Coburg station opened as the terminus when the railway line was extended from North Melbourne.[5] Like the suburb itself, the station was named after the Duke of Edinburgh, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[6][7] The suburb was renamed from Pentridge to Coburg in 1870, when the Duke was planning to visit the colony.[6]
On 8 October 1889, the line was extended to Somerton,[4][5] where it junctioned with the main North East railway line to Albury. On 13 July 1903, the line beyond Coburg was closed, but was reopened to Fawkner on 13 November 1906.[4] On 2 December 1920, the line to Coburg was electrified.[5] In 1957 and 1958, a number of sidings at the station were abolished.[4]
In 1962, boom barriers replaced hand-operated gates at the former Bell Street level crossing, which was at the down end of the station.[8] In 1972, the former ground-level station building was refurbished.[9] By 1978, the former goods yard, which was located to the west of the station, had been closed.[4]
A signal box was located at the up end of the station, directly opposite the former Munro Street level crossing. It was provided in 1928 to control the interlocked gates at the former level crossing, and replaced the original signal box.[5] In 1983, boom barriers replaced the interlocked gates.[8]
Although the line from Coburg to Fawkner was duplicated in 1959, Coburg continued to have only one side platform, used by trains travelling in both directions. On 11 September 1995, an additional platform (Platform 2) was provided.[8] It was built along the former No.3 road, which had been booked out of service in 1992.[4] On 28 June 1996, Coburg was upgraded to a premium station.[10] In 1997, a crossover was provided at the up end of the station, but all other remaining crossovers and points were abolished at the same time.[4]
On 7 May 2019, the Level Crossing Removal Project announced that the Bell Street and Munro Street level crossings would be removed by grade separation.[11] On 12 June 2019, the designs for the new, rebuilt station was announced.[12]
On 27 July 2020, the Bell Street and Munro Street level crossings and equipment were eliminated and on the same night, the ground level station was closed and demolished and the Platform 1 heritage building restored during these works.[13] On 2 November 2020, trains started running through the new elevated rail bridge after a four month closure.[14][15] On 14 December 2020, the rebuilt station opened to passengers.[16]