Economy of Burundi

Economy of Burundi
	Bujumbura, Burundi's largest city.
Currency	Burundian franc (BIF, FBu)
Fiscal year	Calendar year
Trade organisations	AU, AfCFTA (signed), WTO
Country group	Least Developed; Low-income economy;
Statistics
GDP	$3.23 billion (nominal, 2023 est.); $11.567 billion (PPP, 2023 est.);
GDP growth	0.3% (2020) 3.1% (2021); 1.8% (2022) 3.3% (2023e);
GDP per capita	$249 (nominal, 2023 est.); $891 (PPP, 2023 est.);
GDP by sector	agriculture (32.9%), industry (21.3%), services (45.8%) (2008)
Inflation (CPI)	1.238% (2018 est.)
Population below poverty line	53% (2010)
Human Development Index	0.426 low (2021) (187th); 0.296 IHDI (2018);
Labour force	4.08 million (2010)
Labour force by occupation	agriculture (89%), industry (5.3%, services (4.1%) (2002)
Unemployment	1% (2023)
Main industries	light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap, assembly of imported components, public works construction, food processing; Agriculture: coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides
External
Exports	$208 million (2022)
Export goods	coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides
Main export partners	Germany 15.2% ; Pakistan 9.3% ; Kenya 8.5% ; China 7.8% ; Sweden 7.3% ; Belgium 5.3% ; Canada 4.6% ; Rwanda 4.5% ; United States 4.2% (2018 est.)
Imports	$1.260 billion (2022)
Import goods	capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Main import partners	Saudi Arabia 17.3% ; China 8.1% ; Uganda 7.8% ; Belgium 7.2% ; Kenya 6.9% ; Zambia 6.7% ; India 5.6% ; United Arab Emirates 5.3% (2018 est.)
Gross external debt	$820 million (2010)
Public finances
Revenues	$350.4 million (2018)
Expenses	$351.3 million (2017)
Economic aid	$90.7 million (2010)
Foreign reserves	$412.2 million
	All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Burundi is $3.436 billion by gross domestic product as of 2018, being heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 32.9% of gross domestic product as of 2008. Burundi itself is a landlocked country lacking resources, and with almost nonexistent industrialization. Agriculture supports more than 70% of the labor force, the majority of whom are subsistence farmers.

Although Burundi is potentially self-sufficient in food production, issues such as civil unrest, overpopulation, and soil erosion have contributed to the contraction of the subsistence economy by 25% in recent years. Large numbers of internally displaced persons have been unable to produce their own food and are largely dependent on international humanitarian assistance. Burundi is a net food importer, with food accounting for 17% of imports in 1997. Burundi is a least developed country according to the United Nations.

Agriculture

Burundi produced in 2022:

2.6 million tons of cassava;
1.3 million tons of banana;
808 thousand tons of sweet potato;
507 thousand tons of vegetables;
499 thousand tons of beans;
355 thousand tons of potato;
280 thousand tons of maize;
188 thousand tons of sugar cane;
130 thousand tons of fruit;
127 thousand tons of rice;
94 thousand tons of taro;
89 thousand tons of palm oil;
50 thousand tons of tea;

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like sorghum (25 thousand tons) and coffee (17 thousand tons).^[9]

Industry

Little industry exists except for the processing of agricultural exports. Although potential wealth in petroleum, nickel, copper, and other natural resources is being explored, the uncertain security situation has prevented meaningful investor interest. Industrial development also is hampered by Burundi's distance from the sea and high transport costs. Lake Tanganyika remains an important trading point. The trade embargo, lifted in 1999, negatively impacted trade and industry. Since October 1993 the nation has suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has resulted in the death of perhaps 250,000 people and the displacement of about 800,000 others. Foods, medicines, and electricity remain in short supply.

Burundi is heavily dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totaling $1.247 billion (1.247 G$) in 1997. A series of largely unsuccessful 5-year plans initiated in July 1986 in partnership with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund attempted to reform the foreign exchange system, liberalize imports, reduce restrictions on international transactions, diversify exports, and reform the coffee industry.

IMF structural adjustment programs in Burundi were suspended following the outbreak of the crisis in 1993. The World Bank has identified key areas for potential growth, including the productivity of traditional crops and the introduction of new exports, light manufactures, industrial mining, and services. Other serious problems include the state's role in the economy, the question of governmental transparency, and debt reduction.

To protest the 1996 coup by President Pierre Buyoya, neighboring countries imposed an economic embargo on Burundi. Although the embargo was never officially ratified by the United Nations Security Council, most countries refrained from official trade with Burundi. Following the coup, the United States also suspended all but humanitarian aid to Burundi. The regional embargo was lifted on January 23, 1999, based on progress by the government in advancing national reconciliation through the Burundi peace process.

In an article titled "The Blood Cries Out," Foreign Policy (FP) reported that the Burundian population growth rate is 2.5 percent per year, more than double the average global pace, and that a Burundian woman has on average 6.3 children, nearly triple the international fertility rate. FP further reported that "The vast majority of Burundians rely on subsistence farming, but under the weight of a booming population and in the long-standing absence of coherent policies governing land ownership, many people barely have enough earth to sustain themselves." In 2014, the average size for a farm was about one acre. FP added that "The consequence is remarkable scarcity: In the 2013 Global Hunger Index, Burundi had the severest hunger and malnourishment rates of all 120 countries ranked."^[10]

Energy

Burundi is one of the least electrified countries in the world, only about 10% of the country's population has access to electricity.^[11]^[12] In 2022, the country produced a total of 565 GWh of electricity, 50% of which was generated via fossil fuels while the other 50% was generated via renewables. Oil is the main fossil fuel in use, while the renewable energy is sourced primarily from hydropower and to a much lesser degree from solar energy as well as bioenergy. This domestic production however does not fullfill Burundi's demand and it imports sizeable amount of energy from neighbouring countries.^[13]

The opening of the Rusumo Hydroelectric Power Station in 2023 was a boon to the country as Burundi receives 27 MW of electricity generated in it. The Power Station combined with improved transmission cables allowed Burundi to provide the capital city of Gitega with a more reliable and consistent power supply. At the same time it allowed the government to decomission the old oil-fired power station that supplied the city before and save over 2 mln USD in costs. This project was a part of a wider international aid-assisted initiative in Burundi to pursue low-carbon electrification and improving access to electricity across the country.^[11] The government also pursues a much greater domestic hydropower project, a power station located in Rubrizi with the help of extensive funding by the African Development Bank and the European Union. The power station, scheduled to be completed in December of 2024, is designed to generate 160 MW of electricity, making it the largest power station in Burundi. Together with associated improvements to transmission in infrastructure, it's predicted to provide electricity access to 7% of the country's population.^[14]

Macro-economic trend

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017.^[15]

Year	GDP (in bil. US$ PPP)	GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)	GDP (in bil. US$ nominal)	GDP Growth (real)	Government debt (Percentage of GDP)
1980	1.39	339	0.95	−6.8 %	...
1985	2.31	488	1.17	11.8 %	...
1990	3.23	592	1.13	3.5 %	...
1995	3.23	540	1.00	7.9 %	...
2000	3.50	524	0.87	1.8 %	136 %
2005	4.54	605	1.12	4.4 %	137 %
2006	4.94	638	1.27	5.4 %	130 %
2007	5.24	658	1.36	3.5 %	130 %
2008	5.60	681	1.61	4.9 %	103 %
2009	5.86	689	1.78	3.9 %	26 %
2010	6.24	711	2.03	5.1 %	47 %
2011	6.62	731	2.24	4.0 %	43 %
2012	7.04	755	2.33	4.4 %	41 %
2013	7.58	788	2.46	5.9 %	36 %
2014	8.07	814	2.71	4.5 %	36 %
2015	7.84	767	3.10	−4.0 %	45 %
2016	7.85	745	2.96	−1.0 %	47 %
2017	7.99	735	3.17	0.0 %	57 %