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Horomos

For the "Goshavank Monastery" in Tavush Province (Armenia), see Goshavank.
Horomos Monastery
View of the monastery from the northeast
Religion
AffiliationArmenian Apostolic Church
Statusruined
Location
Locationnear Ani
Horomos is located in Turkey
Horomos
Shown within Turkey
Horomos is located in West and Central Asia
Horomos
Horomos (West and Central Asia)
Geographic coordinates40°31′11″N 43°37′45″E / 40.519689°N 43.629158°E / 40.519689; 43.629158
Architecture
Architect(s)Hovhannes
StyleArmenian
Completed10th-13th century

Horomos (Armenian: Հոռոմոս), also known as Horomosivank, Ghoshavank, Hochavank or Khosha Vank, is an abandoned and ruined medieval Armenian monastic complex about 15 kilometers northeast of the ruins of Ani (the capital of Bagratid Armenia) in present-day eastern Turkey. With its collection of churches, chapels and tombs, Horomos has been described as one of the most significant spiritual and cultural religious centers in medieval Armenia and one of the largest in all the Christian East.[1]

History

Horomos was founded by a group of Armenian monks around 931-36, during the reign of King Abas I Bagratuni (r. ca. 929-953).[2] The monastic complex was enlarged over time and came to include the individual churches of Sts. John, Minas, and George, a series of large halls (gavits), a triumphal arch, and various smaller chapels and mausolea. It served as a burial ground for noble families, particularly Ashot III of Armenia (r.953–77), Gagik I of Armenia (r.989-1020), Yovhannēs-Smbat, and the Zakarids in the 13th century, and is a sort of Armenian "Saint-Denis".[3]

Church of Saint John (1038)

The Church of Saint John ("Surb-Yovannēs"), now in a highly ruined state, was built by King Yovhannēs-Smbat, son of Gagik I of Armenia, in 1038, according to an inscription.[4][5]

Zhamatun of Saint John church (1038)

The zhamatun of Saint John church is the first known instance of a zhamatun or gavit in Armenia, an architectural element built in front of the church for gathering purposes. It is dated to 1038, and was built by King Yovhannēs-Smbat, son of Gagik I of Armenia.[4][5] It was already called "žamatun" per the 1038 dedicatory inscription:[5]

In the year of the Armenians 487 (ie 1038), I, the šahanšah Yovannēs, son of the šahanšah Gagik, gave my vineyard located in Kołb to this church of mine, Surb-Yovannēs (Saint John), which I have built in this monastery of Hoṙomos, along with this žamatun...

— Dedicatory inscription of the gavit at Horomos.[6]

The tomb of King Yovhannēs-Smbat is located here.[3]

Ruzukan chapel (1215)

Ruzukan Chapel reconstruction
East wall decorated with the four khatchkar crosses

The Ruzukan chapel is a two-storey burial structure with a large chamber and three small chapels on top, built against the southern wall of the Saint John church.[9] According to an inscription, the chapel was commissioned in 1215 by Kutlu Khatun, for her mother Ruzukan, under the supervision of Bishop Sargis.[9]

The main chamber opens to the west, through an arch.[9] The main chamber is decorated by a three-arris vault supported by four columns, and an eastern wall adorned with four khatchkar crosses.[9] The vault has an octagon design at its center, assorted with sophisticatd geometric patterns.[9] The side walls are encircled by a linear decorative relief known as a "Seljuk chain", although it was already used in Armenia before the arrival of the Seljuks.[9] Many similar decorative elements can be found in the Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital, built in 1228.[9]

To the south of the Ruzukan Chapel is the Chapel of Khatun of Ani, now completely ruined.[9]

Mausoleum of Prince Vache Vachutian (1229)

Mausoleum of Prince Vache Vacutian (Governor of Ani 1213-1232), built in 1229

South of Saint John church and its zhamatun', a block of three particular buildings remains. One of them is the mausoleum of Prince Vache Vachutian, Governor of Ani in 1213-1232 and founder of the Vachutian dynasty of vassals of the Zakarids, built in 1229.[10] The mausoleum is a square space of about 8x8 meters, lined with blind arcades supporting a huge "stone tent" structure of the type of the stalactite vaults.[10] The "stone tent" would have reached a height of about 6 meters, giving a total of 9 meters for the mausoleum.[10] Photographs from the 19th century show the wall and the beginning of the stone tent structure. This type of "stalactite tent" is also seen in other monuments, such as the gavit of the Church of the Holy Apostles at Ani.[10] A dedicatory inscription appears on the tympanum:

By the grace of Christ, I, Vacë, son of Sargis, and my wife Mamaxatun, daughter of Abuserh, we built this hall of relics in this monastery of Horomos, under the prelature of Ter Barsel, son of Amir Erkat', and we gave in present at the library the vineyard that we had bought in Awsakan, for the office and for the relic. And we also gave to the church... in gold and two silver flabellum. In exchange, the monks of this chapter granted us the mass of the first Sunday after Easter in the churches of this place. And we gave further the vineyard of Pasakan hol, and the one who will ensure regularly our masses will have free disposal of wine. Therefore, those who execute this writing will be blessed by God, but if any of us or strangers... hinder our will, may it be accountable for our sins before God![11]

Mausoleum of Aruits (1277)

"Mausoleum of Aruits"
Muqarnas vault at the apex

A mausoleum called the "Mausoleum of Aruits", after its donator the merchant Aṙwic Hogeworeanc', is located south of the church and its gavit, among a group of three buildings. The roof is supported by a pair of parallel arches, converging to a vault with muqarnas decoration and an open oculus. It is broadly similar in style to the gavit of the Church of the Holy Apostles at Ani, but is dated to 1277 according to a dedicatory inscription.[12] The inscription around the window was written by a rich merchant named Aṙwic Hogeworeanc', who is also known from an inscription is the main zhamatun, where he explains he repaired the water pipeline built in 1198, after they were left in a state of disrepair by the Mongols.[13] His inscription in this mausoleum reads:

In the year 726 (ie 1277), by the will of God, I, Aṙwic Hogew[oreanc'], son of Sargis, and my wife Seda, we built from our fair income this reliquary room, at the door of our zhamatun, for the memory of our parents and... [I have compl]eted this by the power of God, master Frer, (originally) from Karnoy K'alak'.

— Inscription of the Mausoleum of Aruits (1277).[12]

Manuscripts

The monastery was active in the creation of manuscripts. The famous Haghpat Gospel was created in Horomos in 1211, and then put under the custody of the Haghpat Monastery.[14][15] In one of the pages, entitled ""Entry into Jerusalem", Jesus, riding a donkey, is actually shown entering the gates of Horomos Monastery itself.[16]

"Entry into Jerusalem", Haghpat Gospel created in Horomos in 1211.[14] Jesus is actually shown entering the gates of Horomos Monastery.[16]
Canon tables from the Haghbat Gospels, created in Horomos and soon after given to the Haghpat Monastery; 1211 (Matendaran, MS 6288, fols. 8v–9r). Individuals in traditional Armenian dress appear to the left.[17][18]
Female Troubadour with saz instrument.

The monastery continued to function after the fall of Ani, but appears to have been temporary abandoned in the early 17th century and then reoccupied and repaired in 1685. It continued to operate as a monastery until it was finally abandoned due to the Armenian Genocide.[19]

Some time after 1965, the Monastery of Horomos was partly destroyed, most likely as part of the Turkish government's policy of cultural genocide. A tomb believed to belong to King Ashot III (953-977) which had survived at least up to 1920 is now nowhere to be found.[20] Some buildings have entirely vanished, and most of the surviving walls have been stripped of their facing masonry. The dome of the Church of the St. John collapsed in the 1970s. The site lies next to the Armenian border and gaining permission to visit the monastery is all but impossible (2003).[21]

Old photos

  • Horomos Monastery: St. John's zhamatun and church. Photo T‘oros T‘oramanean, 1910s.[22]
    Horomos Monastery: St. John's zhamatun and church. Photo T‘oros T‘oramanean, 1910s.[22]
  • East side of the church of St. John at Horomos; early 20th century photograph
    East side of the church of St. John at Horomos; early 20th century photograph
  • Zhamatun of Aruits
    Zhamatun of Aruits
  • Zhamatun of Saint John church (1038)
    Zhamatun of Saint John church (1038)
  • Zhamatun of Aruits
    Zhamatun of Aruits
  • Mausoleum of Prince Vache Vacutian (Governor of Ani 1213-1232), built in 1229
    Mausoleum of Prince Vache Vacutian (Governor of Ani 1213-1232), built in 1229

Actual state

References

  1. ^ Edda Vartanyan (ed.), "Horomos Monastery, Art and History", 2015. Pages 17 and 55.
  2. ^ (in French) Thierry, Jean Michel (1980). Le couvent armenien d'Horomos. Leuven: Peeters, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b Sullivan, Robert G.; Pagès, Meriem (3 December 2020). Art and Violence in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-5275-6334-6.
  4. ^ a b Ghazarian, Armen; Ousterhout, Robert (2001). "A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia and the Use of Architectural Drawings during the Middle Ages". Muqarnas. 18: 145–146. doi:10.2307/1523305. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1523305.
  5. ^ a b c d Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 207.
  6. ^ Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 210.
  7. ^ Kazaryan, Armen (2 May 2022). "The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall" (PDF). Journal für Kunst- und Bildgeschichte (3): 1–14. doi:10.48633/ksttx.2014.3.88328.
  8. ^ Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Sculpted Dome of Hoṙomos Monastery Žamatun: an Armenian Apocalypse". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Atak, Sevda (2023). "The development of Arris vaults in Anatolian and Armenian Architecture of the 13th century: Divriği complex and Horomos monastery" (PDF). Lexicon (36–37): 11–13. doi:10.17401/lexicon.36-37.2023-atak.
  10. ^ a b c d Baeva, Olga; Kazaryan, Armen (2023). "On the 'Glkhatun' Type Cave Dwelling of Ani: Preliminary Research (Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2022))". Athena Transactions in Social Sciences and Humanities. 2: 95–100. doi:10.55060/s.atssh.221230.013. ...one of the reliquary halls of the Horomos Monastery. The hall, built by Prince Vache Vachutyan in 1229, is the same square space with a side of at least 8m, with low walls (about 3m), on which, over a wide horizontal cornice, a huge stone tent, was created in the technology of stalactite vaults [14,15]. Taking into account the proportions common for such constructions, the height of the tent could reach up to 6m, and the total height of the room, therefore, was close to 9m. (...) Stalactite tents are also known from the gavit of the Church of the St. Apostles in Ani, but the architecture of this building is much more complicated than the above-mentioned.
  11. ^ Mahé, Jean-Pierre (2002). "Les inscriptions de Hoṙomos". Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot. 81 (1): 204. doi:10.3406/piot.2002.1397.
  12. ^ a b Mahé, Jean-Pierre (2002). "Les inscriptions de Hoṙomos". Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot. 81 (1): 206. doi:10.3406/piot.2002.1397.
  13. ^ Mahé, Jean-Pierre (2002). "Les inscriptions de Hoṙomos". Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot. 81 (1): 198. doi:10.3406/piot.2002.1397.
  14. ^ a b Maranci, Christina (14 September 2018). The Art of Armenia: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-093588-7.
  15. ^ Reference: Eastmond, Antony (1 January 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.003. Note:51 Executed at the monastery of Horomos in 1211, but given to the monastery at Haghbat soon after.
  16. ^ a b Baumer, Christoph (5 October 2023). History of the Caucasus: Volume 2: In the Shadow of Great Powers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7556-3630-3.
  17. ^ Eastmond, Antony (1 January 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.003. Reflect contemporary fashion, with its sharbushes (the high, peaked hats) and bright kaftans." "Note:51 Executed at the monastery of Horomos in 1211, but given to the monastery at Haghbat soon after.
  18. ^ Eastmond, Antony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316711774. ISBN 9781316711774.
  19. ^ Edda Vartanyan (ed.), "Horomos Monastery, Art and History", 2015. Pages 49 and 52.
  20. ^ Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen, "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)", Revue des Études Arméniennes 35 (2013), pp. 164-66.
  21. ^ "Destruction of Horomos Monastery". Asbarez. 27 August 2003. Retrieved June 1, 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 209.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Kazaryan, Armen (2 May 2022). "The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall" (PDF). Journal für Kunst- und Bildgeschichte (3): 1–14. doi:10.48633/ksttx.2014.3.88328.

Further reading

  • Kazaryan, Armen. The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall, in: kunsttexte.de, Nr. 3, 2014
  • (in French) Baladian, Ani and Jean Michel Thierry (eds.) with a contribution by J. P. Mahé (2002), Le couvent de Horomos d'après les archives de Toros Toramanian. Paris: Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres.
  • Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen (2013), "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)", Revue des Études Arméniennes 35, pp. 131–202.
  • Sinclair, Thomas A. (1987). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. London: Pindar Press, vol. 1.
  • (in French) Thierry, Jean Michel (1980). Le couvent armenien d'Horomos. Leuven: Peeters.
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