Daqing Oil Field

Daqing Oil Field
Daqing Oil Field
	Main Building of Daqing Oil Field Co. Ltd.
	Location of Daqing Oil Field
Country	China
Region	Heilongjiang province
Offshore/onshore	Onshore
Coordinates	46°36′N 124°54′E / 46.60°N 124.90°E
Operator	Daqing Oilfield Company Limited
Field history
Discovery	1959
Start of production	1960
Peak year	2008
Production
Current production of oil	600,000 barrels per day (~3.0×107 t/a)
Year of current production of oil	2021
Peak of production (oil)	800,000 barrels per day (~4.0×107 t/a)
Estimated oil in place	16,000 million barrels (~2.2×109 t)
Recoverable oil	3,600 million barrels (~4.9×108 t)

The Daqing Oil Field (simplified Chinese: 大庆油田; traditional Chinese: 大慶油田; pinyin: Dàqìng Yóutián), formerly romanized as "Taching",^[1]^[2] is the largest oil field in the People's Republic of China, located between the Songhua river and Nen River in Heilongjiang province. When the Chinese government began to use pinyin for romanization, the field's name became known as Daqing.

It is the largest oil deposit discovered in China and its ability to support China's industrialization changed the country's developmental path.^[3]^: 26 Daqing oil field contained 16 billion barrels (2.5×10^⁹ m³) or 2.2 billion tons in the beginning and has produced over 10 billion barrels (1.6×10^⁹ m³) of oil since production started in 1960; the remaining recoverable reserves are about 3.6 billion barrels (570×10^⁶ m³) or 500 million tons.

History

Daqing oil field is located in the Songliao Basin, a large sedimentary basin that is in the tectonic framework of the North China-Mongolia tract.^[3]^: 25

In 1959, the oil field was discovered by Li Siguang. Iron Man Wang Jinxi (who led No. 1205 drilling team) worked on this oilfield. The first oil well was drilled on September 26, 1959.^[3]^: 2 Because the success occurred four days before the tenth anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the field was named Daqing, meaning "great celebration."^[3]^: 26

During its 1960 construction during the Great Leap Forward, Oil Minister Yu Qiuli mobilized workers building the Daqing oil field through ideological motivation instead of material incentives, focusing enthusiasm, energy, and resources to complete a rapid industrialization project.^[4]^: 52–53 The successful construction of the Daqing oil field despite harsh weather conditions and supply limitations became a model held up by the Communist Party as an example during subsequent industrialization campaigns.^[4]^: 52–54

In April 1960, Yu stated that Mao Zedong's texts On Practice and On Contradiction should be the ideological core of the Daqing oil field campaign.^[3]^: 150 The Ministry of the Petroleum Industry shipped thousands of copies by plane so that every Daqing oil worker would have copies and for work units to each set up their own study groups.^[3]^: 150

Daqing oil field was a secret until 1964.^[3]^: 32 On February 5, 1964, the central Party promoted Daqing oil field to other industrial enterprises, instructing them to follow the "all-out battle" tactics of Daqing oil field.^[4]^: 53 Shortly afterwards, Mao Zedong praised the Daqing oil field at an education work conference, stating that with a "little investment" in a "short period of time" a "great achievement" had been finished.^[4]^: 54 People's Daily and other state media published numerous articles on Daqing in 1964, extolling the self-discipline of Daqing workers, their study of Mao Zedong thought, and the technical achievements resulting from the democratic participation of workers.^[3]^: 148 Most significant among these articles was the April 20, 1964 piece "Daqing People, Daqing Spirit" which People's Daily published.^[3]^: 148 The article compared Daqing to Yan'an, the base area where the Communist Party regrouped after the Long March.^[3]^: 148

The field was financed through commodity-backed loans that China obtained from Japan.^[5]^: 98 China repaid these loans with oil.^[5]^: 98

The project delivered critical economic benefits because without the production of the Daqing oil field, crude oil would have been severely limited after the Soviet Union cut off supplies as a result of the Sino-Soviet split.^[4]^: 53

The first two years of the Cultural Revolution resulted in major disruptions to China's petroleum industry and an oil shortage by 1967.^[3]^: 159 In March of that year, the People's Liberation Army was called to Daqing to maintain order so that oil production could proceed.^[3]^: 159 This made Daqing one of the first places brought under military control during the Cultural Revolution.^[3]^: 159 In May 1968, the Daqing Revolutionary Committee was established.^[3]^: 159 Iron Man Wang became its vice director.^[3]^{: 159–160} The Daqing oil field continued to be a major driver of economic growth through during the chaotic Cultural Revolution era.^[3]^: 160

During the period 1964 to 1980, the oil field accounted for more than half of China's crude oil production per year.^[3]^: 2 In 1966, crude oil production in Daqing reached 10 million metric tons and the number of workers at Daqing reached 58,000.^[3]^: 123

In the mid 1980s, the oil field generated 3% of China's state revenue through a combination of the profits and tax payments it supplied.^[3]^: 2

As of 2013 the field's production rate was about 800,000 barrels per day (130,000 m³/d).^[6]

It is reputed that during the first two decades of the life of the field, as much as 90% of the oil was wasted.^[7]^{[clarification needed]}

Daqing Oilfield Company Limited, based in Daqing, is the operator of exploration and development of Daqing Oilfield. From 2004, the company plans to cut its crude oil output by an annual 7% for the next seven years to extend the life of Daqing.^[8]

Output of barrels of oil equivalent of the Daqing Field remained stable at over 40 million tons in 2012, while output at Changqing oil field was over 42 million tons, making it the most productive oil and gas field in China.^[9]

Crude output from the ageing Daqing oilfield is in decline even though the CNPC deployed some non-traditional drilling techniques. In 2019, output fell to 30.9 million tonnes from 32 million tonnes in 2018. At its peak in 2008, output stood at 40 million tonnes a year.^[10] The production was 30 million tonnes in 2021. ^[11]

A new shale oil field was discovered in Daqing Oilfield in 2021, with an estimated geological reserve of 1.268 billion tons.^[12]

Ideological significance

The Chinese government promoted the success of the Daqing oilfield and the selflessness of workers who built it as part of the face of new the socialist industrial person that China sought to encourage in the 1960s and 1970s.^[4]^: 29 The Chinese press urged industrial workers to follow the model of ascetic living practiced by workers on the Daqing oilfield in order to advance China's development of socialist modernity.^[4]^: 29 Recruitment events for the Third Front construction, a massive campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's interior in case of invasion by the United States or the Soviet Union, urged prospective Third Front workers to learn from the Daqing oil field and "use revolutionary spirit to avoid all difficulties."^[4]^: 94 During the Third Front, the model of the Daqing oilfield went from being a slogan to a fundamental principle behind the centrally directed and militarized industrialization campaign.^[4]^: 66

"Iron Man" Wang Jinxi was the most significant model worker in Daqing oil field,^[3]^: 137 and remains one of the most celebrated workering class models in China.^[3]^: 139 An experienced oil worker from the Yumen Oil Field, Wang was one of the first oil workers to arrive to work the Daqing field in Saertu.^[3]^: 137 At Daqing, Wang was one of the first model workers selected by Yu Qiuli due to Wang's devotion to the oil production industry and to competitive work.^[3]^: 139

Administration

The Daqing Oil Field Management Bureau and PetroChina Daqing Company are located in West Town in Daqing.^[3]^: 2

In popular culture

In 1964, chief director of the Central Experimental Theater Sun Weishi and her husband, the actor Jin Shan, traveled to Daqing to live and work with the oil workers and their families.^[3]^: 141 The next year, the Communist Party journal Red Flag published an article by Sun which praised the Daqing people.^[3]^{: 141–142} After living in Daqing for two years, Sun Weishi returned to Beijing to produce the play The Rising Sun, which was based on the experiences of people in Daqing, particularly Daqing women.^[3]^: 142