Hizen Province

Hizen Province (肥前国, Hizen no kuni) was an old province of Japan in the area of the Saga and Nagasaki prefectures.^[1] It was sometimes called Hishū (肥州), with Higo Province. Hizen bordered on the provinces of Chikuzen and Chikugo. The province was included in Saikaidō. It did not include the regions of Tsushima and Iki that are now part of modern Nagasaki Prefecture.

History

The name "Hizen" dates from the Nara period Ritsuryō Kokugunri system reforms, when the province was divided from Higo Province. The name appears in the early chronicle Shoku Nihongi from 696 AD. The ancient provincial capital of Hizen was located near Yamato City.

During the late Muromachi period, the province was the site of much early contact between Japan and Portuguese and Spanish merchants and missionaries. Hirado, and later Nagasaki became major foreign trade centers, and a large percentage of the population converted to Roman Catholicism. Toyotomi Hideyoshi directed the invasion of Korea from the city of Nagoya, in Hizen, and after the suppression of foreign contacts and prohibition against the Kirishitan religion, the Shimabara Rebellion also took place in Hizen province.

List of han

During the Edo period, Hizen Province was divided among several daimyōs, but dominated by the Nabeshima clan, whose domain was centered at the castle town of Saga. At the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, Hizen was divided between the following han:

Domain	Daimyō	Revenue (koku)	Type
Saga Domain	Nabeshima	357,000	tozama
Ogi Domain	Nabeshima	73,000	tozama
Shimabara Domain	Matsudaira	70,000	fudai
Hirado Domain	Matsuura	61,000	tozama
Karatsu Domain	Ogasawara	60,000	fudai
Hasunoike Domain	Nabeshima	52,000	tozama
Ōmura Domain	Ōmura	28,000	tozama
Kashima Domain	Nabeshima	20,000	tozama
Fukue Domain	Gotō	12,000	tozama

During this period, the port of Nagasaki remained a tenryō territory, administered for the Tokugawa government by the Nagasaki bugyō, and contained the Dutch East India Company trading post of Dejima. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868 came the Abolition of the han system in 1871, whereby all daimyo were obliged to surrender their domains to the new Meiji government, which then divided the nation into numerous prefectures, which were consolidated into 47 prefectures and 3 urban areas by 1888. The former Hizen province was divided into modern Saga Prefecture and a portion of Nagasaki Prefecture. At the same time, the province continued to exist for some purposes. For example, Hizen is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.^[2]

Historical districts

Saga Prefecture
- Fujitsu District (藤津郡)
- Kanzaki District (神埼郡)
- Kii District (基肄郡) – merged with Mine and Yabu Districts to become Miyaki District (三養基郡) on March 26, 1896
- Kishima District (杵島郡)
- Mine District (三根郡) – merged with Kii and Yabu Districts to become Miyaki District on March 26, 1896
- Ogi District (小城郡) – dissolved
- Saga District (佐賀郡) – dissolved
- Yabu District (養父郡) – merged with Kii and Mine Districts to become Miyaki District on March 26, 1896
Nagasaki Prefecture
- Sonogi District (彼杵郡)
  - Higashisonogi District (東彼杵郡)
  - Nishisonogi District (西彼杵郡)
  - Nagasaki-shi (長崎市)
- Takaki District (高来郡)
  - Kitatakaki District (北高来郡) – dissolved
  - Minamitakaki District (南高来郡) – dissolved
Mixed
- Matsuura District (松浦郡)
  - Higashimatsuura District (東松浦郡) – part of Nagasaki Prefecture; transferred to Saga Prefecture in 1883 (along with Nishimatsuura District)
  - Kitamatsuura District (北松浦郡) – part of Nagasaki Prefecture
  - Minamimatsuura District (南松浦郡) – part of Nagasaki Prefecture
  - Nishimatsuura District (西松浦郡) – part of Nagasaki Prefecture; transferred to Saga Prefecture in 1883 (along with Higashimatsuura District)