Hylocomium splendens

Hylocomium splendens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Bryophyta
Class:	Bryopsida
Subclass:	Bryidae
Order:	Hypnales
Family:	Hylocomiaceae
Genus:	Hylocomium
Species:	H. splendens
Binomial name
	Hylocomium splendens; (Hedw.) Schimp.

Hylocomium splendens, commonly known as glittering woodmoss,^[2] splendid feather moss,^[3] stairstep moss, and mountain fern moss, is a perennial clonal moss^[4] with a widespread distribution in Northern Hemisphere boreal forests. It is commonly found in Europe, Russia, Alaska and Canada, where it is often the most abundant moss species. It also grows in the Arctic tundra and further south at higher elevations in, for example, northern California, western Sichuan, East Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the West Indies. In Scotland it is a characteristic species of the Caledonian Forest. Under the UK's national vegetation classification system, pinewood community W18 is named as "Pinus sylvestris-Hylocomium splendens woodland", indicating its significance in this ecosystem.^[1]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Morphology

It is generally olive green, yellowish or reddish green in colour, with reddish stems and branches. These often form branches up to 20 cm long, with current year's growth starting from near the middle of the previous year's branch. This produces feathery fronds in steps. It is possible to estimate the age of a plant by counting the steps – a new level being produced each year.^[6] This form of growth enables the species to "climb" over other mosses and forest debris that falls on it. It is shade-loving, grows in soil and humus and on decaying wood and often forms mats with living parts growing on top of older, dead or dying sections.^[5] Further south, the plants are larger with several steps; further north, in the arctic tundra, the plants are smaller with few steps.^[8]

Ecology

Occurring widely in the boreal forests, this plant is often found on forest floors even in relatively harsh northern latitudes. In Canada, for example, according to C. Michael Hogan the black spruce/feathermoss climax forest often occurs with moderately dense canopy featuring a forest floor of feathermosses that include H. splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Ptilium crista-castrensis.^[9] Experiments simulating global change with increased nutrient deposits and warming indicate that increased nutrient deposits and climate warming may have negative impact on growth of Hylocomium splendens.^[10]

Use

The species has a commercial use in floral exhibitions and for lining fruit and vegetable storage boxes. In the past it was utilised as a floor covering for dirt floors. In Alaska and northern Canada it is still used for filling the gaps between the logs in log cabins. It has anti-bacterial qualities and may also contain anti-tumour agents.^[5]^[6]^[11]

H. splendens is used for bio-geochemical mapping in Northern Europe. Through spectrometry techniques such as plasma-mass spectrometry, 38 elements can be examined for airborne heavy metal pollution. ^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b "Hylocomium splendens: Mountain Fern Moss" Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Rook.Org. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
^ Edwards, Sean R. (2012). English Names for British Bryophytes. British Bryological Society Special Volume. Vol. 5 (4 ed.). Wootton, Northampton: British Bryological Society. ISBN 978-0-9561310-2-7. ISSN 0268-8034.
^ NRCS. "Hylocomium splendens". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 3 February 2016.
^ Oekland, RH (1995). "Population biology of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens in Norwegian boreal spruce forests. I. Demography". Journal of Ecology. 83 (4): 697–712. Bibcode:1995JEcol..83..697O. doi:10.2307/2261637. JSTOR 2261637. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Species Profile: Glittering wood-moss" Archived 2009-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Trees for Life. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Hylocomium splendens. Stair-step Moss" Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine borealforest.org. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
^ "The Scottish Biodiversity List - Species & Habitat Detail: W18"^{[dead link‍]} BiodiversityScotland. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
^ "Hylocomium splendens (Hedwig) Schimper". Bryophyte Flora of North America.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jägerbrand, A.K., Molau, U. and Alatalo, J.M. 2003. Responses of bryophytes to simulated environmental change at Latnjajaure, northern Sweden. – Journal of Bryology. 25: 163-168.
^ Kimb, S. H.; et al. (2007). "Antibacterial activities of some mosses including Hylocomium splendens from South Western British Columbia". Institute for Aboriginal Health. 78 (5): 373–376. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.008. PMID 17553633.
^ Reimann, C., Niskavaara, H., Kashulina, G., Filzmoser, P., Boyd, R., Volden, T., ... & Bogatyrev, I. (2001). Critical remarks on the use of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) for monitoring of airborne pollution. Environmental pollution, 113(1), 41-57.