George Colbert

George Colbert
George Colbert
Tootemastubbe
	Colbert, c. 1830
Chickasaw leader
	In office; 1834–1839
Preceded by	Levi Colbert
Personal details
Born	c. 1764; Chickasaw Nation; (present-day Alabama)
Died	November 7, 1839 (aged 75); Fort Towson, Indian Territory
Cause of death	Natural causes
Resting place	Fort Towson, Oklahoma
Relations	Levi Colbert (brother); Holmes Colbert (nephew);
Children	8
Parent	James Colbert (father)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch	Militia
Rank	Colonel
Wars	Northwest Indian War; Creek War; War of 1812;

George Colbert (c. 1764 – November 7, 1839) was an early 19th-century Chickasaw leader. During the Creek War he commanded 350 Chickasaw auxiliary troops whom he had recruited, as a senior officer of militia, under Andrew Jackson. At the end of the War of 1812, he served a second time under Jackson.

Colbert temporarily became principal chief of the Chickasaw, succeeding his older brother Levi who died in 1834. A planter who owned significant cotton lands and numerous slaves in Mississippi, he operated a ferry across the Tennessee in northwest Alabama. In 1834, he signed the treaty that finalized the tribe's removal.

Early life and military service

George Colbert was born in 1764 in the Chickasaw Nation (present-day Alabama).^[1] He was the second of six sons of James Colbert (c. 1720–1784), a British trader,^[2] and his second wife Minta Hoye, a Chickasaw woman. The tribe practiced matrilineal kinship, and all children were considered to be born into their mother's family and clan, and gained their status from her. Property and positions of hereditary leadership were passed through the mother's line. Minta Hoye's clan was one from which hereditary chiefs were drawn. As a youth George Colbert began to rise in prominence among the Chickasaw, as he also gained status by his bravery in battle and other actions.

Colbert was said to serve with American troops under Arthur St. Clair in 1791 and Anthony Wayne in 1794 during the Northwest Indian Wars. During the Creek Wars of the early 19th century, he recruited 350 Chickasaw warriors and assisted Andrew Jackson against the Red Sticks, the more conservative portion of the people. Later he also led Chickasaw warriors against British forces during the War of 1812.^[1]

Career

By the early 1800s, Colbert established Colbert's ferry near Cherokee, Alabama. It was a significant crossing of the Tennessee River along the Natchez Trace, an important trade route. He acquired land and became an influential cotton planter; he also raised livestock and was a trader. Due to his clan, he was eligible for the position of Chief. The Chickasaw communally owned an estimated 150 slaves as labor on their lands, as was custom with many intercultural tribes in the region. A few slaves escaped during the confusion of the eventual removal.^{[citation needed]}

Colbert and his brothers, Levi and James, were among the primary negotiators between his people and the United States government in the early 19th century.^[1] The Chickasaw ended up ceding much of their land to the United States after Levi died en route to Washington D.C during negotiations in 1834. Having grown up with both Chickasaw and "white" language and culture, the Colbert brothers were strongly relied upon to act on the tribe's behalf. After Levi died, their negotiations abruptly ceased. In 1834, most of the Chickasaw joined members of other Southeast tribes in forced removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. This removal became known among the Indians as the Trail of Tears.

Before removal, Colbert served again temporarily as chief of the Chickasaw. The year 1834 was the beginning of the forced removal process, accomplished by overland march and travel by rivers. Most of it took place in the later 1830s. Tishomingo became chief of the Chickasaw when they started on the trail and led the people until his death in 1838 en route, near the Arkansas River. Neither he nor Colbert, who died en route in 1839 at age 75, reached the new Chickasaw territory. He died at Fort Towson, Indian Territory, just before the people reached their new lands.^[1]

Personal life

Colbert married two times. The women were sisters from the Wind Clan Cherokee; their father was Chief Doublehead. Colbert first married Tuskiahooto. When she proved to be barren, he also married Saleechie, the younger sister. (The Chickasaw allowed the men in the tribe to marry multiple wives, per tribal law). Colbert fathered a total of six sons and two daughters. He never reached the Chickasaw section of Oka Homa.