The City of Adelaide, also known as the Corporation of the City of Adelaide and Adelaide City Council, is a local government area in the metropolitan area of greater Adelaide, South Australia. It is legally defined as the capital city of South Australia by the City of Adelaide Act 1998. It includes the Adelaide city centre, the suburb of North Adelaide, and the Adelaide Park Lands, which surround North Adelaide and the city centre.
Established in 1840, the City of Adelaide Municipal Corporation was the first municipal authority in Australia. At its time of establishment, Adelaide's (and Australia's) first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected. From 1919 onwards, the municipality has had a Lord Mayor, as of 2023[update] being Jane Lomax-Smith.
Adelaide city centre, North Adelaide and the Park Lands
Initially the new Province of South Australia was managed by Colonisation Commissioners. Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836. The first municipality was established in 1840 as The City of Adelaide Municipal Corporation, the first municipality in the country. However, due to a combination of constitutional difficulties arising from the mayor's resignation, hostility of the incoming Governor George Grey, and falling revenues due to the onset of the colony's first economic crisis, the corporation became moribund in 1843, after the Province had become a Crown colony established by the South Australia Act 1842. From 1843 to 1849, control and management reverted to the colonial government, and from 1849 to 1852 the municipality was managed by a Commission with five members. With the positive economic effects of the Victorian gold rush, a formal municipality was re-established in 1852, and "has operated continuously ever since".[2][3][4][5] However, The city's relationship with the state and federal government has been described as being 'a continually abrasive relationship'.[6]
The Council started in 1840 with nineteen members, who chose four of their number to be Aldermen, and then one of these (James Hurtle Fisher) to be Mayor. In 1852 the municipality was divided into four wards. Three Councillors and one Alderman were chosen, who in turn selected the Mayor. In 1861 the Mayor was chosen by all the electors and the position of Alderman was temporarily abolished. In 1873 the municipality was divided into six Wards, each represented by two Councillors. In 1880 the office of Alderman was recreated; they were chosen by electors of all Wards. The office of Mayor was raised to the stature of Lord Mayor by Royal Letters Patent in 1919. The Lord Mayor received the right to be styled ‘The Right Honourable’ in 1927.[3][5]
The Arms of the City of Adelaide were granted by the Heralds College in 1929.[2] In 1982 the Council approved the design of the Armorial Flag.[2]
In 2015, the Council became the first government of any kind in Australia to offer a financial incentive for installing battery systems.[7]
Governance
The City of Adelaide is legally defined as the capital city of South Australia by the City of Adelaide Act 1998, which also provides for a Capital City Committee, setting out its structure, function and responsibilities. The Act defines the Constitution of the council, including the role, allowances and benefits of the Lord Mayor and members. It defines the role of the CEO and their role with regard to Council employees. It continues the name of the council as "The Corporation of the City of Adelaide", and says that the land known as "The Corporation Acre" within the City of Adelaide is vested in the Adelaide City Council. It says that the name "Adelaide City Council" means the Corporation of the City of Adelaide.[8][9][10]
As of 2019[update] the City of Adelaide Council consists of 12 elected members, including the Lord Mayor and 11 Area and Ward Councillors, elected for a 4-year term.[11] Area Councillors are elected by the voters of the whole council area as one electorate, while Ward Councillors are only elected by the voters of their respective wards.
At the end of the 20th century, the city had little more than thirty per cent of the population it had in 1915 (when the population reached more than 43,000), and about 5,000 less than the 1855 population of 18,259.[5] In proposing reforms and his advocacy for town planning legislation, Charles Reade illustrated the Adelaide slums associated with the city's high population levels with lantern-slides accompanying his lecture "Garden cities v. Adelaide slums and suburbs" in the Adelaide Town Hall on 8 Oct 1914.[13]
Reade was attacked by the Adelaide City Council who fought against the Town Planning and Housing Bill reforms[14] and the press pointed out the wickedness of families being forced to 'herd together more and more in overcrowded conditions of living' and the 'sheer nonsense on the part of the City Council to pretend' that there were no slums in the city:[15]
The City Council does not want to learn. It seems to want the slum owners to be left untouched so that the landlords may reap their harvest of gold while the poor of this city reap their harvest of suffering, disease, and other ills associated with bad housing.[16]
In seeking a return to higher density population levels, Adelaide City Council launched its 'New Directions' with its three themes of Capacity, Vivacity and Audacity on 3 July 2001.[17] The "Capacity" theme proposed doubling the city's population by 2010 and increasing the number of City visitors and workers.
According to the Annual Reports,[18] the population has increased rapidly, due to the targets stated in the strategic plans developed at about that time.
Coat of arms
Notes
The population figures have been extracted from Adelaide City Council Annual reports. The data is summarised on pages 149-150 of A Thematic History.[19] Additional data not in that summary can be found in the reports on the council's "Annual Reports" page.[18]
1840 The initial Annual Report noted a population of 8,480, with 1,615 buildings in the city.
1844 The second available figure (6,107) is also the minimum recorded in council reports.
1880s There are no figures available for the period between 1881 and 1912. South Australia suffered a severe depression in the 1880s when the State population, (and probably the city's population too), declined.
1915 The peak population was 43,133.
1921 The State population passes 500,000. The city population was 39,458.
1963 The State population passes 1,000,000. The city population was 23,000.
1993 There is only one figure available between 1976 and 1999 – 11,405 in 1993. It was in the late 1990s that the council developed and started implementing its plans to increase the city's population, and not until 2004 when it started regularly updating the population estimates based on figures supplied by the Bureau of Census and Statistics.
2001 In 2001, the council set targets for population numbers for 2006 and 2010. These targets were raised considerably in 2003. In 2009, targets were set for 2012.
The following table sets out the figures of various types of city population in the 21st century:[18][20]
Year
2016–17
2015–16
2014–15
2013–14
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
2002–03
2001–02
2000–01
2006 goal
2010 goal
2012 goal
Permanent residents
23,396
23,169
22,690
22,200
21,600
22,000
21,800
21,200
19,800
19,700
18,400
15,000
14,361
13,734
13,289
16,000 25,000
25,000 34,000
25,500
Dwellings
11,546
10,860
11,467
10,860
10,860
13,100
12,500
11,388
10,600
9,900
9,900
9,600
7,335
7,335
5,510
Overnight population
28,000
29,800
29,200
27,400
27,100
23,800
22,000
21,090
19,610
17,861
17,861
19,900
34,500
Overnight visitors
6,000
8,000
8,000
7,600
7,400
5,400
7,000
6,729
5,866
Daily visitors(*)
311,414
262,000
228,673
228,670
228,670
86,500
79,000
74,000
60,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
103,500
103,500
125,000
150,000
Workers
115,250
122,700
122,700
118,200
118,200
118,000
126,500
126,500
118,500
108,000
108,000
99,000
95,682
93,000
93,000
89,000
98,000
111,000
125,000
Students
67,100
64,000
64,000
86,700
90,000
88,000
86,700
81,100
75,000
63,000
59,240
51,900
50,597
50,000
58,000
66,000
Daily population
220,000
205,000
208,200
190,000
200,000
200,000
216,000
215,000
Office space(**)
1.503
1.443
1.200
1.184
1.038
1.100
1.109
* Visitors to the city from the Adelaide Metropolitan area, for all purposes
** Square kilometres (millions of square metres) of office space. i.e. 1.503 km2 = 1,503,000 sq. metres.
The city's 2010–11 Annual Report noted that the total area of the City of Adelaide is 15.6 km2, of which 7.6 km2 is Park Lands.[21] Other sources put the Park Lands area closer to 7.0 km2.[22] The original area was 2,300 acres (9.3 km2),[23] a number the Council still regularly quotes.[24]
Apart from providing the usual services like rubbish collection and controlling local development, the City of Adelaide owns and operates a number of city services and amenities, including:
A network of local library and community centres from which local residents can borrow books, music, videos and computer programs, and gain access to computers and the internet.
The council also runs a free bicycle service on weekdays, in conjunction with Bikes SA.
Free bus services, 98C and 98A,(operated as The Connector until 2014), which runs through the central business district and North Adelaide, with stops at every major tourist attraction and council library.[27] A new connector bus, with more seating capacity, entered service in 2007, replacing one of the smaller buses that used to ply the route. The bus is named Tindo (after the Kaurna word for sun) and is hailed as the world's first solar powered bus.[28] The 98C is a clockwise loop while the 98A is anti-clockwise and the service has now been modified to better suit everyone's needs.[29] The 97 was a temporary free bus which used to run for a few months.
Sister cities
The City of Adelaide has been involved in the Sister Cities program since 1972. As of 2023[update] it has long-term international partnership arrangements with five cities, known as sister cities, based on formal agreements between Adelaide and each city. This allows collaboration in the cultural, educational, business, and technical spheres. The five sister cities are:[30]
Two cities are known as Friendship Cities, based on informal partnerships between two cities that promote collaboration and a friendly relationship between two cities:[30]
The armorial flag of Adelaide was approved on 2 August 1982, replacing the unofficial coat of arms on white background, which had been flown outside the Town Hall on special occasions for about 50 years.[31]
Key to the City
The Key to the city is presented by the Lord Mayor to an individual or group to acknowledge and recognise their outstanding contribution to the city of Adelaide.[32]
The city's relationship with the state and federal government has been described as being 'a continually abrasive relationship'. Until 1877 the relationship with the colonial government was described as 'a grudging tolerance, breaking out occasionally into active resentment whenever the council felt its rights were being infringed'. Moreover, matters such as alienation of the Park Lands by the state government, and threats to do so by the federal government, together with the fact that the federal and state government were exempt from rates for the many city buildings they owned, did nothing to enhance the relationship between them and the city corporation.
^Where are the Slums? Mr. Reade on Garden Cities. The Journal, 9 October 1914, p 1.
^Leonie Sandercock. 'Adelaide: Property, Privilege and Power' in Property, Politics, and Urban Planning: A History of Australian City Planning 1890-1990. p 81.
^City Council, Slums, and Town Planning.Daily Herald, 11 September 1916, p 4B.
^City Council, Slums, and Town Planning.Daily Herald, 11 September 1916, p 4C.
