifically, studies have been conducted to determine susceptibility using the ACE2 enzyme, the cellular receptor for COVID-19.[34][36] Studies show that variations of the ACE2 enzyme can either increase or decrease the vulnerability of the mammal to contract the virus, depending on if the mutation strengthens or weakens the bonding affinity of the virus to the enzyme.[34] The findings concluded that the most vulnerable mammals include several cetaceans, pinnipeds, and some sea otter species, with some species predicted to have higher than human susceptibility.[34] Unfortunately, many of the species at high or moderate risk of the virus are already classified to be endangered or threatened, such as the Amazon River Dolphin, the Northern sea otter, and many others.[34]
Impact of personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution
Along with the threat of virus entry to the ocean and infection of marine mammals through wastewater treatments, the increased use and improper disposal of personal protective equipment and disinfecting materials poses a great threat to marine mammal wellbeing. Since the pandemic began, the worldwide use of single use masks, hand sanitiser, and other personal protective equipment such as face shields, medical gloves, etc. has surged immensely.[37] This has caused a substantial build up of pollution in the Earth's oceans. This poses a threat to marine mammals as much of the personal protective equipment used during the pandemic is composed of plastic-based materials that do not easily decompose in a natural environment.[37] These plastic polymers can be and are easily mistaken for a source of food of marine mammals and directly consumed, cause entanglement, or suffocation, all of which can result in damage or death to the mammal species.[38] The use of disinfectants as person protective equipment also threatens the marine mammal ecosystem in a significant way.[36] Many of these disinfectants contain chlorine in their main chemical composition, which in itself is a toxic compound.[36] When chlorine enters the seawater on items such as lysol wipes, hand sanitizers, and various other disinfectants, it reacts chemically to produce halogenated compounds that are toxic to marine biota.[36] This can create either a direct threat to marine mammals due to toxicity, or it can deplete the populations of prey of marine mammals, leaving them vulnerable to starvation.
Wastewater transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the marine environment
SARS-CoV-2 has been proven to infect the intestinal tract of many patients. Due to its presence in the intestinal tract, it is subject to viral shedding via feces, creating another medium of transmission.[39] Studies have shown the presence of the virus in stool and urine samples of infected patients. This is of high concern due to the potential spreading of virus through untreated wastewater. Once released to an open water system, the virus can survive and disperse quickly. Domestic wastewater systems among Australia, France, Italy and Spain have been found to contain traces of the virus and are vulnerable to it being a form of transmission.[39] The detection of the virus in sewage can thus be a viable early warning method for tracking the concentration of the virus. The ability to detect the virus and its abundance in a given location is important to help mitigate its transmission in the surrounding areas and to marine life.[39] Treatment plans typically involve three procedures. Primary treatment relies on the settling of settleable solids but when used alone it is not an effective way of inhibiting contamination. Secondary treatment involves biological implementation that is applied to remove the settled solids and organic matter from the first step. Tertiary treatment uses additional processes to decrease the amount of nutrients and pathogens.[39] Non-treated and primary-treated wastewater are most at risk for carrying and transmitting SARS-CoV-2. Countries such as Ecuador with poor sanitization mechanisms are in danger of having their sewage systems becoming a source of the virus.[39] The presence of the virus in an open water system creates susceptibility of virus contraction in the marine mammal populations and can thus continue the pandemic from terrestrial to the marine environment.
Change in marine mammal behaviour due to decreased human activity
Due to the reduction in human activity during the pandemic, many marine species were documented to have increased sightings around the globe. This does not indicate an increase in population sizes, however reflects the change in animal behaviour due to the lack of human disturbance.[40] Specifically looking at marine mammals, a non-systematic review of wildlife sightings in online media news worldwide displayed the 27% increase in their sightings from March 17-June 11, 2020.[40] Human-activity examples that could have affected the increase in these sightings include the reduction of accidental death or injury due to boat collisions, decreases in maritime traffic that causes noise pollution, and an expansion in the habitat in which to live. The sightings included very strikingly visible marine mammals such as baleen whales, dugongs, manatees, dolphins and orcas.[40] These mammals were remarkably noticed due to their size and presence in unexpected areas. An example of this would be the sighting of an animal where there are typically high levels of tourism. The lack of human disturbances explain this phenomenon because it has allowed the animals to migrate outside their typical boundaries. Many marine mammals rely on echolocation which allows them to communicate with others and determine migration routes. Without as much noise pollution and boat traffic, this would have given these animals a chance to travel uninterrupted. The effects of their presences in new areas is yet to be determined as positive or negative, but their change in behaviour is of great significance.
An unvaccinated 9-year-old male snow leopard at the San Diego Zoo tested positive for the coronavirus in late July 2021. The staff noticed the leopard had a cough and a runny nose. The caretakers confirmed the diagnosis with two separate stool tests.[31]
In other zoos, COVID-19 has killed snow leopards. In November 2021, three snow leopards died at a zoo in Nebraska, and in January 2022, a snow leopard died at a zoo in Illinois.[44]
Human–animal interaction
Reduced human presence has the potential to bring both relief and disruption to different animal habitats. It may lead to more poaching of endangered wildlife.[45] Wild animals have been observed relaxing their avoidance of human habitats while COVID-19 lockdowns are in effect.[46] Instances have been observed of severe plagues of mice co-occurring with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus variants circulating.[47] Studies were conducted to measure the wildlife activity and human interaction where animal activity was shown to increase as human disturbance has decreased significantly.[17]
Decreased roadkill incidence has been reported during lockdowns, including a significant decrease in roadkill deaths for mountain lions in California.[48]
^ abcCDC (11 February 2020). "COVID-19 and Your Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
Roberto CavalliOn RunawayLahir15 November 1940 (umur 83)Florence, ItaliaKebangsaanItaliaPendidikanAcademy of Art of Florence, ItaliaLabelRoberto Cavalli, just cavalli, Roberto Cavalli Junior, Roberto Cavalli Parfums, Roberto Cavalli Home [1] Roberto Cavalli ialah seorang fashion designer asal Italia yang lahir pada 15 November 1940 di Florence, Itali.[2] Cavalli merupakan anak dari Giorgio Cavalli (surveyor pertambangan) dan Marcela Cavalli (penjahit).[2][3] …
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: CyanogenMod – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (November 2020) CyanogenModLayar awal default CyanogenMod 13, berdasarkan Android 6.0 MarshmallowPerusahaan / pengembangKomunitas sumber terbu…
Koordinat: 50°0′49.6″N 2°49′28″E / 50.013778°N 2.82444°E / 50.013778; 2.82444 Pertempuran GuillemontBagian dari Pertempuran Somme pada Perang Dunia IJerman mati dalam parit dan pos senapan mesin di dekat Guillemont selama Pertempuran Somme, September 1916.Tanggal3 - 6 September 1916LokasiGuillemont, PrancisHasil IndecisivePihak terlibat Inggris Raya Kekaisaran Jerman lbsBlok Barat Liège Frontiers Marne I Mulhouse Lorraine Ardennes Charleroi Mons Maubeug…
Kapel Istana Kekaisaran, Gelnhausen. Kapel kastil (Jerman: Burgkapellencode: de is deprecated ) dalam arsitektur Eropa adalah kapel yang dibangun di dalam sebuah kastel. Kapel ini memenuhi kebutuhan spiritual pemilik kastil dan pekerja-pekerjanya, dan kadang juga dipakai sebagai tempat penguburan. Namun, pembangunan gereja memakan biaya yang amat besar, sehingga tidak semua rumah bangsawan memiliki kapel. Seringkali ruangan dengan altar dianggap cukup. Kastil kapel biasanya dibangun untuk santo …
José Francisco Robles OrtegaKardinal, Uskup Agung GuadalajaraPresiden Konferensi Waligereja MeksikoProvinsi gerejawiGuadalajaraTakhtaGuadalajaraPenunjukan7 Desember 2011Awal masa jabatan7 Februari 2012PendahuluJuan Sandoval ÍñiguezJabatan lainKardinal-Imam Santa Maria della PresentazioneImamatTahbisan imam20 Juli 1976oleh José Maclovio Vásquez SilosTahbisan uskup5 Juni 1991oleh Alfredo Torres RomeroPelantikan kardinal24 November 2007oleh Paus Benediktus XVIPeringkatKardinal-ImamIn…
Catherine EngelbertEngelbert in 2019Tempat tinggalBerkeley Heights, NJKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPendidikanBachelor of Science, AkuntansiAlmamaterLehigh UniversityPekerjaanKomisaris WNBAAnakDua Catherine Cathy Engelbert (lahir 14 November 1964) adalah seorang eksekutif bisnis asal Amerika Serikat. Sejak 17 Juli 2019 ia menjabat sebagai Komisaris untuk Asosiasi Bola Basket Nasional Wanita (WNBA).[1][2][3] Sebelumnya ia bekerja untuk Deloitte, salah satu dari Empat Besar, sel…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Mikrofasi…
My Hero AcademiaGambar sampul manga volume pertama僕のヒーローアカデミア(Boku no Hīrō Akademia)GenrePetualangan, fantasi,[1] pahlawan super[2][3] MangaPengarangKōhei HorikoshiPenerbitShueishaPenerbit bahasa InggrisNA Viz MediaPenerbit bahasa IndonesiaM&C!ImprintJump ComicsMajalahWeekly Shōnen JumpMajalah bahasa InggrisNA Weekly Shonen JumpDemografiShōnenTerbit7 Juli 2014 – sekarangVolume37 (Daftar volume) MangaMy Hero Academia Smash!!PengarangKohei H…
Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: British European Airways – berita · surat kabar…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Penjejalan kata kunci (keyword stuffing) adalah salah satu teknik dalam optimisasi mesin pencari (SEO), teknik ini dianggap sebagai webspam atau spamdexing. Keyword stuffing dilakukan dengan menjejalkan kata kunci secara berlebihan ke dalam tag meta hala…
Ar-Rabi'PermukimanAr-Rabi'Location in the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaKoordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Koordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Negara Arab SaudiPemerintahan • Gubernur Pangeran RiyadhFaisal bin Bandar Al Saud • Wali kotaIbraheem Mohammed Al-SultanKetinggian612 m (2,008 ft)Zona waktuUTC+3 (AST) • Musim panas (DST…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Ralph Norman. Ralph NorthamNortham pada 2018 Gubernur Virginia ke-73PetahanaMulai menjabat 13 Januari 2018WakilJustin Fairfax PendahuluTerry McAuliffePenggantiPetahanaWakil Gubernur Virginia ke-40Masa jabatan11 Januari 2014 – 13 Januari 2018GubernurTerry McAuliffe PendahuluBill BollingPenggantiJustin FairfaxAnggota Senat Virginiadari dapil ke-6Masa jabatan9 Januari 2008 – 11 Januari 2014 PendahuluNick RerrasPenggantiLynwood Lewis Informasi pri…
Palmas tali Status konservasi Hampir Terancam (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Domain: Eukaryota Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Polypteriformes Famili: Polypteridae Genus: ErpetoichthysJ. A. Smith, 1865 Spesies: Erpetoichthys calabaricusJ. A. Smith, 1865 Sinonim[2][3] Calamoichthys calabaricus (Smith 1865) Smith 1866 Erpetoichthys robbianus Smith 1865 Polypterus erpetoideus Smith 1865 Palmas tali atau palmas tambang (Erpetoichthys cala…
Pozzallocomune Pozzallo – VedutaSpiaggia Pietrenere LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Sicilia Libero consorzio comunaleRagusa AmministrazioneSindacoRoberto Ammatuna (PSI/liste civiche) dal 14-6-2017 (2º mandato dal 13-6-2022) Data di istituzione12 giugno 1829 TerritorioCoordinate36°43′49.01″N 14°50′48.19″E / 36.73028°N 14.84672°E36.73028; 14.84672Coordinate: 36°43′49.01″N 14°50′48.19″E / 36.73028°N 14.84672°…
Massacre of Tutsi civilians at the beginning of the Rwandan Genocide Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial CentrePart of a series on theRwandan genocide Background History of Rwanda Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa Kingdom of Rwanda Rwandan Revolution Rwandan Civil War Hutu Power Assassination ofHabyarimana and Ntaryamira Events Initial events Chronology Gikondo massacre Musha Church massacre Nyarubuye massacre Parties responsible People indicted by theInternational Criminal Tribunal Genoc…
Stasiun Jatibarang Stasiun Jatibarang, 29 Desember 2019LokasiJalan Mayor SangunJatibarang, Jatibarang, Indramayu, Jawa Barat 45273IndonesiaKoordinat6°28′30.252″S 108°18′28.336″E / 6.47507000°S 108.30787111°E / -6.47507000; 108.30787111Koordinat: 6°28′30.252″S 108°18′28.336″E / 6.47507000°S 108.30787111°E / -6.47507000; 108.30787111Ketinggian+8 mOperator Kereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi III Cirebon KAI Logistik Letakkm 179+…
Entertainment district in London, England This article is about the entertainment district incorporating the former Millennium Dome. For the indoor arena within it, see The O2 Arena. For other uses, see O2 (disambiguation). IndigO2 redirects here. For the Indigo² workstation by Silicon Graphics, see SGI Indigo² and Challenge M. 51°30′10.14″N 0°0′11.22″E / 51.5028167°N 0.0031167°E / 51.5028167; 0.0031167 The O2The O2 pictured in 2013Former namesMillennium Dom…
Markus 3Injil Markus 3:2-3 pada Uncial 0213 (abad ke-5/ke-6).KitabInjil MarkusKategoriInjilBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian BaruUrutan dalamKitab Kristen2← pasal 2 pasal 4 → Markus 3 (disingkat Mrk 3 atau Mr 3) adalah pasal ketiga Injil Markus dalam Perjanjian Baru di Alkitab Kristen, yang diyakini ditulis menurut catatan Markus berdasarkan kesaksian Simon Petrus, salah seorang dari Keduabelas Rasul Yesus Kristus.[1] Pasal ini mencatat konflik mengenai penyembuhan pada hari S…
Lambang kota Halden ialah sebuah kotamadya di provinsi Ostfold, Norwegia. Kotamadya ini memiliki 27.582 penduduk pada Januari 2005. Jumlah kaum tuanya (67 tahun ke atas) 15,4%. Pada Juni 2005 pengangguran mencapai 4,4%. Halden memiliki gereja Katolik yang pada 1877 dirancang oleh arsitek Belanda P.J.H. Cuypers. Sumber: BPS Norwegia Diarsipkan 2005-08-26 di Wayback Machine.