Common poorwill

Common poorwill
	Recorded in Great Basin National Park, Nevada
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Caprimulgiformes
Family:	Caprimulgidae
Genus:	Phalaenoptilus; Ridgway, 1880
Species:	P. nuttallii
Binomial name
	Phalaenoptilus nuttallii; (Audubon, 1844)
Synonyms
	Caprimulgus nuttallii (protonym)

The common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii) is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars. It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation.

Many northern birds migrate to winter within the breeding range in central and western Mexico, though some remain further north. The common poorwill is the only bird known to go into torpor for extended periods (weeks to months).^[2] This happens on the southern edge of its range in the United States, where it spends much of the winter inactive, concealed in piles of rocks. Such an extended period of torpor is close to a state of hibernation and is not known among other birds.

Taxonomy

The common poorwill was illustrated and formally described in 1844 by the ornithologist John James Audubon from a male specimen collected on the eastern bank of the Missouri River between Fort Pierre and mouth of the Cheyenne River in South Dakota. Audubon coined the binomial name Caprimulgus nuttallii, choosing the specific epithet to honour his friend, the ornithologist Thomas Nuttall.^[3]^[4] The species was moved to its own genus Phalaenoptilus by the American ornithologist Robert Ridgway in 1880.^[5] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek phalaina meaning "moth" and ptilon meaning "plumage".^[6]

Six subspecies are recognised:^[7]^[8]

P. n. nutalli (Audubon, 1844) – breeds over most of the North American range.
P. n. californicus Ridgway, 1887 – dusky poorwill, is darker and browner than the nominate race. It occurs in western California and north Baja California
P. n. hueyi Dickey, 1928 – desert poorwill, is paler than the nominate race. It occurs in southeast California, southwest Arizona (USA) and northeast Baja California
P. n. dickeyi Grinnell, 1928 – San Ignacio poorwill, is smaller and less heavily marked than californicus. It is resident in southern Baja California.
P. n. adustus Van Rossem, 1941 – Sonoran poorwill, is paler and browner than the nominate race. It occurs from extreme southern Arizona to north Mexico.
P. n. centralis Moore, RT, 1947 – central Mexico

Description

This is the smallest North American nightjar, about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) in length, with a wingspan of approximately 30 centimetres (12 in). It weighs 36–58 grams (1.3–2.0 oz). The sexes are similar, both gray and black patterned above. The outer tail-feathers are tipped with white, the markings slightly more prominent in the male.^[9]

The common poorwill is told from similar nightjars by its small size, short bill, rounded wings with tips that reach the end of the short tail at rest, and pale gray coloration.^[9] Like many other nightjars, the common name derives from its call, a monotonous poor-will given from dusk to dawn. At close range a third syllable of the call may be heard, resulting in a poor-will-low. It also gives a chuck note in flight.^[9]

Behavior

The common poorwill is the only bird known to go into torpor for extended periods (weeks to months).^[2] This happens on the southern edge of its range in the United States, where it spends much of the winter inactive, concealed in piles of rocks. This behavior has been reported in California and New Mexico. Such an extended period of torpor is close to a state of hibernation, not known among other birds. It was described definitively by Dr. Edmund Jaeger in 1948 based on a poorwill he discovered hibernating in the Chuckwalla Mountains of California in 1946.^[10]

In 1804, Meriwether Lewis observed hibernating common poorwills in North Dakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Though these observations were recorded carefully in Lewis's journal, their significance was not understood. This was at least in part because the common poorwill was not then recognized as a species distinct from the whip-poor-will of eastern North America. Native Americans of the Hopi tribe were likely aware of the poorwill's behavior even earlier — the Hopílavayi name of this bird, hölchko, means "The Sleeping One".^[11]^[12]^[13]

Breeding

Breeding is from March to August in the south of the range, and late May to September further north. The nest of the common poorwill is a shallow scrape on the ground, often at the base of a hill and frequently shaded partly by a bush or clump of grass. The clutch size is typically two, and the eggs are white to creamy, or pale pink, sometimes with darker mottling. Both sexes incubate for 20–21 days to hatching, with another 20–23 days to fledging.^[11] There is usually one brood per year, but females may sometimes lay and incubate a second clutch within 100 m of the first nest while the male feeds young at the first site. The young are semiprecocial. An adult disturbed on the nest tumbles and opens its mouth, hissing, apparently imitating a snake.

Food and feeding

Like other members of this family it feeds on nocturnal insects such as moths, beetles, and grasshoppers.^[11] It ejects pellets of the indigestible parts, in the manner of an owl. The common poorwill frequently takes prey off of the ground or by leaping into the air from the ground. It is reported to drink on the wing.

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Phalaenoptilus nuttallii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689735A93245859. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689735A93245859.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b McKechnie, Andrew W.; Ashdown, Robert A. M.; Christian, Murray B.; Brigham, R. Mark (2007). "Torpor in an African caprimulgid, the freckled nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (3): 261–266. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04116.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
^ Audubon, John James (1844). "Nuttal's Whip-Poor-Will". The Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and their territories. Vol. 7. New York: J.B. Chevalier. pp. 350–352, Plate 495.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 193–194.
^ Ridgway, Robert (1880). "Revisions of nomenclature of certain North American birds". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 3: 1–16 [5].
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^ Woods, C.P.; Csada, R.D.; Brigham, R.M. (2020). Poole, A.F. (ed.). "Common Poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.compoo.01. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Common Poorwill". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
^ Jaeger, Edmund (January 1951). "Poorwill Sleeps Away the Winter". National Geographic Society.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Audubon Society -- Common Poorwill".
^ Ryser, Fred A. (1985). Birds of the Great Basin: A Natural History. University of Nevada Press. p. 305. ISBN 0-87417-080-X.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Bagemihl, Bruce (2000-04-10). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. Macmillan. ISBN 9781466809277.

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Paul R. Ehrlich; David S. Dobkin; and Darryl Wheye, 1988. The Birder's Handbook. New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-62133-5
Terres, 1980. Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-394-46651-9
National Geographic Society, 1987. Field Guide to the Birds of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-7451-2