Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Dir (clan)

This article is about a Somali clan. For an overview of all Somali clans, see Somali clans.

Dir
در
Regions with significant populations
Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somaliland, Saudi Arabia[1]
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
Part of a series on
Somali clans
Darod
Isaaq
Dir
Hawiye
Rahanweyn

The Dir (Somali: Dir) is one of the largest and most prominent Somali clans in the Horn of Africa.[2][3][4] They are also considered to be the oldest Somali stock to have inhabited the region.[2][5][6] Its members inhabit Djibouti, Somalia, Ethiopia (Somali, Harar, Dire Dawa, Oromia and Afar regions), and northeastern Kenya (North Eastern Province).[3][7][4][8]

Origins

Like the great majority of Somali clans, the Dir trace their ancestry to Aqil ibn Abi Talib (c. 580 – 670 or 683),[9] a cousin of the prophet Muhammad (c. 570 – 632) and an older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. 600 – 661) and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (c. 590 – 629).[10] They trace their lineage to Aqil through Samaale (the source of the name 'Somali'), the purported forefather of the northern pastoralist clans such as the Dir, the Hawiye, and –matrilineally through the Dir– the Isaaq and the Darod.[9] Although these genealogical claims are historically untenable legends, they do reflect the longstanding cultural contacts between Somalia (especially, though not exclusively, its most northern part Somaliland) and Southern Arabia.[11]

History

The history of Islam being practised by the Dir clan goes back 1400 years. In Zeila, a Dir city, a mosque called Masjid al-Qiblatayn is known as the site of where early companions of the Prophet established a mosque shortly after the first Migration to Abyssinia[12] By the 7th century, a large-scale conversion to Islam was taking place in the Somali peninsula, first spread by the Dir clan family, to the rest of the nation.[13]

The early Adal Kingdom (9th century to 13th century) was an exclusive kingdom with its capital being Zeila.[14] In the 10th century, the Jarso clan a sub-division of Dir established the Dawaro Sultanate centred in Hararghe Highlands.

Dir is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa. According to the Muslim chronicles, two of the oldest monarchies in the northern region, the Ifat and Adal sultanates, were led by Dir.[15]

The Dir, along with the Akisho, Gurgura, Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir represent the most native and indigenous Somali clan tree in Harar.[16][17][18]

The city Dire Dawa was originally called Dir Dhabe and used to be part of Adal Sultanate during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by Dir which is a major Somali tribe and after the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Oromos took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle into these areas and also assimilate some of the local Gurgura clan.[19]

The Somali Dir clan used to be the predominant inhabitants of Hararghe Highlands in the medieval times until the weakening of Adal Sultanate the Oromos took advantage of the crippling state and decided to invade and occupy the Haraghe Highlands and assimilate the local native Somali population which were Gurgura and Bursuk who were all sub-clans of Dir a major Somali tribe tree and were later confederated into Oromo Ethnics, the Afran Qallo tribes .

The Dir were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Abyssinia; especially the Gurgura, Issa, Bursuk and Gadabuursi.[20] In his medieval Futuh Al-Habash documenting this campaign, the chronicler Shihāb al-Dīn indicates that thousands of Dir soldiers took part in Imam Ahmad's Adal Sultanate army.[21]

The Dir clan also led a revolt against the Italians during the colonial period. This revolt was mainly led by the Biimaal section of the Dir. The Biimaal clan is widely known for leading a resistance against the colonials in southern Somalia.The Biimaal violently resisted the imposition of colonialism and fought against the Italian colonialists of Italian Somaliland in a twenty-year war known as the Bimal revolt in which many of their warriors assassinated several Italian governors. This revolt can be compared to the war of the Mad Mullah in Somaliland.[22][23][24] The Biimaal mainly lives in Somalia, the Somali region of Ethiopia, which their Gaadsen sub-clan mainly inhabits and in the NEP region of Kenya.[25][26] The Biimaal are pastoralists. They were also successful merchants and traders in the 19th century.[27] In the 19th century they have engaged in multiple wars with the Geledi clan, which they were victorious in.[27][24]

Lineage

I.M. Lewis and many sources maintain that the Dir, a Proto-Somali, together with the Hawiye trace ancestry through Irir son of Samaale.[28][29][30][31][32] Dir is regarded as the father-in-law of Darod, the progenitor of the Darod clan[33] Although some sources state it was the daughter of Hawiye who Darod married.[34][35][36]

Dir clan lineages:

According to others, Dir had a fifth son, Qaldho Dir.

DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup.[37]

Branches

The main subclans of the Dir today are: 1. Mahe 2. Madaluug 3. Madoobe 4. Madahweyne

For the first time since several centuries the Dir clan which widely dispersed in the Horn of Africa has successfully convened a meeting with all the major Dir subclans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Suldaan Dhawal, of the Habr 'Affan Gadabuursi was elected the head and representative of the Dir clan in the Horn of Africa.[citation needed]

Notable Dir figures

Historical publications

  • Bughyaat al-amaal fii taariikh as-Soomaal, published in Mogadishu, Shariif 'Aydaruus Shariif 'Ali
  • Political History of Lower Shabelle, Dr. Mohamed Abukar Mahad (Gaetano)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ al-Huzaimi, Nasir (10 December 2020). The Mecca Uprising: An Insider's Account of Salafism and Insurrection in Saudi Arabia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-0215-5.
  2. ^ a b Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Clark, John Desmond; Gray, Richard; Flint, John E.; Roberts, A. D.; Sanderson, G. N.; Crowder, Michael (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
  3. ^ a b Ambroso, Guido (March 2002). "Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: An Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  4. ^ a b Hayward, R.J.; Lewis, I.M. (17 August 2005). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781135751753.
  5. ^ Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). Peoples of the Horn of Africa (Somali, Afar and Saho): North Eastern Africa Part I. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-30817-3.
  6. ^ Jama, Hassan Ali (2005). Who Cares about Somalia: Hassan's Ordeal; Reflections on a Nation's Future. Verlag Hans Schiler. ISBN 978-3-89930-075-8.
  7. ^ Ojielo, Ozzonia (May 2010). "Dynamics and Trends of Conflict in Greater Mandera" (PDF). undp.org. UNDP Kenya. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2017. Garre live in Southern Somalia, North Eastern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. In Southern Somalia, they live in Kofur near Mogadishu and El Wak District in Gedo Province. In Ethiopia, they live in Moyale, Hudet and Woreda of Liban zone. In Kenya, the Garre inhabit Wajir North and Moyale.
  8. ^ Ozzonia (2010), page 7. The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal.
  9. ^ a b Lewis 1961, pp. 11–12.
  10. ^ Rubin 2009.
  11. ^ Lewis 1994, pp. 102–106, esp. p. 105.
  12. ^ Briggs, Phillip (2012). Somaliland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. ISBN 978-1841623719.
  13. ^ Holzer, Georg-Sebastian (2008). "POLITICAL ISLAM IN SOMALIA: A fertile ground for radical Islamic groups?". Geo Politics of the Middle East. 1: 23.
  14. ^ Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.
  15. ^ Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 - 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077
  16. ^ Slikkerveer (28 October 2013). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781136143304.
  17. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 100. ISBN 9781569021033.
  18. ^ Lewis, I. M. (17 March 2003). A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445730.
  19. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (1 January 2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 24. ISBN 9780972317269.
  20. ^ Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin'Abd al-Qader, Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 50, 76
  21. ^ Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh, Translated by Paul Stenhouse, Richard Pankhurst (2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 77. ISBN 9780972317269.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1 January 1996). The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy. HAAN. p. 19. ISBN 9781874209270.
  23. ^ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (1 January 2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 9780313313332.
  24. ^ a b Kariye, Badal (23 July 2010). The Kaleidoscopic Lover: The Civil War in the Horn of Africa & My Itinerary for a Peaceful Lover. Author House. p. 83. ISBN 9781452004648. Twenty year war
  25. ^ Schlee, Günther (1 January 1989). Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya. Manchester University Press. pp. 107, 108, 275 and 99. ISBN 9780719030109. Biimal
  26. ^ Kefale, Asnake (31 July 2013). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia: A Comparative Regional Study. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781135017989. gadsan
  27. ^ a b Olson, James Stuart (1 January 1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 9780313279188.
  28. ^ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995). The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-932415-98-1.
  29. ^ Lewis 1994, p. 104.
  30. ^ Lewis, I.M. (2008). Understanding Somali and Somaliland Society: Culture History and Society. Hurst. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-85065-898-6.
  31. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1 January 1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 99-Chapter 8. ISBN 9781569021033.
  32. ^ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1 January 1995). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780932415998.
  33. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780810866041.
  34. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Burton, Lady Isabel (1893). The Works of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: First footsteps in East Africa. Tylston & Edwards. p. 74. where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe: rival races declare him to have been a Galla slave
  35. ^ Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society. Longmans, Green. 1 January 1921. p. 54. was shipwrecked on the Somali coast where he married a Hawiyah woman
  36. ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1 January 1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans. pp. 104. where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe
  37. ^ Iacovacci, Giuseppe; et al. (2017). "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 123–131. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015. PMID 28068531. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, I.M. (1 January 1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021057. At the end of the book "Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho"
  39. ^ a b Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1 January 1995). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780932415998.
  40. ^ Africa Confidential. Miramoor Publications Limited. 1 January 1994. p. 17.
  41. ^ Verdier, Isabelle (31 May 1997). Ethiopia: the top 100 people. Indigo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 9782905760128.
  42. ^ Regional & Federal Studies. Volume 24, Issue 5, 2014. Special Issue: Federalism and Decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnic Decentralization and the Challenges of Inclusive Governance in Multiethnic Cities: The Case of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
  43. ^ Abdullahi, p. 172.
  44. ^ Johnson, p. xv.
  45. ^ Phillips, Sarah. Developmental Leadership Program – Policy and Practice for Developmental Leaders, Elites and Coalitions Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine University of Sydney, December 2013, page 9.
  46. ^ The Indian Ocean Newsletter — PM Desalegn picks his candidate to head IGAD Archived 19 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine "Abdirahman Duale Beyle, a former Somali Foreign Minister" "an economist who hails from the Gadabursi community."
  47. ^ "Vice President Saylici (whose Gadabursi)". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  48. ^ "Nominated Ministers and Their Clans". Goobjoog. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  49. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (1 January 2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. The Habar Makadur, underneath the page as a note [I.M. Lewis] by Richard Pankhurst. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 27. ISBN 9780972317269.
  50. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1569021040. There are two main fractions, the Habr Afan and Habr Makadur, formerly united under a common hereditary chief (ogaz). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  51. ^ page 210
  52. ^ geeskadmin (10 December 2014). "Kenya: Ethiopia Replaced Ambassador Shemsedin Ahmed for security reasons - Geeska Afrika Online". Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  53. ^ Untitled "Mawlid Hayir Hassan, Regional Vice president," page 27.
  54. ^ The Indian Ocean Newsletter — Rise of SPDP in Addis gives green light for internal purge ""including the Vice President of SNRS, Mawlid Hayir."
  55. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780810866041. Sheikh Abdi Abitkar "Gaafle"
  56. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1 January 1958). "The Gadabuursi Somali Script". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 21 (1/3): 134–156. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00063278. JSTOR 610496. S2CID 161856327.
  57. ^ Rayne, Henry a (8 August 2015). Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781297569760.
  58. ^ Farah, Rachad (1 September 2013). Un embajador en el centro de los acontecimientos (in Spanish). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 17. ISBN 9782336321356.
  59. ^ As indicated in Morin (2005:640) the name of "Cote francaise des Somalis" itself is said to have been proposed by hağği Diideh (Mahad-Ase clan of Gedebursi. He was Prosperous merchant of Zayla who built the first Mosque in Djibouti Ğami ar-Rahma in 1891) to the French administration in imitation of British Somaliland, page 92
  60. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780810866041.
  61. ^ Yussur Abrar (Dir/Gadabursi), who hails from Borama in Somaliland
  62. ^ Quath, Faati (1957). Islam Walbaasha Cabra Taarikh [Islam and Abyssinia throughout history] (in Arabic). Cairo, Egypt.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sources

Read other articles:

Chavelot

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Chavelot.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiChavelot merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuvell…

تونس خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) تونس خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى جزء من الحرب العالمية الأولى العلم المشترك بين الزواوين والقناصة التونسي…

Koto Laweh, X Koto, Tanah Datar

Koto LawehNagariMasjid Tuanku Pamansiangan Koto LawehNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera BaratKabupatenTanah DatarKecamatanX KotoKode Kemendagri13.04.01.2006 Luas-Jumlah penduduk-Situs webkotolaweh.desa.id Koto Laweh merupakan salah satu nagari yang termasuk ke dalam wilayah kecamatan X Koto, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Nagari ini terletak di dekat Batusangkar, ibu kota dari kabupaten Tanah Datar. lbsKecamatan X Koto, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera BaratNagari A…

Serie B 2019-2020

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Serie B 2019-2020 (disambigua). Serie B 2019-2020Serie BKT 2019-2020 Competizione Serie B Sport Calcio Edizione 88ª Organizzatore Lega Serie B Date dal 23 agosto 2019al 31 luglio 2020 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 20 Formula girone unico, play-off e play-out Sito web legab.it Risultati Vincitore Benevento(1º titolo) Altre promozioni CrotoneSpezia Retrocessioni PerugiaTrapaniJuve StabiaLivorno Statistiche Miglior marcat…

Arc atlantique

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la géographie de la France et l’Europe. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Régionalisation indicative du rapport Europe 2000 + : Centre des capitales Nouveaux Länder allemands Arc alpin Diagonale continentale Arc latin Méditerranée centrale Arc atlantique Régions de la mer du Nord Arc baltique L’Europe atlantique L'Arc atlantique[1] Europe atlantiqu…

Décroissance démographique

La population mondiale en juin 2014 est d'environ 7,2 milliards d'individus[1]. Une décroissance démographique, un déclin démographique, ou, plus anciennement, une dépopulation, est, pour une zone ou un pays donné, une situation dans laquelle le nombre d’habitants diminue. Les causes peuvent être un taux de mortalité supérieur au taux de natalité, ou des flux d’émigration nets supérieurs à l’accroissement naturel. Ces flux migratoires peuvent être induits par des guerres, des…

André Laignel

André Laignel André Laignel en 2006. Fonctions Président du Comité des finances locales En fonction depuis le 27 septembre 2012(11 ans, 6 mois et 6 jours) Élection 27 septembre 2012 Réélection 1er juillet 20141er décembre 2020 Prédécesseur Gilles Carrez Premier vice-président délégué de l'Association des maires de France En fonction depuis le 27 novembre 2008(15 ans, 4 mois et 6 jours) Président Jacques PélissardFrançois BaroinDavid Lisnard Prédéc…

Trompe-l'œil (mural)

Artwork by Maria Bettina Cogliatti For the artistic term, see Trompe-l'œil. Trompe-l'œilThe mural in April 2019ArtistM. B. CogliattiYear1998 (1998)TypeMuralMediumacrylic paintMovementColor fieldDesignationOn behalf of the municipal government of Zug[1]ConditionRenovatedLocationZugCoordinates47°10′11″N 8°30′50″E / 47.16968°N 8.5138°E / 47.16968; 8.5138 Trompe-l'œil is a 112-meter-long color field painting created in 1998 by Maria Bettina Cogliat…

Labuhan Ratu, Lampung Timur

Labuhan RatuKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiLampungKabupatenLampung TimurPemerintahan • CamatMursid,S.Sos,M.M.Populasi • Total... jiwaKode Kemendagri18.07.21 Kode BPS1804082 Luas... km²Desa/kelurahan11 desa[1] Labuhan Ratu adalah kecamatan di Kabupaten Lampung Timur, Lampung, Indonesia. Pariwisata Tempat wisata Taman Nasional Way Kambas Festival Way Kambas Referensi ^ Kabupaten Lampung Timur Dalam Angka 2023. lampungtimurkab.bps.go.id. hlm. 23. Diakses…

Priyanca Radhakrishnan

Priyanca Radhakrishnan Menteri Komunitas dan Sektor Sukarela ke-10PetahanaMulai menjabat 6 November 2020Perdana MenteriJacinda ArdernPendahuluPoto WilliamsPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Keberagaman, Inklusi dan Komunitas EtnisPetahanaMulai menjabat 6 November 2020Perdana MenteriJacinda ArdernPendahuluJenny SalesaPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Pemuda ke-15PetahanaMulai menjabat 6 November 2020Perdana MenteriJacinda ArdernPendahuluPeeni HenarePenggantiPetahanaAnggota Parlemen Selandia Barudapil Ma…

Nathanael Pringsheim

German botanist (1823–1894) Nathanael PringsheimNathanael PringsheimBorn30 November 1823 (1823-11-30)Landsberg, Prussian SilesiaDied6 October 1894 (1894-10-07) (aged 70)BerlinNationalityGermanAlma materBreslauLeipzigBerlinKnown foralgologyScientific careerFieldsbotany Nathanael Pringsheim (30 November 1823 – 6 October 1894) was a German botanist. Biography Nathanael Pringsheim was born at Landsberg, Prussian Silesia, and studied at the universities of Breslau, Leipzi…

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） 土…

Template talk:India Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup

This template was considered for deletion on 2018 August 21. The result of the discussion was keep. India Template‑class India portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject India, which aims to improve Wikipedia's coverage of India-related topics. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page.IndiaWikipedia:WikiProject IndiaTemplate:WikiProject IndiaIndia articlesTemplateThis template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale. Cricket Template…

Villagrazia-Falsomiele

Questa voce sull'argomento Palermo è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Villagrazia-FalsomieleStato Italia Regione Sicilia Provincia Palermo Città Palermo CircoscrizioneIII Data istituzione21 dicembre 1976 Codice13 Codice postale90124, 90125, 90126, 90131, 90134, 90135 e 90142 Abitanti40 775 ab. Mappa dei quartieri di {{{comuneMappa}}} Villagrazia-Falsomiele è il tredicesimo qua…

Għasri

Għasri L-GħasriDewan lokal BenderaLambang kebesaranLokasi di MaltaNegara MaltaLuas • Total5 km2 (2 sq mi)Populasi (2014) • Total525 • Kepadatan110/km2 (270/sq mi)Kode ISO 3166-2MT-16Situs webhttp://www.ghasri.com/ Għasri adalah salah satu dewan lokal di Malta. Menurut sensus 2014, Għasri memiliki luas 5 kilometer persegi dan populasi 525 jiwa. Kode ISO 3166-2 daerah ini adalah MT-16. Referensi City Population: Malta Diarsipkan…

Water supply and sanitation in Georgia

Georgia: Water and Sanitation Data Access to an improved water source 100% (2015) [1] Access to improved sanitation 86% (2015) [1] Continuity of supply (%) Continuous in Tbilisi, intermittent in many other cities and towns Average urban water use (liter/capita/day) 800 in Tbilisi (2013),[2] much lower in many other towns Average residential water and sanitation tariff (US$/m3) 0.15 (2014) in Tbilisi; 0.22 (2016) outside Tibilsi; Share of household metering 22% in Tbilisi …

Újpest FC

ÚjpestNama lengkapÚjpest Football ClubJulukanÚjpest, Lilák Nama singkatUTEBerdiri16 Juni 1885; 138 tahun lalu (1885-06-16)sebagai Újpesti Torna EgyletStadionStadion Szusza Ferenc,Budapest(Kapasitas: 12.670)PemilikRoderick DuchâteletManajerNebojša VignjevićLigaNB I2021–2022NB I, ke-5Situs webSitus web resmi klub Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Kostum ketiga Musim ini Újpest FC merupakan sebuah klub sepak bola Hungaria yang bermain di Divisi Utama Soproni Liga. Didirikan pada ta…

How I Discovered America

1949 film How I Discovered AmericaItalian theatrical release posterDirected byCarlo BorghesioWritten byCarlo BorghesioLeo BenvenutiMario AmendolaMario MonicelliStenoProduced byLuigi RovereStarringErminio Macario Carlo Ninchi Delia ScalaCinematographyMario AlbertelliEdited byRolando BenedettiMusic byNino RotaProductioncompanyLux FilmDistributed byLux FilmRelease date 1949 (1949) Running time89 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian How I Discovered America (Italian: Come scopersi l'America) is a…

Slavery in Canada

An Act to Prevent the further Introduction of Slaves and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude within this Province, Parliament of Upper Canada, 1793 Part of a series onForced labour and slavery Contemporary Child Labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Child marriage Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Contemporary Africa 21st-century jihadism Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical Antiquity Egypt Babylonia Greece Rome Medi…

William Hazlitt

This article is about the English literary critic and essayist. For other people with the same name, see William Hazlitt (disambiguation). 19th-century English essayist and critic William HazlittSelf-portrait from about 1802Born(1778-04-10)10 April 1778Maidstone, Kent, EnglandDied18 September 1830(1830-09-18) (aged 52)Soho, London, EnglandOccupation Essayist literary critic painter philosopher EducationNew College at HackneyLiterary movementRomanticismNotable works Characters of Shakespear'…

Ben Barnes (pemeran)
Deva (composer)
Mehmet Ali Talat
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Mexico–United States soccer rivalry
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/List of public art in Singapore
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Maryland Constitution of 1776
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Felix Liebermann
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Arrondissement of Bressuire
/profillengkap.com/index.php/Ai-Khanoum
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Flying frog
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Ashby Magna railway station
1950 Baylor Bears football team
Miccolamia
Katedral Maliana
Distrik Federal Krimea
Kokoro
Densen Uta
Bangsah, Sreseh, Sampang
Canada at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics
Gold Mind Records
Mirmo!
Sebastian Lang
Trinity Church (Boston)
1955 Ekstraklasa
Cyrano de Bergerac (film 1990)
Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode
Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance
Federal Voting Assistance Program
Juli Meunasah Tambo, Juli, Bireuen
العلاقات التشيكية المغربية
قرية أويغو (نيويورك)
Paléoneurologie
Best Game ESPY Award
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
Parti démocratique populaire d'Afghanistan
2012 Montreal Impact season
Alexander Laban Hinton
Fujitsu A64FX
Gwydir Wetlands
Family & Life
The Spencer Sisters
1998 United States Senate election in Vermont
2022 Empire Women's Indoor 1 – Doubles
Liste des membres du Conseil des Cinq-Cents
Pembicaraan Templat:Marawola Barat, Sigi
Porto Mauá
Jalan Sukarjo Wiryopranoto (Jakarta)
Конотоп (значения)
Modified discrete cosine transform
Edward G. Rohrbough
Kerby Farrell
Template talk:Coin-stub
Tupolev Tu-154
The Eclipse (2009 film)
Banevo
Adika Peter-McNeilly
Alterno
1889 Ottawa Hockey Club season
Planalto, Bahia
Rihards Pīks
Harry Blech
Samuel D. Cox
Kerman Province
A. E. Stallings
Czech Republic–Iran relations
Abadan Crisis
Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth
Anna Sethne
2C-T-21
Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur
Great Coalition
Wonalbe, Wangbe, Puncak
Ahmad Sirhindi
Joseph Hodges Choate
Robert B. Laughlin
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Lenny Baker
ماكس بينغهام
Love Rain (Jill Scott song)
Sa'ban language
Juan Martínez (1990s canoeist)
Robert F. Hughes
Alexandra van Huffelen
Fall of Baiji
Karl Leopold, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Michel Debré
Ada Lovelace
Charles Emory Smith
Satoshi Ohno
SMP Negeri 3 Tangerang Selatan
Utopia (grup musik)
Bayburt Dam
Posterior probability
Resolusi 1765 Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
Lie group
Campus SuperStar season 4
Chen Tze-ming
Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement
Yawhen Lashankow
Andrei Arlovski
Planned tram projects in Helsinki
Template talk:Vélez Sarsfield managers
Suzanne Spaak
François N'Doumbé
Plant for Pakistan
Golfo de Omán
Eubie Blake
Claviere
Voortrekker Monument
Hyundai New Power Truck
Commune of Musongati
2011–12 Welsh Cup
Thames Wharf DLR station
PROMESA
Rock Scully
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Harapan Jaya, Muara Enim, Muara Enim
Nazarica
Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville
Ubasuteyama
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
2012 LE11
Helga Trüpel
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Grotesque (The X-Files)
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Politeknik Muhammadiyah Magelang
ويست برلنغتون
Associazione Sportiva Racing Sporting Club Nuoto Roma
2013 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup
N402 highway
Herschel Walker trade
Now That Night Is Near
1999 Grolsch Open – Singles
Wakarusa Township, Douglas County, Kansas
1986 World Series of Poker
زراعة الكفاف
Kali River (Uttar Pradesh)
Putsborough
SMPTE timecode
Oakwood Center
بادغير
Academies of Classical Learning
Marcos Ramírez (motorcyclist)
The Civil War (musical)
Dearborn, Missouri
Mentone, Texas
Phayeng railway station
Daftar Gubernur Papua Selatan
Always the Woman
Amazon Neptune
Azithromycin
Wakayama 3rd district
Hipotenusa
U.S. National Ice Center
Meteorit Mars
Jewish religious clothing
Mount Keith
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/ru/Бойд, Билли (актёр)
Pembicaraan Pengguna:BP78Rizky
ISO 3166-2:GE
2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
لورينت كروكي
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1926–1930)
List of British films of 1969
ADCIRC
Tiflis
ICFAI University, Raipur
Escherichia coli in molecular biology
Eden Games
Brunei at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Maximalism
Rotown
Murder of Andrew Kearney
Palitaw
First Congregational Church of Boscawen
François Gravé Du Pont
Social television
List of countries by total wealth
HMS Maidstone (1758)
Silvana Flores
Whippomorpha
Group Tamashii
Monte Polizzo
Sangangüey
Potassium ferricyanide
Yaroslav Lesiv
Goodman Theatre
List of Righteous Among the Nations by country
Thames Valley Police
Native Americans and World War II
1999 Gold Flake Open – Doubles
Bertrand Lemennicier
Multivariate analysis of variance
Soyuz TMA-14M
Dara Jingga
Национальный совет Словакии
アクエリアンエイジ
192e régiment d'artillerie
Vida en Marte
Anceaumeville
A Republikanska futbolna grupa 1977-1978
Alexsandro de Souza
L'incesto (film 1965)
Glen De Boeck
Список залізничних станцій і роз'їздів України (Ч)
Alveolar lateral ejective fricative
Georgina Chapman
Distrik Selatan, Israel
Water (Kanye West song)
Battle of Wareo
The Brazen Bull
2001 in webcomics
William Stanback
List of Texas railroads
Paul Sérusier
Ken Tōgō
Kegubernuran Homs
Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch (Scottish Parliament constituency)
User talk:MBisanz/Archive 20
Template talk:Public art in Guadalajara
Vladimir Horowitz
Domenico Bennardi
Peso cubain convertible
Obrium
Larry Ziegler
Makaziwe Mandela
Ukuran populasi efektif
Red-fronted lemur
86th Texas Legislature
Stadion Centenario
قالب:بيانات جائحة فيروس كورونا 2019–20/مخطط الحالات الطبية في تايلاند
The People of Forever Are Not Afraid
37e brigade
Segrois
Habib Bank Limited
Dornier Do 317
Lewis and Clark Community College
11 september
William Craig
Australia women's national soccer team results (2020–present)
Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages
Georges Clemenceau
Luteolin
Jan van Krimpen
Independent Party of the Right
1911 World Series
A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery
パーシス・カンバッタ
Frederick I, Burgrave of Nuremberg
Tab Hunter
Michelle MacLaren
High Times (Young Dro album)
Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve 
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia

Portal : Agama
Agama
Portal : Bahasa
Bahasa
Portal : Biografi
Biografi
Portal : Budaya
Budaya
Portal : Ekonomi
Ekonomi
Portal : Elektronika
Elektronika
Portal : Film
Film
Portal : Filsafat
Filsafat
Portal : Geografi
Geografi
Portal : Indonesia
Indonesia
Portal : Ilmu
Ilmu
Portal : Lingkungan
Lingkungan
Portal : Masyarakat
Masyarakat
Portal : Matematika
Matematika
Portal : Militer
Militer
Portal : Mitologi
Mitologi
Portal : Musik
Musik
Portal : Olahraga
Olahraga
Portal : Pendidikan
Pendidikan
Portal : Politik
Politik
Portal : Sastra
Sastra
Portal : Sejarah
Sejarah
Portal : Seni
Seni
Portal : Teknologi
Teknologi
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya