Southern Cross railway station

Southern Cross
Southern Cross
Inter-city, regional and commuter rail station
	Main entrance to the station on the corner of Collins and Spencer Streets, August 2024
General information
Location	Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria; Australia
Coordinates	37°49′06″S 144°57′09″E / 37.8184°S 144.9524°E
Owned by	IFM Investors
Operated by	Civic Nexus
Line(s)	Metropolitan: Hurstbridge Mernda; Pakenham Cranbourne; Lilydale Belgrave Alamein; Glen Waverley; Craigieburn Upfield Sunbury; Flemington Racecourse; Frankston Werribee Williamstown; Regional and inter-city: Seymour Shepparton (Tocumwal); Ballarat Ararat Maryborough Geelong Warrnambool (Serviceton); Bendigo Echuca Swan Hill (Deniliquin); Gippsland (Gippsland); Albury Southern (North East); The Overland (Western SG);
Platforms	16
Tracks	22
Connections	Bus; Tram; Coach; SkyBus;
Construction
Structure type	Ground level with mezzanine
Bicycle facilities	12
Accessible	Yes—step free access
Other information
Status	Premium station
Station code	SSS
Fare zone	Myki Zone 1
Website	Southern Cross Station Pty Ltd Public Transport Victoria
History
Opened	17 January 1859; 165 years ago
Rebuilt	1960s and 2000s
Electrified	Platforms 8 to 14 only
Previous names	Spencer Street
Passengers
2008–2009	13.1 million
2009–2010	14.4 million (Metro) 10.02%
2010–2011	16.9 million (Metro) 17.57%
2011–2012	16.8 million (Metro) 0.6%
2012–2013	Not measured
2013–2014	17.1 million (Metro) 1.56%
2014–2015	Not measured
2015–2016	16.6 million (Metro) 2.99%
2016–2017	17.5 million (Metro) 5.37%
2017–2018	18.6 million (Metro) 6.54%
2018–2019	19.5 million (Metro)
2018–2019	6.3 million (V/Line)
2019–2020	14.9 million (Metro)
2019–2020	4.9 million (V/Line)
2019	214 thousand (NSW Trainlink)
2020–2021	4.6 million (Metro)
2020–2021	2.0 million (V/Line)
2020	62.5 thousand (NSW Trainlink)
2021	33.6 thousand (NSW Trainlink)
2022	137 thousand (NSW Trainlink)
2023	216 thousand (NSW Trainlink)
Metropolitan services
	Direction of travel on metropolitan lines between stations on the City Loop changes to either Flinders Street or Flagstaff depending on the line and time of day.
Future services (2025)
Regional services
	Building details
General information
Status	Completed
Type	Railway station terminus
Construction started	2002
Completed	2006
Cost	$700m
Height	23 metres (75 ft)
Technical details
Size	60,000 square metres (650,000 sq ft)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Nicholas Grimshaw
Architecture firm	Grimshaw Architects; Jackson Architecture
Developer	Civic Nexus consortium
Engineer	WSP Global
Awards and prizes	Royal Institute of British Architects' Lubetkin Prize – most outstanding building outside the European Union

Southern Cross railway station (until 2005 known as Spencer Street station) is a major railway station in Docklands, Melbourne. It is on Spencer Street, between Collins and La Trobe streets, at the western edge of the Melbourne central business district. The Docklands Stadium sports arena is 500 metres (1,640 ft 5 in) north-west of the station.

The station is owned, operated and maintained by Civic Nexus, a subsidiary of IFM Investors and operating as Southern Cross Station Pty Ltd,^[6] under a 30-year lease to 2036 from the Victorian State Government, as part of a public-private partnership.^[7] Southern Cross Station contracts Infranexus for management services. Infranexus is also wholly owned by IFM.^[8]

The station is the terminus of the state's regional railway network operated by V/Line, The Overland rail service to Adelaide, and NSW TrainLink XPT services to Sydney. It is also served by metropolitan rail services operated by Metro Trains, and connects with Flinders Street station and the underground City Loop. It is the second busiest railway station in Melbourne's metropolitan network, with 19.5 million metropolitan passenger movements recorded in 2018/19.^[3] In 2018/19 the station also recorded an additional 6.3 million regional passengers through the V/Line network.^[4]

Southern Cross also has a coach terminal underneath the Spencer Outlet shopping complex. SkyBus services to Melbourne Airport and since 2017 to Avalon Airport^[9] operate from there, as well as Firefly Express and Greyhound Australia interstate coach services and V/Line coach services to Mildura, Yarram, Mansfield, and other parts of Victoria not served by rail.

History

Opened as Spencer Street station in 1859,^[10] five years after the other major Melbourne rail terminus at Flinders Street, the station was a dead-end terminus, running parallel to Spencer Street,^[11]^[12] composed of a single main platform with a dock platform at the north end.^[13] It was not until 1874 that an extra platform was provided.^[13]

The two major city stations were not linked until 1879, when a single-track ground-level line was opened. It operated only at night, and only for freight trains. In the 1880s, it was proposed that Spencer Street station be removed in order to facilitate the westward expansion of the city, but the plan was subsequently rejected.

1880s: Passenger services commence

The 1880s saw the first of several grand but unrealised plans for the station. The first accepted design, drafted by Albert Charles Cook in 1883, was a fanciful Palladian palazzo design of two and three storeys, with a central portico.^[14]

From 1888 to 1894, the layout of the platforms was altered, with new country platforms being built on an angle to Spencer Street itself. The current coach terminal location was the site of a number of new platforms built for suburban services.^[11]

In 1891, further plans were made for a significant new station complex, including three-storey office complex and dominant clock tower, reminiscent of the later Sydney Central station,^[15] but the 1890s depression put an end to such expensive schemes.

In 1888, work started on the double track Flinders Street Viaduct linking the station to Flinders Street station. The line was initially only used by freight trains, with passenger train operations commencing in 1894.^[16] It was at that time that the first through platform was provided at the station, used by suburban trains from Essendon and Williamstown.^[13] The viaduct to Flinders Street was expanded to four tracks in 1915^[16] and, following the electrification of the suburban lines through the station, today's platforms 11 to 14 were opened in 1924, along with a pedestrian subway providing access to them.^[17]^[13]

In 1938, it was announced that construction of an improved station entrance and new car park had been approved, designed by architects Messrs Stephenson and Meldrum, costing £2,000.^[18] Once again however, no construction took place.

1960s: Modernisation

In 1960, work started on a new Spencer Street station, as part of the construction of a new interstate standard gauge line to Sydney, New South Wales.^[13] A station building was constructed which largely replaced the 1880s iron sheds, and a new 413-metre (1,355 ft) platform number 1 was built. The passenger subway which had been constructed as part of the 1918 works was extended to include access to country platforms.^[13] In connection with the construction of the underground loop, platforms 9 and 10 were rebuilt as part of the suburban section of the station, and a new double-track viaduct was constructed between Spencer Street and Flinders Street station, alongside the original one, bringing to six the number of tracks connecting the two stations. At the same time, the four older tracks were resignalled for bi-directional operation.

In 1962, a separate subway network was constructed to carry mail between the station and what was then the Melbourne General Post Office and main postal sorting office, situated on the other side of Spencer Street.^[19]

The mechanically interlocked signal box at the station opened in 1887,^[20] and was decommissioned in June 2008. Originally built with 120 levers, it had 191 when it closed, making it the world's largest.^[21]

Artist Harold Freedman's 36.6-metre (120 ft 1 in) long and 7.32-metre (24 ft 0 in) high History of Transport mural featured above the main concourse of the Spencer Street station and was unveiled by the premier of Victoria on 30 January 1978. During radical redevelopment (2002–2006) Freedman's mural was removed,^[22] but due to bargaining by the CFMEU,^[23] it remains on display above shop-fronts in the adjacent retail centre, DFO.^[23]

2000s: Redevelopment

Construction works inside the station, September 2005

Southern Cross was redeveloped by the Civic Nexus consortium, following an innovative design by Grimshaw Architects and Jackson Architecture which features an undulating roof.^[24] Construction began in October 2002 and was completed in late 2006, with the majority of the transport facilities finished in time for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The central features of the design include a wave-shaped roof, a new entrance and concourse on Collins Street, a new coach interchange, a new food court, a bar/restaurant, separate retail outlets inside the station and a separate shopping complex between Bourke and La Trobe streets.

This new shopping complex originally comprised a Direct Factory Outlet centre, a Virgin Megastore, along with food courts. This opened on 30 November 2006, although not all tenancies were occupied, and stage 2 was opened in March 2007. In 2009 the DFO relocated to a new site at South Wharf, the shopping centre being refitted by owner Austexx and rebranded simply as "Spencer Street fashion station".^[25] In 2013 the shopping complex was rebranded as "Spencer Outlet Centre".

In addition to the physical modifications, the station was renamed from Spencer Street to Southern Cross on 13 December 2005.^[26]

By July 2004, the project had fallen behind schedule and over budget by $200 million.^[27] This was covered extensively in the media. As a result of over-runs and design issues, some elements of the original design, including an additional proposed footbridge connecting Lonsdale Street with Docklands Stadium, were scrapped.^[28]

Complaints about access to platforms, empty trains occupying space during the day and lack of government support were raised by Leighton Contractors, the construction firm overseeing the project. This led to concerns that the station might not be ready in time for the Commonwealth Games, and the government arranged with the railway operators to provide more access to the work site.

The station's redevelopment is part of the wider Melbourne Docklands development. The architect responsible for the design is Nicholas Grimshaw. The structural engineering design was performed by WSP Global. The station has been awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects' Lubetkin Prize for most outstanding building outside the European Union.^[29] The other buildings nominated were the Des Moines Public Library and the Hearst Tower, New York City.^[30]

The redevelopment has meant that passengers take more time to get to the suburban network platforms than before. The pedestrian subway access was removed in favour of street level and elevated concourses. The subway also continued underneath Spencer Street, and its closure means it is necessary for all pedestrians to wait for traffic lights to cross Spencer Street at street level. For all suburban and some country services, passengers using the main entrance on the corner of Collins and Spencer Streets have to ascend two escalators to a shopping concourse and then enter the paid area of the station, before descending again to the metropolitan platforms. There have been some accidents in which people have fallen from this elevated level.^[31]^[32] The 8-metre (26 ft 3 in) ascent and descent is more than necessary to clear the height of trains, and more than the 3-metre (9 ft 10 in) descent and ascent of the previous subway.

Local architects have cited some of the Southern Cross station's shortcomings: the building's poor connection to the surrounding streets; its awkward juncture at the pedestrian bridge that links Spencer Street to Docklands Stadium; and the baffling manner in which the grand architectural gesture of Southern Cross Station tapers off into an uninspired homage to the boxy 1980s shopping mall—Spencer Outlet Centre.^[33]

2010s: Additional platforms

As part of the Regional Rail Link project an extra two platforms (15/16) were constructed and opened in December 2013. These are divided into 15a, 15b, 16a and 16b. They are often used for Gippsland Services, and the lines that use the RRL tracks to Sunshine (Geelong, Ballarat and Bendigo lines). These platforms allow trains to avoid the North Melbourne Flyover, which is an inconvenience for trains as it has a maximum speed of 15 km/h (9.3 mph), and has shown to cause abnormal wheel wear on the VLocity fleet, as confirmed by an independent report commissioned by V/Line in 2016 to find out the cause of the problem, which ultimately led to up to a month of cancellations of services.

Water Tower Clock

In May 2014, the historic Water Tower Clock was installed in the concourse of the station.^[34] The clock had originally been erected in 1882 at Flinders Street station, opposite the end of Elizabeth Street, atop a lattice tower about 60 feet (18 m) high. In 1902 the clock was moved to Princes Bridge station, and in 1910 it was relocated again, to Spencer Street station, where it remained until it was removed as part of the station's redevelopment in the mid-1960s. The clock mechanism was given to Museum Victoria, but the characteristic turret that housed the clock was sold to a scrap metal merchant. It was later rescued by private collectors, and the clock was returned to public ownership, being put on display in 1999 at the Scienceworks Museum, Spotswood. The clock was extensively restored before its return to Southern Cross, but the original mechanism remains in the collection of Museum Victoria.^[35]^[36]

Platforms and services

Platforms are numbered from east to west.

Concourses

The main concourse of Southern Cross station in December 2007

Concourses are provided at Bourke and Collins Streets. Platform 1 is north of Bourke Street, while Platform 8 South is south of Collins Street. The remainder of platforms are located between Bourke and Collins Streets, with access from both concourses, with regional services from platforms 1–8 and 15–16, and suburban services from platforms 9–14 (platform 8 can also accommodate suburban services if necessary).

Platforms

Platforms 2 to 7, as well as platforms 15 and 16 are numbered as two sections: section A from the Collins Street concourse to the Bourke Street Footbridge, and section B beyond the Bourke Street Footbridge. These sections were previously known as the "Central" (2C to 8C) and "North" (2N to 8N) platforms, respectively. Platform 8 has these two sections and also a "South" section (8S) underneath Collins Street used commonly for Seymour services.

Platforms 1 and 2 are fitted with dual gauge track, permitting both standard gauge interstate trains and V/Line broad gauge trains. The remainder of the platforms are solely broad gauge. A motorail dock is located at the northern end of the platform, with standard gauge access only.