Gymnoderma

Gymnoderma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Gymnoderma
Nyl. (1860)
Type species
Gymnoderma coccocarpum
Nyl. (1863)
Species

G. coccocarpum
G. favosum
G. insulare
G. sinuatum

Synonyms[1]

Gymnoderma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. Originally established in 1860 by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander, this small genus is characterised by forming mats of small, yellow-green scales dotted with spherical brown fruiting bodies. The genus is distinguished from related lichens by a unique microscopic feature: its spore-containing structures (asci) turn deep blue when stained with iodine, which is uncommon among members of the Cladoniaceae.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1860.[2] Nylander assigned Gymnoderma coccocarpum as the type species in 1869; this species was originally collected from the Himalayas.[3] Historical confusion affected allied names: Edvard Vainio's genus Baeoderma (type: Baeoderma madagascareum, based on Nylander's Heterodea madagascarea) has been overlooked in some sources but is referable to Gymnoderma. Re-examination of Mascarenes material from Mauritius and Réunion shows that Nylander's African taxon is the same species as G. coccocarpum, extending Gymnoderma to Africa; this synonymy rests on morphology, as matching DNA sequences were not available for those island specimens. Earlier misplacements, for example confusion with Bunodophoron madagascareum, have been clarified.[4]

Multi-locus phylogenies of Cladoniaceae place Gymnoderma in a clade close to Carassea and Pycnothelia, sister to the much larger genus Cladonia. Within the Cladoniaceae, the key diagnostic for Gymnoderma is its entirely amyloid ascus (the spore sac), a feature repeatedly reported and used to delimit the genus.[4]

Description

The thallus forms overlapping squamules (small, leaf-like scales) with a green-yellow upper surface and a white lower surface; the margins are crenate (finely scalloped). Podetia (the upright stalks that many Cladonia relatives develop) are absent or very short in Gymnoderma, and when present they are solid and arise at the squamule margins. Fruiting bodies (apothecia) are common; they are pale brown, more or less spherical, and sessile (sitting directly on the thallus without a stalk). In practical terms, a mat of yellow-green scales dotted with small brown balls is a typical field appearance for the genus.[4]

Microscopically, the ascus is entirely amyloid (meaning it turns a deep blue when stained with iodine solution) which is an uncommon state in Cladoniaceae and helps separate Gymnoderma from superficially similar genera.[4]

Species

Some species once classified in Gymnoderma have since been transferred to other genera. These include:

References

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Gymnoderma Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 43: 546 (1860)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  2. ^ Nylander, W. (1860). "De Lichenibus nonnullis europaeis" [On some European lichens]. Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 43: 545–547.
  3. ^ a b Nylander, W. (1869). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica [A methodical synopsis of all lichens known to date, with an introduction prefaced in the French language] (in Latin). Vol. 2. p. 26.
  4. ^ a b c d Pino-Bodas, Raquel; Ahti, Teuvo; Stenroos, Soili (3 April 2020). "Taxonomic Notes on Pycnothelia Dufour and Gymnoderma Nyl. (Cladoniaceae) in Madagascan Region" (PDF). Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 41 (5): 109–118. doi:10.5252/cryptogamiemycologie2020v41a5. hdl:10138/316719. ISSN 0181-1584. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  5. ^ Hoffmann, Georg Franz (1811). Vegetabilia in Hercyniae subterraneis collecta [Plants collected in the underground spaces of the Harz Mountains] (in Latin). Nuremberg: Impensis Joan. Frid. Frauenholz. p. tab. 16.
  6. ^ Yoshimura, Isao; Sharp, Aaron J. (1968). "A revision of the genus Gymnoderma". American Journal of Botany. 55 (5): 635–640. doi:10.2307/2440620. JSTOR 2440620.
  7. ^ Humboldt, F.W.H.A. von. (1793). Florae Fribergensis Specimen plantas cryptogamicas praesertim subterraneas exhibens (in Latin). Berlin: H.A. Rottmann. p. 109.
  8. ^ "Records details: Gymnoderma lineare (A. Evans) Yoshim. & Sharp, Am. J. Bot. 55: 639 (1968)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  9. ^ "Records details: Gymnoderma melacarpum (F. Wilson) Yoshim., J. Jap. Bot. 48: 287 (1973)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  10. ^ "Records details: Gymnoderma rugosum (Pers.) Hoffm., Veg. Herc. subterr.: 29, tab. 16:2 (1811)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 18 October 2025.

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