E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods, such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU)[1]: 27 and European Free Trade Association (EFTA).[2] Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).[3] The fact that an additive has an E number implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in the European Single Market; some of these additives are no longer allowed today.
Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 with food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added, in 1970 antioxidants were added, in 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.[4]
Numbering schemes
The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee,[5] though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union as food additives. Outside the European continent plus Russia, E numbers are also encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand,[6] Malaysia, Hong Kong,[7] and India.
Colloquial use
In some European countries, the "E number" is used informally as a derogatory term for artificial food additives. For example, in the UK, food companies are required to include the "E number(s)" in the ingredients that are added as part of the manufacturing process. Many components of naturally occurring healthy foods and vitamins have assigned E numbers (and the number is a synonym for the chemical component), e.g. vitamin C (E300) and lycopene (E160d), found in carrots. At the same time, "E number" is sometimes misunderstood to imply approval for safe consumption. This is not necessarily the case, e.g. Avoparcin (E715) is an antibiotic once used in animal feed, but is no longer permitted in the EU, and has never been permitted for human consumption. Sodium nitrite (E250) is toxic. Sulfuric acid (E513) is caustic.
New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification schemes
Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range; moreover, certain chemicals (particularly in the E400–499 range) have a variety of purposes.
Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11] Banned in Norway.[13] Products in the EU require warnings and its use is being phased out.[11] Approved in the US.[9]
Approved in the EU.[8] Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK. Currently banned in Canada, Japan, Norway, USA [citation needed] EU currently evaluating health risks.[citation needed]
Approved in the EU.[8] In April 2023 the French Court of Appeals of Limoges confirmed that food-watch NGO Yuka was legally legitimate in describing Potassium Nitrite "and other nitrates" E249 to E252 as a "cancer risk", and thus rejected an appeal by the French charcuterie industry against the organisation.[21]
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Ambroksol Nama sistematis (IUPAC) trans-4-(2-Amino-3,5-dibrombenzylamino)-cyclohexanol Data klinis AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names Kat. kehamilan ? Status hukum otc Pengenal Nomor CAS 18683-91-5 N Kode ATC R05CB06 PubChem CID 2132 ChemSpider 10276826 Y UNII 200168S0CL Y KEGG D07442 Y ChEMBL CHEMBL153479 Y Data kimia Rumus C13H18Br2N2O Massa mol. 378.10 SMILES eMolecules & PubChem InChI InChI=1S/C13H18Br2N2O/c14-9-5-8(13(16)12(15)6-9)7-17-10-1-3-11(18)4-…
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