1Overseas parts of France proper Migration of minorities in France (i.e. Basques) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).
French Argentines (French: Franco-Argentins; Spanish: franco-argentinos) refers to Argentine citizens of full or partial French ancestry or persons born in France who reside in Argentina. French Argentines form one of the largest ancestry groups after Italian Argentines and Spanish Argentines. Between 1857 and 1946, 261,020 French people immigrated to Argentina.[2] Besides immigration from continental France, Argentina also received, as early as the 1840s, immigrants with French background from neighboring countries, notably Uruguay,[3] which expanded the French Argentine community. , it was estimated that around 8 million Argentines had some degree of French ancestry, up to 17% of the total population.[4]
Argentines of French descent make up a substantial proportion of the Argentine population, but they are less visible than other similarly-sized ethnic group because of the high degree of assimilation and the lack of substantial French colonies throughout the country.
French immigration to Argentina
During the first half of the 19th century, most of French immigrants to the New World settled in the United States and in Uruguay. While the United States received 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855, only 13,922 Frenchmen, most of them from the Basque Country and Béarn, left for Uruguay between 1833 and 1842. During this period of time, Uruguay received most of French immigrants to South America as the conflictual relationship between Rosas and the French government had created a xenophobic climate against French immigrants in the Buenos Aires province. After the fall of Rosas in 1852, Argentina overtook Uruguay and became the main pole of attraction for French immigrants in Latin America.
From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants worldwide, second only to the United States. Between 1857 and 1946 Argentina received 239,503 French immigrants - out of which 105,537 permanently settled in the country. By 1976, 116,032 had settled in Argentina. French immigration to Argentina can be divided in three main periods, as follows: France was the third source of immigration to Argentina before 1890, constituting over 10% of immigrants, only surpassed by Italians and Spaniards; from 1890 to 1914, immigration from France, although reduced, was still significant; lastly, after WWI, the flow of French immigrants was minimal and only grew again after WWII to finally stop in the 1950s.
In 1810, Buenos Aires had a population of 28,528 inhabitants, including 13 French citizens.[5] At the beginning of the 19th century, French immigration to Argentina was not substantial. Mainly constituted of political exiles and former officers from the imperial army, it became more considerable from the year 1825, reaching up to 1,500-2,000 French immigrants some years.[6] In 1839, it was estimated that 4,000 Frenchmen were living in the province of Buenos Aires, this figure increased to 12,000 in 1842.[7] From the next decade, French people started to migrate to Argentina in large numbers.
During the first period (1852–1890), French immigration was similar, in numbers and in features, to that of Italians and Spaniards. It belonged to a larger movement of emigration of Basque people, from both sides of the Pyrenees. French formed the largest group of immigrants to Argentina until 1854.[8] The country received 1,484 French immigrants in 1856,[9] Frenchmen still were the second most important immigrant group after Italians. The number of French immigrants present in the Buenos Aires Province reached 25,000 in 1859.[10] In 1861, 29,196 Frenchmen were registered in Argentina, including 14,180 living in the city of Buenos Aires where they represented the third largest foreign community and made up 7.5% of the population.[11] In 1869, at the time of the first national census, 32,383 Frenchmen lived in the country, or about 1.7% of the total population. Immigration from France increased dramatically in the first half of the 1870s (with a peak in 1873) and in the second half of the 1890s (61,382 immigrants in a three-year period). The last rise in figures is due to a policy conducted by the Argentine government in order to reduce the increasing importance of Italian immigration, for that purpose 132,000 free travel tickets were distributed in Europe between 1888 and 1890, 45,000 out of them were given in France. In 1887, there were 20,031 Frenchmen living in Buenos Aires, 4.6% of the 433,421 inhabitants.[12]
During the second stage (from 1890 to 1914), French immigration was more similar to those of Germans and Britons, and was characterized by a reduced net migration rate, with the exception of the year 1912 when immigration raised as a result of propaganda led by the Argentine government in Southern France to fill in the gap caused by the prohibition of emigration from Italy to Argentina in 1911. In 1895, after the largest wave of French immigrants had settled in Argentina, they were 94,098, i.e. 2.3% of the total population (33,185 of them were living in the city of Buenos Aires where they represented the third largest foreign community and made up 4.9% of the population). Only the United States had a higher number of French expatriates, with over 100,000 Frenchmen having immigrated there. At the turn of the 20th century figures started to decrease as immigration from France declined and previously established immigrants merged within the population. It was estimated that 100,000 Frenchmen were living in Argentina in 1912, 67% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America and the second largest community worldwide after the United States (125,000).[13] In 1914, 79,491 Frenchmen were registered, accounting for 1% of the Argentine population. Between 1895 and 1914, French immigrants are the only foreign group in Argentina whose numbers (both absolute and relative) shrank in the total population.
The flow decreased dramatically during WWI. After 1918, French immigrants to Argentina numbered 1,500 per year and had a slightly positive net migration rate. The flow of French immigrants then gradually dried up. In the 1960s, around 4,000 Pieds-Noirs immigrated to Argentina from the newly independent Algeria, they constituted the last large migration from France to Argentina.
French immigration represented 5% of the flow of immigrants to Argentina until the 1870s, reached its maximum (around 12% of immigrants) in the 1870s-1880s, decreased to 4% at the end of the 20th century, and only represented 1% of immigrants in the 1920s. The year 1890, when it culminated (22% of immigrants), shows the decline of French immigration to Argentina, at the moment when the phenomenon of mass immigration to Argentina started. This is probably due to the financial crisis in 1890 and to an early demographic shift in France: population growth was slow between 1890 and 1913, limiting the need for emigration, contrary to neighboring European countries. Immigration to Argentina also showed a shift in the 1890s: while from 1860 to 1890, most of immigrants from the European countryside settled in the countryside, from 1890 to 1930 they started to settle in the cities.[14] This could explain why French immigrants, most of them from a rural background, were more drawn to settle in North America from 1890 onwards, where access to land property was easier.
Half of French immigrants until the second half of the 20th century came from Southwestern France, especially from the Basque Country, Béarn (Basses-Pyrénées accounted for more than 20% of immigrants), Bigorre and Rouergue. Other important groups came from Savoy and the Paris region. It was estimated that at least 70% of French immigrants in Tandil were coming from the Southwestern part of the country and that half of them were of Basque stock. Until the 1880s, the great majority of French immigrants to Argentina were from the Pyrenees. Basques started settling in Argentina in the 1830s, then they began heading towards Chile and the United States in the 1870s.
Today it is estimated that up to 17% of Argentines have partial French ancestry. French Argentines formed a large portion of the elite of the country. In 1959 it was estimated that 7% of the upper-class of Buenos Aires was of French background, their ancestors having settled in the country between 1840 and 1880.[15]
As of 2010, almost 15,000 French citizens[16] are living in Argentina, the community may be higher though.
French colonies in Argentina
In 1857, an immigrant from Béarn, Alejo Peyret, founded the first farming colony in Entre Ríos, San José. In 1864, out of 380 families living in San José, 125 were from Savoy.[17]
The town of Pigüé, founded by 165 Occitan-speaking French immigrants from Rouergue in 1884, is considered a focal center of French culture in Argentina.[18] It is estimated that 30% to 40% of Pigüé's modern inhabitants can trace their roots to Aveyron and they still speak Occitan.
According to the 1869 census, a quarter of immigrants to the province of Mendoza were from France. In 1895, they made up 15% of immigrants of the province, right after Italians and Spaniards (26.1% and 17.3% respectively). Frenchmen were particularly numerous in the wine-producing departments of Maipú, Luján and in the French colony of San Rafael, founded by engineer Julio Gerónimo Balloffet.[19]
In 1904, the governor of Tucumán founded a town carrying his name, Villa Nougués, as a replica of Boutx in Haute-Garonne, a French village where his family traced their roots back to.
In most cases, however, the French immigrants were not numerous enough to remain distinct from other Argentines. There was no religious barrier for the most part, with the vast majority being Catholics. The language barrier to learning Castilian was also low, especially for the native French and Occitan speakers, and they picked up Castilian quickly.
In 1851, Captain Louis Tardy de Montravel wrote that the city of Buenos Aires was stamped by French influence, French literature and language being there more widespread than anywhere else. According to him, this preference for France was not due to a capricious and brief craze, rather the result of a natural liking and a perfect similarity between French and Argentine characters, underlining the same lightness of being, the same quick-wittedness and liveliness, as well as the same kindness to foreigners and the similar ability for international influence.[27]
Lunfardo
Lunfardo is an argot of the Castilian language as spoken in Argentina which appeared in Buenos Aires at the end of the 19th century. It encompasses a lot of words and expressions from languages spoken by immigrants, notably Italians, Spaniards and French. Lunfardo is heavily used in tango lyrics. After 1912, as tango became popular in Paris, French expressions were incorporated into tango lyrics and made their way into Lunfardo. It has now become an integral part of the Castilian spoken in Argentina and some of these words are still used on a daily basis.
^[httphtml?var_recherche=argentin Les merveilleux francophiles argentins 1]
^Celton, Dora Estela; Domenach, Hervé; Guillon, Michelle (1995). "Plus d'un siècle d'immigration internationale en Argentine". Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales. 11 (2): 145–165. doi:10.3406/remi.1995.1468. Entre 1857 et 1946, 261 020 Français sont entrés dans le pays, dont 37% ont décidé de s'installer définitivement (page 158).
^"Inmigración francesa al Río de la Plata". En Argentina, muchos de los descendientes de franceses que viven en el país, tienen evidencia de que sus antepasados vivieron en un primer momento en el Uruguay. La guerra civil uruguaya acontecida entre 1843 y 1844 originó el éxodo de muchos inmigrantes hacia la Argentina.
^Le Conte, René (1922). "Les débuts de l'immigration allemande en Argentine". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 14 (1): 236–239. Au recensement municipal de 1810, comptait-on (...) 13 Français sur une population urbaine totale de 28.528 habitants.
^Gilles Mathieu, in Une ambition sud-américaine. Politique culturelle de la France (1914-1940). L'Harmattan. 1991., Peu importante au tout début du XIXe siècle l'émigration française vers l'Argentine, constituée principalement d'exilés politiques et d'anciens officiers de l'armée impériale, prend, à partir de 1825, de l'ampleur et ce sont environ 1500 à 2000 Français, dans les meilleures années, qui se dirigent vers ce pays
^Duval, Jules (1862). Histoire de l'émigration européenne, asiatique et africaine au XIXe siècle. Dans la province de Buénos-Ayres (...) la population était arrivée, en 1859, au chiffre de 320,000 habitants. (...) Sur ce nombre les étrangers comptaient au moins pour un quart (80,000 environ) dont 25,000 Français. (page 247).
^Bouchard, Gérard; Dickinson, John Alexander; Goy, Joseph (1998). Les exclus de la terre en France et au Québec, XVIIe-XXe siècles. ISBN9782894481172. La Statistique générale de la France fait état de 29 196 de nos ressortissants installés en Argentine en 1861 et de 94 098 Français en 1901. En 1869 et en 1895, les Français constituaient le troisième groupe national dans la capitale avec 7.5% de la population (14 180 personnes) et 4.9% (33 185 personnes) (page 273).
^Fernández, María Inés (1999). Las inversiones francesas en la Argentina, 1880-1920. ISBN9789507862267. p. 43. Se distinguen dos fases dentro del movimiento migratorio: de 1860 a 1890 predomina el pasaje del campo europeo al argentino; de 1890 a 1930, se impone el éxodo del campo europeo hacia las ciudades argentinas y sobre todo hacia la Capital.
^Fausto, Boris (1999). Fazer a América. ISBN9788531404849. A análise das famílias da elite portenha de origem francesa (7% da classe alta da cidade em 1959) confirma esta hipótese, ao provar que os imigrantes que deram lugar a essas famílias chegaram ao país entre 1840 e 1880 (page 144).
^La République Argentine by Charles Beck-Bernard, page 205. "Au 31 décembre 1863, la colonie de San-José comptait 2211 habitants, formant 380 familles, dont 190 sont suisses, 125 savoisiennes, 54 piémontaises et 11 allemandes."
^"L'émigration française viticole à Mendoza, en Argentine à la fin du XIXème siècle". Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2009. Des foyers de peuplement français se dessinent correspondant à des départements viticoles, comme Maipú, Luján (la majorité de la présence française se trouve dans le sud de la province, à San Rafael, une colonie française de peuplement).
^"María Eva Duarte Ibarguren". Granddaughter of Francisco Duarte (Huart) and María Etchegoyen, born in France in 1817 and 1823.
^Le Correspondant, volume 48. 1859. La ville de Buenos-Ayres, écrivait en 1851 M. Tardy de Montravel, est marquée au cachet de la France. Notre littérature et notre langue elle-même y sont plus répandues que nulle part ailleurs. (...) Et cette préférence ne vient pas d'un engouement capricieux et passager, il est le résultat d'une sympathie naturelle que rien n'a pu détruire chez l'Argentin, et d'une similitude parfaite entre son caractère et le nôtre. Même légèreté de caractère, même vivacité dans l'esprit et les mouvements, même bienveillance envers les étrangers, égale facilité à ce rayonnement d'expansion internationale. (p. 703)
1Overseas parts of France proper Migration of minorities in France (i.e. Basques) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigmeང་ཕོད་ངག་དབང་འཇིགས་མེད་阿沛·阿旺晋美 Ketua Wilayah Otonomi TibetMasa jabatan1964–1968 PendahuluChoekyi GyaltsenPenggantiZeng Yongya Informasi pribadiLahir(1910-02-01)1 Februari 1910Lhasa, Tibet, Kekaisaran QingMeninggal23 Desember 2009(2009-12-23) (umur 99)Beijing, TiongkokSuami/istriNgapoi Cedain ZhoigarSunting kotak info • L • B Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (Tibet: ང་ཕོད་ངག་དབང་འ…
Pierre Tolliballie Wome Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Pierre Nlend Tolliballi WomeTanggal lahir 26 Maret 1979 (umur 44)Tempat lahir Douala, KamerunTinggi 1,81 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain DefenderInformasi klubKlub saat ini 1. FC KölnNomor 6Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol) 1993–19941994–19961996–19971997–19981998–19991999–20022002–20032003–200420052005–20062006–20082008– FogapeCanon YaoundéVicenza CalcioLucchese-LibertasRomaBolognaFulhamE…
Rivka CarmiRivka Carmi (2015)Lahir1948 (umur 75–76)Zikhron Ya'akov, IsraelDikenal atasPresiden Universitas Ben-Gurion Negev Rivka Carmi (Ibrani: רבקה כרמיcode: he is deprecated ; kelahiran 1948) adalah seorang pediatrisian dan genetikis asal Israel. Ia menjabat sebagai Presiden Universitas Ben-Gurion Negev (BGU) pada Mei 2006-Desember 2018. Carmi adalah wanita pertama yang diangkat menjadi presiden dari sebuah universitas Israel. Referensi Pranala luar The Most influential Jew…
Overview of relations Politics of the Republic of Ireland Constitution Amendments PresidencyPresident Michael D. Higgins Council of State Presidential Commission GovernmentCabinet Taoiseach: Leo Varadkar Tánaiste: Micheál Martin Departments of State Public Service Civil Service State Agencies Attorney General Rossa Fanning Oireachtas Dáil Éireann Ceann Comhairle: Seán Ó Fearghaíl Seanad Éireann Cathaoirleach: Jerry Buttimer Opposition Leader: Mary Lou McDonald Committees Courts Supreme C…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Aji Muhammad Salehuddin IISultan Kutai KartanegaraBerkuasa1999 – 5 Agustus 2018Penobatan22 September 2001PendahuluAji Muhammad Par…
Indian film director AR MurugadasMurugadas in 2009BornMurugadas Arunachalam (1974-09-25) 25 September 1974 (age 49)Kallakurichi, Tamil Nadu, IndiaOccupationsFilm directorfilm producerscreenwriterYears active2001–presentSpouse Ramya (m. 2005)RelativesDileepan (brother) Murugadas Arunachalam (born 25 September 1974), known professionally as AR Murugadas,[1][2] is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter who predominantly works in…
Borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States Borough in New Jersey, United StatesHi-Nella, New JerseyBoroughHi-Nella Municipal Complex SealHi-Nella highlighted in Camden County. Inset: Location of Camden County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.Census Bureau map of Hi-Nella, New JerseyHi-NellaLocation in Camden CountyShow map of Camden County, New JerseyHi-NellaLocation in New JerseyShow map of New JerseyHi-NellaLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 3…
دوري السوبر السلوفاكي 1995–96 تفاصيل الموسم دوري السوبر السلوفاكي النسخة 3 البلد سلوفاكيا المنظم اتحاد سلوفاكيا لكرة القدم البطل نادي سلوفان براتيسلافا مباريات ملعوبة 192 عدد المشاركين 12 دوري السوبر السلوفاكي 1994–95 دوري السوبر السلوفاكي 1996–97 تع…
Brand of bourbon whiskey Blanton'sTypeBourbon whiskeyManufacturerSazerac CompanyCountry of origin Kentucky, United StatesIntroduced1984Alcohol by volume c. 46.50% (varies)Proof (US)93 (Original), 80 (Special Reserve), 103 (Gold), Cask (Straight From the Barrel)Related productsBuffalo Trace Blanton's is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced and marketed by the Sazerac Company. Though it does not own the brand, it has exclusive distilling rights. It is owned by Age International, Inc.[…
North American trade union This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers – news · newspapers…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Bawean. BawenKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan BawenNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenSemarangPemerintahan • CamatDewanto Leksono Widagdo, S.STP, MMPopulasi • Total59,940 jiwaKode Kemendagri33.22.11 Kode BPS3322110 Luas46,57 km²Desa/kelurahan9 Bawen (Jawa: ꦩ꧀ꦧꦮꦺꦤ꧀, translit. Mbawèn) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Kecamatan ini berbatasan dengan kecamatan Bergas di sebel…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang insiden 1989 yang melibatkan MiG-23s. Untuk insiden 1981 yang melibatkan Su-22s, lihat Insiden Teluk Sidra (1981). Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Battle of Sirte. Pertempuran udara dekat Tobruk 1989Cuplikan kamera senapan dari F-14 menunjukkan MiG-23 terakhir meledak setelah diserang oleh sebuah misil AIM-9 SidewinderTanggal4 Januari 1989LokasiLaut TengahHasil Dua pesawat penyerang MiG-23 Libya ditembak jatuhPihak terlibat Libya Amerika SerikatTokoh dan…
Estonian footballer and manager Argo Arbeiter Personal informationFull name Argo ArbeiterDate of birth (1973-12-05) 5 December 1973 (age 50)Place of birth Viljandi, EstoniaHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team Nõmme Kalju (sporting director)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1992 Viljandi 1992–1998 Flora 1993–1996 → Tervis Pärnu (loan) 1996–1997 → Lelle (loan) 1997–1998 → Viljandi (loan) 1998–2000 KTP 2000–2001…
Yashpal SharmaLahir1 Januari 1965 (umur 59)Hisar, Haryana, IndiaTempat tinggalMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaNama lainBittuSuami/istriPratibha Sharma Yashpal Sharma adalah seorang artis teater dan pemeran Bollywood India. Ia dikenal atas perannya sebagai Randhir Singh dalam film Hindi 2003 Sudhir Mishra Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi, selain juga Lagaan (2001), Gangaajal (2003), Ab Tak Chhappan (2004), Apaharan (2005), Singh is Kinng (2008), Aarakshan (2011) dan Rowdy Rathore (2012). Referensi Su…
Women's freestyle 72 kgat the Games of the XXX OlympiadVenueExCeL LondonDate9 August 2012Competitors18 from 18 nationsMedalists Natalia Vorobieva Russia Stanka Zlateva Bulgaria Guzel Manyurova Kazakhstan Maider Unda Spain← 20082016 → Wrestling at the2012 Summer OlympicsQualificationFreestyleGreco-RomanWomen55 kg55 kg48 kg60 kg60 kg55 kg66 kg66 kg63 kg74 kg74 kg72 kg84 kg84 kg96 kg96 kg120 kg120 kgvte Main article: Wrestling at the 2012 Summ…
Touring museum exhibit Pokémon Fossil MuseumPoster for the National Museum of Nature and Science's hosting of the exhibit (art by Hitoshi Ariga [ja]) featuring Pikachu at the center, with various Pokémon on the left and real-life prehistoric animals on the rightStatusActiveGenreExhibitionBegins4 July 2021 (2021-07-04)CountryJapanOrganized byNational Museum of Nature and Science and host museumsPeopleDaisuke Aiba (general supervisor)Websitekahaku.go.jp/pokemon/index_…
Marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Endogamy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Part of a series on theAnthropology of kinship Basic concepts Family Lineage Af…
Two cranial nerve nuclei of the human brainstem Cochlear nucleiDissection of brainstem. Dorsal view. (Cochlear nucleus is labeled on left, fifth from the bottom.)Terminal nuclei of the cochlear nerve, with their upper connections. (Schematic.) The vestibular nerve with its terminal nuclei and their efferent fibers have been suppressed. On the other hand, in order not to obscure the trapezoid body, the efferent fibers of the terminal nuclei on the right side have been resected in a considerable p…
Canadian airline Porter AirlinesA De Havilland Canada Dash 8 Q400 at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport IATA ICAO Callsign PD[1]P3[1] POE[2]PTR[3] PORTER AIRDASH PORT[4] FoundedFebruary 2, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-02-02)Commenced operationsOctober 23, 2006; 17 years ago (2006-10-23)AOC #Canada: 15266,[5] 19543[6]United States: P54F185F[7]HubsOttawaToronto–Billy BishopToronto–Pearson[8&…