Crown colony

A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by England, and then Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English and later British Empire. There was usually a governor to represent the Crown, appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the UK Government, with or without the assistance of a local council. In some cases, this council was split into two: an executive council and a legislative council, and the executive council was similar to the Privy Council that advises the monarch. Members of executive councils were appointed by the governors, and British citizens resident in Crown colonies either had no representation in local government, or limited representation in a lower house. In several Crown colonies, this limited representation grew over time. As the House of Commons of the British Parliament has never included seats for any of the colonies, there was no direct representation in the sovereign government for British subjects or citizens residing in Crown colonies.

The administration of Crown colonies changed over time and in the 1800s some became, with a loosening of the power of royal governors, self-governing colonies, within which the sovereign state (the UK Government) delegated legislation for most local internal matters of governance to elected assemblies, with consent of the governor. Elected lower houses had their beginnings in the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia in 1619 and the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda in 1620. While initially limited in government even with an elected lower house, over the centuries in some Crown colonies, more independent authority was given.

All remaining British colonies, whether Crown (such as the Falkland Islands) or self-governing (such as Bermuda), were renamed "British Dependent Territories" from 1 January 1983 under the British Nationality Act 1981. Many British citizens in the colonies (with the exceptions of the Falkland Islanders and subsequently the Gibraltarians) found that their "Citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies" had changed overnight to British Dependent Territories Citizenship, a form of British citizenship that stripped them of some of their rights, including the right to reside and work in the United Kingdom.^{[clarification needed]} From 2002, the dependent territories have been known officially as British Overseas Territories.^[1]

History

Early English colonies were often proprietary colonies, usually established and administered by companies under charters granted by the monarch. The first "royal colony" was the Colony of Virginia, after 1624, when the Crown of the Kingdom of England revoked the royal charter it had granted to the Virginia Company and assumed control of the administration.^[2]

Executive crown governors are sometimes complemented by a locally appointed and/or elected legislature with limited powers – that is, such territories lack responsible government. For example, while the House of Assembly of Bermuda has existed continuously since its first session in 1620, Bermuda has only had responsible government since 1968. (Bermuda became a Crown colony in 1684, when the government revoked a royal charter given to the Somers Isles Company, successor to the Virginia Company, which had previously controlled administration, including the appointment of governors. Afterwards the British government appointed the Governor of Bermuda.)^{[citation needed]}

Despite its later usage, the term "Crown colony" was used primarily, until the mid-19th century, to refer to colonies that had been acquired through wars, such as Trinidad and Tobago.^[3] After that time it was more broadly applied to every British territory other than British India,^[4] and self-governing colonies, such as the Province of Canada, Newfoundland, British Columbia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and New Zealand.^[5]

By the mid-19th century, the monarch was appointing colonial governors only on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.^[6]

Reclassification (1981)

The term Crown colony continued to be used until 1981, when the British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified the remaining British colonies as "British Dependent Territories". By this time, the term "Crown colony" referred specifically to colonies lacking substantial autonomy, which were administered by an executive governor, appointed by the British Government – such as Hong Kong, before its transfer in 1997 to the People's Republic of China.^{[citation needed]} In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 further changed their name to British Overseas Territories.^{[citation needed]}

Types

There were three types of Crown colony as of 1918, with differing degrees of autonomy:

Crown colonies with representative councils, such as Bermuda, Jamaica, Ceylon and Fiji, contained two legislative chambers, consisting of Crown-appointed and locally elected members.

Crown colonies with nominated councils, such as British Honduras, Sierra Leone, British Windward Islands and Hong Kong, were staffed entirely by Crown-appointed members, with some appointed representation from the local population. Hong Kong had a representative council following the introduction of election for the Hong Kong Legislative Council in 1995.

Crown colonies ruled directly by a governor, such as Basutoland,^[7] Gibraltar, Saint Helena and Singapore, were fewest in number and had the least autonomy.

List

The "from" column lists the year the colony began to be administered by the Crown. These colonies may have existed under a different type of English colonial administration before then.

Crown colonies
Name of colony	from	to	Reason for change of status
Aden	1937	1967	Became part of the Federation of South Arabia.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	1960	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Anguilla	1980	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Antigua	1663	1967	Became an associated state.
Ashanti	1902	1957	Became part of the dominion named Ghana upon its establishment in 1957.
Bahamas	1718	1973	Became an independent Commonwealth realm.
Barbados	1663	1966	Became an independent Commonwealth realm.
Basutoland	1884	1966	Became independent as Lesotho in 1966.
Bermuda	1684	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
British Antarctic Territory	1962	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
British Bechuanaland	1885	1895	Became part of British Cape Colony in 1895.
British Columbia	1866	1871	Became part of Canada in 1871.
British Guiana	1831	1966	Became independent as Guyana in 1966.
British Honduras (renamed Belize in 1973)	1884	1981	Became independent (as Belize) in 1981.
British Indian Ocean Territory	1965	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Burma	1937	1948	Separated from British India in 1937 and became a Crown colony. Became independent in 1948 as Burma (later Myanmar).
United Province of Canada	1841	1867	Became part of Canada in 1867.
Cape Colony	1806	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Cayman Islands	1962	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Ceylon	1815	1948	Became independent in 1948 as Dominion of Ceylon (later Sri Lanka).
Christmas Island	1958	1958	Became a territory of Australia
Cyprus	1914	1960	Became independent as Cyprus in 1960.
Dominica	1763	1967	Became an associated state.
East Florida	1763	1783	Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
Falkland Islands	1841	1982	Became a British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Fiji	1874	1970	Became independent as Fiji in 1970
Gambia Colony	1888	1965	Became independent as The Gambia in 1965.
Georgia	1755	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Gibraltar	1713	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Gilbert and Ellice Islands	1916	1976	Separate Kiribati and Tuvalu colonies
Kiribati	1976	1979	Became independent in 1979.
Gold Coast	1821	1957	Became independent in 1957 with Ashanti and Northern Territories of the Gold Coast as Ghana.
Grenada	1763	1967	Became an associated state.
Heligoland	1814	1890	Ceded to the German Empire.
Hong Kong	1843	1982	Imperial Japan military occupied 1941–1945. Reclassified as a British Dependent Territory in 1983. Transferred to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
Jamaica	1655	1962	Became independent in 1962 as Jamaica.
Kenya	1920	1963	United with the Kenya Protectorate in 1963 to form the independent country of Kenya.
Labuan	1846	1890	Administered by British North Borneo Company from 1890 to 1904.
Lagos	1862	1906	Became part of Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1906.
Lower Canada	1791	1841	Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
Malacca	1946	1957	Became part of Malaya in 1957.
Malta	1813	1964	Became independent in 1964 as the State of Malta.
Maryland	1689	1715	Reverted to proprietary rule in 1715, and later became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Massachusetts Bay	1691	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Mauritius	1810	1968	Became independent as Mauritius in 1968.
Montserrat	1636	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Natal	1843	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Newfoundland	1825	1907	Became the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1907, and later joined Canada in 1949.
New Hampshire	1692	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New Ireland	1779	1783	Ceded to the United States of America after Revolutionary War and again after War of 1812 (1814-1815).
New Jersey	1702	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New South Wales	1788	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
New York	1685	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New Zealand	1841	1907	Became the Dominion of New Zealand in 1907.
Nigeria	1914	1960	Became independent as Nigeria in 1960.
Norfolk Island	1788	1914	Placed under administration of Australia in 1914 as a non-self governing territory. The island was self-governing between 1979 and 2015.
North Borneo	1946	1963	Became part of Malaysia in 1963 as Sabah. Labuan separated from Sabah in 1984 to become a Federal Territory.^[8]
North Carolina	1729	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Nova Scotia	1710	1867	Became part of Canada in 1867.
Orange River Colony	1900	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Pitcairn Islands	1887	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Penang	1946	1957	Became part of Malaya in 1957.
Quebec	1763	1791	Divided between Upper and Lower Canada and the Northwest Territory.
Queensland	1859	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla	1882	1967	Became an associated state.
Saint Helena	1659	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Saint Lucia	1814	1967	Became an associated state.
Saint Vincent	1776	1969	Became an associated state.
Sarawak	1946	1963	Became part of Malaysia in 1963.^[8]
Seychelles	1903	1976	Separated from British Mauritius in 1903 and became a Crown Colony and became independent in 1976.
Sierra Leone	1808	1961	Became independent as Sierra Leone in 1961.
Singapore	1946	1963	Became an autonomous state within Malaysia in 1963 and fully independent in 1965.^[8]
South Australia	1834	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
South Carolina	1729	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Southern Nigeria	1906	1914	Part of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. Merged with Northern Nigeria Protectorate as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914.
Southern Rhodesia	1923	1965/1980	Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 as Rhodesia; formally reverted to colonial status in 1979 as Southern Rhodesia; independence granted in 1980 as Zimbabwe
Straits Settlements	1867	1946	Imperial Japan military occupied 1941–1945. Separated into the Crown colonies of Penang, Malacca and Singapore.^[9]
Tasmania	1825	1901	Named Van Diemen's Land until 1856. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Transvaal Colony	1877	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Tobago	1877	1889	Became part of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad	1802	1889	Became part of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago	1889	1962	Became independent in 1962
Turks and Caicos Islands	1962	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Tuvalu	1976	1978	Became independent in 1978. Formerly part of the Gilbert and Solomon Islands Protectorate
Upper Canada	1791	1841	Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
Vancouver Island	1848	1866	Merged with the Colony of British Columbia in 1866 which joined Canada.
Victoria	1851	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Virgin Islands	1713	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Virginia	1624	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Western Australia	1829	1901	Swan River Colony from 1829 to 1832. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
West Florida	1763	1783	Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.

Notes

^ "British Overseas Territories Act 2002". Gov.Uk. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
^ Porter, p. 477.
^ History of Parliament: Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago Archived 13 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago.
^ Mark Doyle (2018), The British Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes], ABC-CLIO, pp. 82–, ISBN 978-1-4408-4198-9, archived from the original on 29 July 2020, retrieved 13 May 2019
^ Olson, p. 343.
^ Jenks, p. 70.
^ Jenks, pp. 71–4.
^ ^a ^b ^c See: Malaysia Act 1963
^ "The Straits Settlements is dissolved". Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2015.

References

Ehrlich, AS (1974). Human Organization, 33.2. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2019 – via ProQuest.
Ehrlich, Josef (1916). Economic protectionism, Vol.6. Clarendon press. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
Jenks, Edward (1918). The Government of the British Empire. Little, Brown, and Company.
Jenks, Edward (1918). The Government of the British Empire. Little, Brown, and Company.
Olson, James (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-29366-X.
Porter, Andrew (1998). The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924678-5.
Wrong, Hume (1923). "The Old Representative System: The Change To Crown Colony Government". Government of the West Indies. England: Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 1-113-74149-X. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2010. The phrase 'Crown Colony Government' is used with various meanings. In the broadest, and perhaps most correct, sense it is applied to all the colonies in which the Crown retains the real control of the executive (i.e. to all the West Indian colonies). By both official and common usage, however, it is often narrowed as to exclude colonies with elected Assemblies, though without a responsible executive.