Grundrisse

The Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie (Foundations of a Critique of Political Economy)^[1] is an unfinished manuscript by the German philosopher Karl Marx. The series of seven notebooks was rough-drafted by Marx, chiefly for purposes of self-clarification, during the winter of 1857–8. Left aside by Marx in 1858, it remained unpublished until 1939.^[2]

The Grundrisse is very wide-ranging in subject matter and covers all six sections of Marx's critique of political economy (of which only one, the first volume of Das Kapital, ever reached a final form). Because of the rough nature of the work, Marxist anthropologist David Harvey has described challenges in "determining whether Marx is advancing his own conceptual framework and interpretations or simply reporting for others" and stated that "Marx is, in short, just talking to himself".^[3] It is often described as the rough draft of Das Kapital, although there is considerable disagreement about the exact relationship between the two texts, particularly around the issue of methodology.^[4]

Due to its breadth and its incorporation of themes from Marx's earlier writings, the Grundrisse is central to Marx's body of work. Its subject matter includes the prices of production, relations of production, distribution, exchange, alienation, value, labor, capitalism, the rise of technology and automation, pre-capitalist forms of social organization, and the preconditions for a communist revolution. Scholars have noted major differences between Marx's earlier writings, such as The German Ideology and The Communist Manifesto, and the later ones, Das Kapital and Grundrisse,^[5] suggesting that Marx's views evolved, though the main themes remained the same.^{[citation needed]}

As Martin Nicolaus and others have argued, the Grundrisse is crucial for understanding Marx's mature analysis of capitalism, even though, historically, it has been far less influential in the development of the various strands of Marxist theory than earlier texts such as the Communist Manifesto, the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, and The German Ideology. Towards the end of his life, Marx, according to Nicolaus, viewed the latter “with a scepticism bordering on rejection.” The Grundrisse, on the other hand, was one of the few texts which Marx spoke of “with a tone of achievement and a sense of accomplishment.”^[6] If this is true, the main reason is possibly that the more substantive first part of The German Ideology was largely written by Friedrich Engels while the subsequent parts, satirizing the linguistic apostasies and word-mongering of Left-Hegelian philosophers, were written by Marx himself.^{[citation needed]}

French philosopher Louis Althusser believed that Marx's thought had been misunderstood and underestimated. He condemned various interpretations of Marx—such as historicism, idealism, and economism—on the grounds that they fail to realise that Marx's "science of history", historical materialism, represents a revolutionary view of social change. Althusser believed these errors to result from the notion (mistaken in his view) that Marx's entire body of work forms a coherent whole. Althusser proffered a radical "epistemological break" in Marx's thought, which can be seen by comparing the unpublished Grundrisse and Das Kapital.^[7]

Dissemination

Grundrisse became available in different languages over a period of time.^[8]

1939–41 First German edition Marx–Engels Institute, Moscow
1953 Second German edition Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin [de], GDR
1958–65 Japanese translation
1962–78 Chinese translation
1967–68 French translation Roger Dangeville (International Communist Party)
1968–69 Russian translation
1968–70 Italian translation
1970–71 Spanish translation
1971 Swedish translation
1971–77 Czech translation
1972 Hungarian translation
1972–74 Romanian translation
1973 English translation
1974–75 Slovak translation
1974–78 Danish translation
1974 Serbian/Serbo-Croatian translation
1978 Bulgarian translation
1979 Turkish translation
1985 Slovenian translation
1985–87 Persian translation
1986 Polish translation
1986 Finnish translation
1989–92 Greek translation
2000 Korean translation
2008 Portuguese translation.

The Grundrisse's influence

The translation of the Grundrisse into English in 1973 had a profound effect on the then-emerging field of cultural studies.^[9] Stuart Hall, at that time the director of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, led several seminars on Marx's introduction to the Grundrisse, particularly "The method of political economy." These seminars culminated in the publication of a working paper titled “Marx’s Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction.’”^[10] According to Greg Wise, in that working paper, Hall lays the groundwork for theories of overdetermination and articulation, both of which would be used in a study of mugging in the United Kingdom, Policing the Crisis.^[9]

Footnotes

^ "Karl Marx: Grundrisse".
^ "Marx was a Fully Automated Luxury Communist".
^ Harvey, David (2023). A Companion to Marx's Grundrisse. London: Verso. p. 9.
^ McLellan, David (1973). Marx's Grundrisse (Second ed.). Suffolk: Granada Publishing. pp. 14–26.
^ Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2002) The Origins of Capitalism: A Longer View London: Verso p.35
^ Nicolaus, Martin. "The Unknown Marx," New Left Review I/48, March–April 1968
^ Althusser, Louis; Balibar, Etienne (2009). Reading Capital. London and New York: Verso.
^ Musto, Marcello. "Karl Marx's Grundrisse" (PDF). Routledge.
^ ^a ^b Wise, Greg (2003). "Reading Hall Reading Marx". Cultural Studies. 17 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1080/0950238032000071668. S2CID 144246527.
^ Hall, Stuart (2003). "Marx's Notes on Method: A 'Reading' of the '1857 Introduction.'". Cultural Studies. 17 (2): 113–149. doi:10.1080/0950238032000114868. S2CID 144199861.