High Virgo

High Virgo
High Virgo
	High Virgo missile on B-58 launch aircraft
Type	Air-launched ballistic missile
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1958–1959
Used by	United States Air Force
Production history
Designed	1958
Manufacturer	Lockheed Corporation
No. built	4
Specifications (WS-199C)
Mass	12,000 pounds (5,400 kg)
Length	30 feet 4 inches (9.25 m)
Diameter	31 inches (790 mm)
Engine	Thiokol TX-20; 50,000 lbf (222 kN)
Propellant	Solid fuel
Operational; range	185 miles (298 km)
Flight ceiling	250,000 feet (76,000 m)+
Boost time	29 seconds
Maximum speed	Mach 6
Guidance; system	Inertial guidance
Launch; platform	Convair B-58 Hustler

The High Virgo, also known as Weapons System 199C (WS-199C), was a prototype air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) jointly developed by Lockheed and the Convair division of General Dynamics during the late 1950s. The missile proved moderately successful and aided in the development of the later GAM-87 Skybolt ALBM. It was also used in early tests of anti-satellite weapons.

Design and development

As part of the WS-199 project to develop new strategic weapons for the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command, the Lockheed Corporation and the Convair division of General Dynamics proposed the development of an air-launched ballistic missile, to be carried by the Convair B-58 Hustler supersonic medium bomber.^[1] In early 1958 the two companies were awarded a contract for development of the weapon, designated WS-199C and given the code-name "High Virgo".^[2] While the project was intended to be strictly a research-and-development exercise, it was planned that the weapon would be quickly capable of being developed into an operational system if required.^[2]

The High Virgo missile was a single-stage weapon, powered by a solid-fueled Thiokol TX-20 rocket, and was equipped with an advanced inertial guidance system derived from that of the AGM-28 Hound Dog cruise missile.^[3] Four tailfins in a cruciform arrangement provided directional control.^[1] The missile was developed by Lockheed, utilising components developed for several existing missiles to reduce the cost of the project, and also to reduce the development time required. Convair was responsible for development of a pylon for carriage and launching of the missile from the prototype B-58, the pylon replacing the aircraft's normal weapons pod.^[1]

Operational history

Four test flights of the High Virgo missile were conducted. Due to development problems, the first two did not include the inertial guidance system, instead they were fitted with a simple autopilot guiding the weapon on a pre-programmed course.^[1]^[3] Launched from its B-58 carrier aircraft at high altitude and supersonic speed, the initial flight, conducted on September 5, 1958, was a failure when the missile's controls malfunctioned. The second test, three months later, proved more successful, with the missile flying over a range of nearly 200 miles (320 km). The third flight test, the following June, utilized the inertial guidance system for the first time. It was a successful flight.^[1]

Anti-satellite test

The fourth High Virgo missile was utilized in a test mission intended to demonstrate the capability of the missile for use as a "satellite interceptor", or anti-satellite missile (ASAT).^[1] The missile, modified with cameras to record the results of the test, was initially targeted at the Explorer 4 satellite. Due to errors in calculating the satellite's orbit Explorer 5 was targeted instead.^[1]

The ASAT test mission, the final flight of the High Virgo missile, was conducted on September 22, 1959. Less than a minute after the launch of the missile from its B-58 carrier aircraft at Mach 2,^[4] the telemetry signal was lost.^[5] No data was recovered from the test, and the camera data, intended to be recovered afterward, was not located. Hence the test was inconclusive.^[1]

No further test firings of High Virgo were conducted, the research project having been concluded. The Air Force had begun work on what would become the GAM-87 Skybolt missile, which incorporated lessons learned from the WS-199 project.^[1]

Launch history

Date/Time (GMT)	Launch site	Outcome	Remarks^[6]
1958-09-05	AMR DZ	Failure	Apogee 13 km (8.1 mi)
1958-12-19	AMR DZ	Success	Apogee 76 km (47 mi)
1959-06-04	AMR DZ	Success	Apogee 51 km (32 mi)
1959-09-22	AMR DZ	Inconclusive	Apogee 12 km (7.5 mi)^{[N 1]}

AMR DZ means Atlantic Missile Range Drop Zone.

References

Notes

^ Altitude at which telemetry was lost.^[5]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Parsch 2005
^ ^a ^b Yengst 2010, p.37.
^ ^a ^b McMurran 2008, p.266
^ Temple 2004, p.111.
^ ^a ^b Yenne 2005, p.67.
^ "High Virgo". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-01-19.

Bibliography

McMurran, Marshall William (2008). Achieving Accuracy: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4363-8107-9. Retrieved 2011-10-03.^{[self-published source?]}
Parsch, Andreas (2005). "WS-199". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
Temple, L. Parker III (2004). Shades of Gray: National Security and the Evolution of Space Reconnaissance. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 978-1-56347-723-2. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
Yengst, William (2010). Lightning Bolts: First Manuevering [sic] Reentry Vehicles. Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing & Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-61566-547-1.
Yenne, Bill (2005). Secret Gadgets and Strange Gizmos: High-Tech (and Low-Tech) Innovations of the U.S. Military. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2115-7.