Ipswich was first recorded during the medieval period as Gippeswic, the town has also been recorded as Gyppewicus and Yppswyche.[5] It has been continuously inhabited since the Saxon period,[5] and is believed to be one of the oldest towns in the United Kingdom.[6] The settlement was of great economic importance to the Kingdom of England throughout its history, particularly in trade,[7] with the town's historical dock, Ipswich Waterfront, known as the largest and most important dock in the Kingdom.[7][8]
Ipswich is divided into various quarters, with the town centre and the waterfront drawing the most footfall. The town centre features the retail shopping district and the historic town square, known as the Cornhill. The waterfront, south of the town centre on a meander of the River Orwell, offers a picturesque setting with a marina, luxury yachts, high-rise apartment buildings, and a variety of restaurants and cafes. The waterfront is also home to the University of Suffolk campus.
Ipswich is one of England's oldest towns,[11][6] and is claimed to be the oldest still continuing town to have been established and developed by the English,[6] with continuous settlement since early Anglo-Saxon times.
Roman settlement
A large Roman fort, part of the coastal defences of Britain, stood at Walton near Felixstowe (13 miles (21 km),[12] and the largest Roman villa in Suffolk (possibly an administrative complex) stood at Castle Hill (north-west Ipswich).[13]
The modern town took shape in Anglo-Saxon times (7th–8th centuries) around the Port of Ipswich. As the coastal states of north-western Europe emerged from the collapse of the Roman Empire, essential North Sea trade and communication between eastern Britain and the continent (especially to Scandinavia, and through the Rhine) passed through the former Roman ports of London (serving the kingdoms of Mercia, the East Saxons, Kent) and York (Eoforwic) (serving the Kingdom of Northumbria).
The seventh-century town was centred near the quay. Around 700 AD, Frisian potters from the Netherlands area settled in Ipswich and set up the first large-scale potteries in England since Roman times. Their wares were traded far across England, and the industry was unique to Ipswich for 200 years.[20][21] With growing prosperity, in about 720 AD a large new part of the town was laid out in the Buttermarket area. Ipswich was becoming a place of national and international importance.[22] Parts of the ancient road plan still survive in its modern streets.
After the invasion of 869, Ipswich fell under Viking rule. The earth ramparts circling the town centre were probably raised by Vikings in Ipswich around 900 to prevent its recapture by the English.[23][24] They were unsuccessful. The town operated a mint under royal licence from King Edgar in the 970s, which continued through the Norman Conquest until the time of King John, in about 1215.[25] The abbreviation Gipes appears on the coins.
King John granted the town its first charter in 1200, laying the medieval foundations of its modern civil government.[26][27] Thenceforth Ipswich strongly maintained its jurisdiction over the Liberty of Ipswich, an administrative area extending over about 35 square kilometres centred on the town.[28]
In the next four centuries it made the most of its wealth. Five large religious houses, including two Augustinian Priories (St Peter and St Paul, and Holy Trinity, both mid-12th century[29][30]), and those of the Ipswich Greyfriars (Franciscans, before 1298), Ipswich Whitefriars (Carmelites founded 1278–79) and Ipswich Blackfriars (Dominicans, before 1263), stood in medieval Ipswich. The last Carmelite Prior of Ipswich was the celebrated John Bale, author of the oldest English historical verse-drama (Kynge Johan, c. 1538).[31] There were also several hospitals, including the leper hospital of St Mary Magdalene, founded before 1199.
During the Middle Ages the Marian Shrine of Our Lady of Grace was a famous pilgrimage destination, and attracted many pilgrims including Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon.[32][33] At the Reformation the statue was taken away to London to be burned, though some claim that it survived and is preserved at Nettuno, Italy.[34]
Around 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer satirised the merchants of Ipswich in The Canterbury Tales. Thomas Wolsey, the future cardinal, was born in Ipswich in 1473 as the son of a wealthy landowner. One of Henry VIII's closest political allies, he founded a college in the town in 1528, which was for its brief duration one of the homes of the Ipswich School.[35] He remains one of the town's most famed figures.
Early-modern era
Early map of Ipswich from Hodskinson's 1783 Map of Suffolk
During the 14th to 17th centuries Ipswich was a kontor for the Hanseatic League, the port being used for imports and exports to the Baltic.
In the time of Queen Mary the Ipswich Martyrs were burnt at the stake on the Cornhill for their Protestant beliefs. A monument commemorating this event now stands in Christchurch Park. Ipswich was a printing, bookseller centre, and an entrepôt for continental books in the 16th century.[36] From 1611 to 1634 Ipswich was a major centre for emigration to New England. This was encouraged by the Town Lecturer, Samuel Ward. His brother Nathaniel Ward was first minister of Ipswich, Massachusetts, where a promontory was named 'Castle Hill' after the place of that name in north-west Ipswich, UK. Ipswich was also one of the main ports of embarkation for puritans leaving other East Anglian towns and villages for the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630s and what has become known as the Great Migration.[37]
The painter Thomas Gainsborough lived and worked in Ipswich. In 1835, Charles Dickens stayed in Ipswich and used it as a setting for scenes in his novel The Pickwick Papers. The hotel where he resided first opened in 1518; it was then known as The Tavern and later became known as the Great White Horse Hotel. Dickens made the hotel famous in chapter XXII of The Pickwick Papers, vividly describing the hotel's meandering corridors and stairs.[38]
19th and 20th centuries
A circa 1810 painting of outdoor bowling near Ransome & Son Foundry, an early embodiment of Ipswich's longtime agricultural equipment maker Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies
In 1824 Dr George Birkbeck, with support from several local businessmen, founded one of the first Mechanics' Institutes, which survives to this day as the independent Ipswich Institute reading room and library.[39] The building is located at 15 Tavern Street.
In the mid-19th century coprolite (fossilised animal dung) was discovered; the material was mined and then dissolved in acid, the resulting mixture forming the basis of Fisons fertiliser business.[40]
Ipswich was subject to bombing by German Zeppelins during World War I but the greatest damage by far occurred during the German bombing raids of World War II. The area in and around the docks was especially devastated. Eighty civilians died by enemy action in the Ipswich county borough area during the latter war.[42] The last bombs to fall on Ipswich landed on Seymour Road at 2a.m. on 2 March 1945, killing nine people and destroying six houses.[43]
The Willis Building is a glass-clad building owned by Willis. Designed by Norman Foster, the building dates from 1974, when it was known as the Willis Faber & Dumas building. It became the youngest grade I listed building in Britain in 1991, being at the time one of only two listed buildings to be less than thirty years old.[44]
In September 1993, Ipswich and Arras, Nord Pas-de-Calais, France, became twin towns, and a square in the new Buttermarket development was named Arras Square to mark the relationship.[45]
Ipswich formerly had a municipal airport to the south-east of the town, which was opened in 1929 by the Ipswich Corporation. The airport was controversially closed in 1996. The site was redeveloped for housing as the Ravenswood estate.[46]
Ipswich has experienced a building boom in the early part of the 21st century. Construction has mainly concentrated around the former industrial dock which is now known as the Ipswich Waterfront. Regeneration to the area has made it a hub of culture in Ipswich, the area boasts fine dining restaurants, a boutique hotel, and the new regional university, the University of Suffolk. The new high rise buildings of the Regatta Quay development has topped the list of the tallest buildings in Ipswich. The mixed-use high rise building, The Mill, is currently the tallest building in Suffolk.
Christchurch Park is a large 82-acre park in the centre of the town.
The waterfront is now devoted primarily to leisure use and includes extensive recent development of residential apartment blocks and a university campus. Businesses operated from the dock include luxury boats and a timber merchant. Other industries have been established to the south of the wet dock. The area was flooded in 2013 during a tidal surge. In February 2019 a flood gate, which protects the "New Cut", was unveiled. The flood barrier, similar in design to the Thames Barrier, cost £67m.[52]
The Ipswich Village Development, begun in 2002 around Russell Road, is home to Suffolk County Council and Ipswich Borough Council.
To the east of the town is Trinity Park near Bucklesham the home of the annual Suffolk Show, a typical county show. The 'Trinity' is the name given to the three animals native to the county of Suffolk, namely Red Poll cattle, the powerful Suffolk Punch horse and the black-faced Suffolk sheep.
Ipswich is home to many artists and has a number of galleries, the most prominent of which are at Christchurch Mansion, the Town Hall, Ancient House and the Artists' Gallery in Electric House. The visual arts are further supported with many sculptures at easily accessible sites. The Borough Council promotes the creation of new public works of art and has been known to make this a condition of planning permission.[53] The town has three museums: Ipswich Museum, the Ipswich Transport Museum and Christchurch Mansion.
The New Wolsey Theatre is a 400-seat theatre situated on Civic Drive. Although the Wolsey Theatre was built in 1979, The New Wolsey Company took on the management and running of the Wolsey Theatre in 2000, opening its first production in February 2001.
DanceEast, which has the primary aim of advocating innovation and development of dance in the East of England is now resident in their new premises as part of the waterfront development.[54] They are building new premises as part of the waterfront development. These are the first custom built dance facilities in the east of England at a cost of around £8 million.
Spill Festival of Performance was launched in Ipswich in 2007 and alternates between London and Ipswich yearly. In 2018, Clarion Call is the signature installation in the Festival[55] Installed at the historic town centre and waterfront in Ipswich, Clarion Call is a sonic intervention calls out to the setting sun in daily incantations, its voices reflecting contemporary Britain while exploring the local history of the World War I, using audio technology originally employed in war and emergencies, and the voices and songs of women and girls, to create a soundscape of immense scale.
Eastern Angles Theatre Company is based at the Sir John Mills Theatre in Ipswich, named after the famous actor who lived in Felixstowe as a child. In 2012 it celebrated its 30th anniversary. The group engages in rural tours and seasonal performances.
The Ipswich Arts Festival, known as 'Ip-art' has been the town's annual summer arts festival since 2003 and seen a developing and varied programme of events from visual arts, performing arts, literature, film and music, notably a free music day in Christchurch Park.[56] The Ultrazang monthly live music night began in 2009.[57]
The Ipswich Jazz Festival is a jazz music and arts festival started in 2015 in partnership with the Ipswich Arts Festival and mixes established jazz talent, rising stars and regional players.[58]
Ipswich had a notable punk scene and influential grindcore band Extreme Noise Terror, formed in the town in 1985.
It also features art and photography exhibitions, film screenings and workshops held in venues across the town.
The town has five local radio stations, BBC Radio Suffolk which broadcast from its studios on St Matthews Street in the town, the commercial station Heart East which was founded in 1975 as Radio Orwell covering the A14 corridor in Suffolk, and Ipswich 102 who took over the FM frequency in 2018, until 2020 when it rebranded as Greatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk. Then in September 2022, the station was rebranded again as Nation Radio Suffolk where it has one local show on weekday afternoons 1pm-4pm, hosted by Rob Chandler (who hosted the local afternoon show prior to the rebrand). The younger audience was catered for with Suffolk-based Kiss 105-108, until September 2023 when its 106.4 frequency flipped over to carrying Greatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk. Ipswich Community Radio was launched in 2007.
In addition to the Christchurch Mansion and Ancient House, Ipswich in the 21st century has some important cultural buildings including the New Wolsey Theatre and the Regent Theatre—the largest theatre venue in East Anglia where, in 1964, the Beatles performed when it was still known as the Gaumont.[59] There is also the Corn Exchange in King Street which was completed in 1882.[60]
There are several medieval Ipswich churches but the grandest is St. Mary-le-Tower,[61] rebuilt by the Victorians. Holy Trinity Church by the waterfront is one of the few churches in the country which was built during the reign of William IV and whilst the outside looks plain, the interior is quite spectacular. The world's oldest circle of church bells is housed in St Lawrence Church, which is maintained by the Ipswich Historic Churches Trust.[62]
The former East Suffolk County Hall is just east of the centre of Ipswich. It is listed as a building at risk by the Victorian Society.[63] The Town Hall remains in use as an arts centre and events venue; it dates from 1866 (architects: Bellamy & Hardy of Lincoln). The 18th Century Grade II listed Old Post Office,[64] which was built in 1881, has been renovated and is now home to the Botanist bar.
On the north-west side of Ipswich lies Broomhill Pool, a Grade II listed Olympic-sized lido which opened in 1938 and closed in 2002, since which time a campaign to see it restored and re-opened has been run by the Broomhill Pool Trust. On the southern side of Ipswich is historic Belstead Lodge, now the Belstead Brook Hotel.
The town is covered by two parliamentary constituencies: Ipswich, which is represented by Labour MP Jack Abbott and covers about 75% of the town, and Central Suffolk & North Ipswich, which covers the remaining 25% and is represented by Conservative MP Patrick Spencer.
In April 2006 the borough council initiated public discussions about the idea of turning the borough into a unitary authority;[69] Ipswich had constituted a county borough from 1889 to 1974, independent of the administrative county of East Suffolk, and this status was not restored by the Banham/Cooksey Commission in the 1990s. Ipswich, Norwich, Exeter and Oxford united to campaign for unitary authority status for the four towns, hoping to use the window of opportunity presented by the October 2006 Local Government White Paper. In March 2007, it was announced that Ipswich was one of 16 shortlisted councils[70] and on 25 July 2007, the secretary of state[who?] announced that she was minded to implement the unitary proposal for Ipswich, but that there were 'a number of risks relating to the financial case set out in the proposal',[71] on which she invited Ipswich to undertake further work before a final decision was taken.[72] In December 2007 plans were put into doubt as the government announced that it had "delayed" the unitary bids for Ipswich and Exeter.[73] In July 2008 the Boundary Committee announced its preferred option was for a unitary authority covering Ipswich and the south eastern corner of Suffolk, including Felixstowe.[74]
Industry
Four Fairline Yachts outside Fairline's Ipswich testing facility
Being the county town of agricultural Suffolk, industry around Ipswich has had a strong farming bias with Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Ltd, one of the most famous agricultural manufacturers, located in the town. The world's first commercial motorised lawnmower was built by Ransomes in 1902. Ransomes & Rapier was a major British manufacturer of railway equipment and later cranes, from 1869 to 1987. There was a sugar beet factory at Ipswich for many years; it was closed in 2001 as part of a rationalisation by British Sugar. This agricultural link is preserved in the local football club's nickname "The Tractor Boys". Phillips & Piper Ltd on Old Foundry Road employed many women who sewed equestrian and hunt jackets for Harrods, Pytchley, and other labels for 130 years, finally closing down in June 1982.[75]
A key employment sector is insurance, both wholesale and retail sectors. Some of the major players with a key presence in Ipswich include Axa, Churchill, Legal & General, LV and Willis Towers Watson. Access to a skilled and experienced workforce has also led to the establishment of ancillary businesses serving these companies, including call centres dealing with sales and claims.
Ipswich is one of the Haven ports and is still a working port, handling several million tonnes of cargo each year. Prior to decommissioning, HMS Grafton was a regular visitor to the port and has special links with the town and the county of Suffolk. HMS Orwell, named after the river, is also closely linked with Ipswich.
Ipswich is close to the A12 and the A14 roads. The Orwell Bridge which carries the A14 over the River Orwell connects it to the Port of Felixstowe, a major container port 12 miles (19 km) to the east.
Bus services in Ipswich are operated by Ipswich Buses, First Eastern Counties, Beestons and several smaller companies. Town services operate mainly from Tower Ramparts bus station and regional services from the Ipswich Old Cattle Market bus station. Ipswich Airport closed in 1996.
Ipswich's sole professional association football club is Ipswich Town, which was established in 1878 and play at the 30,300-capacity Portman Road stadium. They will play in the Premier League from the 2024-25 season, having been promoted from EFL Championship as runners-up in the 2023–24 season. Elected to the Football League in 1938,[84][85] they have a strong rivalry with Norwich City, and were the previous club of the two most successful England managers; Alf Ramsey, who was buried in the Old Cemetery in the town on his death in 1999, and Bobby Robson. Ipswich won the First Division title in 1961–62 in their first season as a top division club during Ramsey's reign, as well as the 1978 FA Cup and the 1981 UEFA Cup under Robson. The club are also undefeated at home in all European competitions, having won 25 and drawn six of 31 matches.[86]
The speedway team, the Ipswich Witches, have ridden at Foxhall Stadium on the outskirts of Ipswich since 1951[87] and have won the top-tier league title four times, the knock-out cup five times and the second-tier knock-out cup twice.[88] The stadium is also used regularly for Hot Rod, Stock Car and Banger racing events, hosting major events throughout the year on the stadium's outer tarmac oval.
Ipswich has a rich history of public swimming. During the 1830s, there were at least three designated swimming places - one was near St Cement's, the second was next to St Mary-At-The Quay and the third not far from Stoke Bridge. These were all closed in the late 1830s during the building of the wet dock.[91] A designated enclosed area of the River Orwell, called Stoke Bathing Place, was created to cater for the swimmers. It was damaged in the floods of 1953 but maps show the swimming place still in situ as late as 1973. Ipswich Swimming,[92] formed in 1884 as Ipswich Swimming Club, used the Stoke Swimming Place.[93]Fore Street Swimming Pool opened in 1894. The pool is still in use and is the second oldest swimming pool in is in the UK.[94]Pipers Vale Pool opened in 1937 after replacing the West End Bathing Place, which had closed in 1936 due to fears that it was polluting the River Orwell.[95]Broom Hill pool opened, in 1986, which was prompted to serve the western side of the town.[96] It closed in 2002 but is about to be restored with the plan of opening again in 2025/26. St Matthew's Baths was opened in 1924 and closed in 1984 when Crown Pools opened, which is still in use.[97][98] The Ipswich Swimming Club, is based there although they use the Fore Street swimming pool, too. The most successful Ipswich Swimming Club member is World Championshipgold medallistKaren Pickering. There are plans for a new "low carbon aquatics centre" with the intention of opening next to Ipswich Town Football Club in 2027.[99]
Ipswich had a racecourse which ran a mix of flat and National Hunt races.
Ipswich is the location of the University of Suffolk, Suffolk's first Higher Education Institution (HEI), established in 2007. It was originally University Campus Suffolk, a collaborative venture involving the University of Essex in Colchester, the University of East Anglia in Norwich, various further education colleges and Suffolk County Council. However, the university was granted its own degree awarding powers in November 2015, and in May 2016 it was awarded university status. The university was renamed to the University of Suffolk in August 2016, prior to its former name University Campus Suffolk.[100][101]
Climate
Ipswich experiences an oceanic climate, like the rest of the British Isles, with a narrow range of temperature and rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. One of the two nearest for which data is available is East Bergholt, about 7 miles (11 km) south west of the town centre and at a similar elevation, and similar river valley/estuary situation. The average July maximum of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F)[102] is the third-highest for a major settlement in the country, behind London and Colchester, illustrating the relative warmth of the area during the summer part of the year. The record maximum is 35.2 °C (95.4 °F),[103] set during August 2003. Typically, 24.9 days of the year will record a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above, and the warmest day of the year should reach 30.0 °C (86.0 °F),[104] on average.
The absolute minimum is −16.1 °C (3.0 °F),[105] set in January 1963, although frosts have been recorded in all months except July, August and September. In an average year, 55.33 nights will report an air frost. The lowest temperature to be recorded in recent years was −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) during December 2010.[106]
As with much of East Anglia, rainfall is low, averaging 569.3mm[107] in a typical year, with 103.8 days of the year[108] reporting over 1mm of rain. All averages refer to the period 1971–2000.
The weather station at Levington is even closer than East Bergholt at 5.8 miles (9.4 km) from the town centre further down the river estuary on the way to Felixstowe. It has a slightly more marine climate than East Bergholt, with slightly lower highs and milder lows throughout the year in the 1981–2010 average period. It is slightly less prone to frosts, averaging 35.5 such occurrences in a calendar year.[109] Sunshine levels at 1,707.7 hours per annum are relatively high for the British Isles, but not abnormal for southern parts of England.
Wattisham is 26 kilometres (16 miles) from Ipswich, but has a higher altitude of 282 feet (86 m). As a result, high temperatures there are a little lower than East Bergholt and Levington, but lows are similar. In average year, there are around 43 nights of frost recorded at Wattisham (as well as two days of frost), and one day when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F).
Climate data for East Bergholt, elevation 7 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–
In Serena Valentino's Villains novel Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch, Ursula appears in Ipswich and proceeds to turn the citizens of the town into twisted sea creatures, reminiscent of the horror tales of author HP Lovecraft. She is stopped upon the arrival of King Triton.
In the Dead Parrot sketch by Monty Python's Flying Circus, the customer is sent to Bolton for a replacement but was falsely told he was in Ipswich: "C: This is Bolton, is it? O: (with a fake moustache) No, it's Ipswich."
In the 1934 Dennis Wheatley novel Black August the main characters, after a series of adventures, are held prisoners in Ipswich where a local Communist government has been set up; they are sentenced to death as enemies of the State, but are freed when the revolution is overthrown.
^ abcK. Wade, 'Gipeswic - East Anglia's first economic capital, 600-1066', in N. Salmon and R. Malster (eds), Ipswich From The First To The Third Millennium (Ipswich, 2001), 1-6.
^Fairclough J. and Plunkett S. J. 'Drawings of Walton Castle and other Monuments in Walton and Felixstowe', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 39 Part 4, 419–459. See also Fairclough J. Boudica to Raedwald: East Anglia's Relations with Rome (Malthouse Press, Ipswich 2010), 174–77.
^The so-called 'Whitton' villa, see Fairclough J. Boudica to Raedwald (cited above), 134–145.
^Bowen, Emanuel "An Accurate Map of the County of Suffolk Divided into its Hundreds c. 1760"
^Hodges, R. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Town and Trade AD 600–1000 (London 1982)
^Plunkett S. Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times (Tempus, Stroud 2005), 76–78, 129–133, 148–52, 156–58, 200–202
^Gardner, Rhodri "Ipswich, Cranfield's Mill", in "Archaeology in Suffolk 2005", Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 41 Part 2, 2006, p.251
^Verhulst A. E. The Rise of Cities in North-Western Europe (Cambridge University Press 1999), pp. 27–30
^Malster R. A History of Ipswich (Phillimore, Chichester 2000), pp. 5–13.
^K. Wade, "Gipeswic – East Anglia's First Economic Capital 600–1066", in Salmon N. P. and Malster R. (Eds), Ipswich From the First to the Third Millennium (Papers from an Ipswich Society Symposium), (Ipswich Society, Ipswich 2001), 1–6, at pp. 3–4.
^Plunkett S. J. Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times (Tempus, Stroud 2005), 130–133, 201.
^Malster R. A History of Ipswich (Phillimore, Chichester 2000), 13.
^North J. J. English Hammered Coinage (Spink and Son, London 1980), Volume I: Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III, "Mint Towns" (p 194), Ipswich, Suffolk: Edgar to John. Example figure:Aethelred II first hand type, Plate X no. 23, Cat. 766 & p. 120.
^Martin, Geoffrey "The Medieval and Early Modern Borough" in Salmon N. P. and Malster R. (eds), Ipswich From the First to the Third Millennium (Papers from an Ipswich Society Symposium), (Ipswich Society, Ipswich 2001), 7–17.
^Text of charter (translated into English) and image of 1200 Town Seal, see Wodderspoon, J., Memorials of the Ancient Town of Ipswich (Pawsey (Ipswich): Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans (London) 1850), 'Ancient Incorporation of the Town', pp 75–130, at pp 75–85.
^Briggs, Keith "The bounds of the Liberty of Ipswich", Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 44, 19-38 (2017)
^Blatchly J. M. A Famous Antient Seed-Plot of Learning (Ipswich School 2003), 27–41.
^King, John N. (1982) The English Reformation Literature: the Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 100f. ISBN9780691065021.
^Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640, Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1994
^Richard Atkins; David Ellesmere; Elizabeth Harsant (1 April 2006). "The case for a unitary Ipswich"(PDF). Ipswich Borough Council. Archived from the original(PDF) on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
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Kadmium hidroksida Nama Nama IUPAC Kadmium(II) hidroksida Penanda Nomor CAS 21041-95-2 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChemSpider 8488675 Y Nomor EC PubChem CID 10313210 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID9066671 InChI InChI=1S/Cd.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2 YKey: PLLZRTNVEXYBNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L YInChI=1/Cd.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2Key: PLLZRTNVEXYBNA-NUQVWONBAA SMILES [Cd+2].[OH-].[OH-] Sifat Rumus kimia Cd(OH)2 Massa molar 146.4…
Kapellskär port from MS Finnfellow. Kapellskär (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈkâpːɛlˌɧæːr])[1] is a port about 90 kilometres (60 mi) north of Stockholm, in Sweden. It is located by the Baltic Sea, in Norrtälje Municipality, Stockholm County. Services The port is served by frequent passenger ferry services to Mariehamn, Åland, Finland, operated by Viking Line, with three services per day and direction during peak season. There are also services to Naantali in mainland …
Infotainment AwardsPenghargaan terkini: Infotainment Awards 2022DeskripsiApresiasi terhadap dunia InfotainmentLokasiJakarta, IndonesiaNegaraIndonesiaDiberikan perdana20 Januari 2012 (2012-01-20)Siaran televisi/radioSaluranSCTV Infotainment Awards adalah sebuah acara penghargaan yang diselenggarakan oleh Surya Citra Media untuk mengapresiasi selebritas infotainment serta artis yang terlibat, khususnya yang selama ini telah menjadi bagian dari SCTV dan memberi dampak positif bagi masyarakat. …
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Chemical compound EptapironeClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status In general: uncontrolled Pharmacokinetic dataElimination half-life2 hoursIdentifiers IUPAC name 4-methyl-2-[4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]-1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione CAS Number179756-85-5PubChem CID208928ChemSpider181024UNII3M824XRO8NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID40170857 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H23N7O2Molar mass345.407 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image …
Literary technique This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: False protagonist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Aladdin and the sorceror, in the story Aladdin. The tale starts by following the sorceror as he seeks a magic la…
State highway in Arizona, United States State Route 86SR 86 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by ADOTLength118.10 mi[1] (190.06 km)Existed1930–presentMajor junctionsWest end SR 85 in WhyMajor intersections I-19 in TucsonEast end16th Avenue in Tucson LocationCountryUnited StatesStateArizona Highway system Arizona State Highway System Interstate US State Proposed Former ← SR 85→ SR 87 State Route 86 (or SR 86) is a state highwa…
Les Cars du Rhône Logo du réseau « Les Cars du Rhône » Un Fast Starter LE sur l'ancienne ligne 44 à l'aéroport de Lyon-Saint-Exupéry en 2015. Situation Rhône Type Autocar Entrée en service 1983 : Lignes régulières1986 : Lignes scolaires 1996 : Lignes à la demande 2007 : Navettes OùRA! 2009 : TàD Zonal8 juillet 2013 : Restructuration1er juillet 2015 : Suppression du TAD31 août 2015 : Modifications importantes Lignes 1 ligne Express…
بيكسكيل الإحداثيات 41°17′20″N 73°55′12″W / 41.288888888889°N 73.92°W / 41.288888888889; -73.92 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1816 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2][3] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ويستتشستر خصائص جغرافية المساحة 14.498108 كيلومتر مربع14.498129 كيلومتر مربع (1 …
City in Texas, United StatesRichland Hills, TexasCityLocation of Richland Hills in Tarrant County, TexasCoordinates: 32°48′36″N 97°13′35″W / 32.81000°N 97.22639°W / 32.81000; -97.22639CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyTarrantIncorporatedSeptember 23, 1950Government • TypeCouncil-Manager • MayorEdward Lopez • City ManagerCandice Edmondson • Mayor Pro TemG.W. Estep • CouncilmemberDouglas KnowltonTravi…
Commandant of penal colony For the fictional character, see Patrick Logan (Desperate Housewives). Patrick LoganBorn1791 (1791)Berwickshire, ScotlandDiedOctober 1830 (aged 38–39)Near Mount Beppo, Queensland, AustraliaBuriedSurry Hills, SydneyAllegianceUnited KingdomRankCaptainUnit57th Foot RegimentBattles/warsPeninsular War, War of 1812Spouse(s)Letitia O'Beirne Captain Patrick Logan (1791 – 17 October 1830) was the commandant of the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement from 1826 until h…
PlatoonPoster filmSutradaraOliver StoneProduserArnold KopelsonDitulis olehOliver StonePemeranTom BerengerWillem DafoeCharlie SheenPenata musikGeorges DelerueSinematograferRobert RichardsonPenyuntingClaire SimpsonPerusahaanproduksiHemdale Film CorporationDistributorOrion PicturesTanggal rilis 19 Desember 1986 (1986-12-19) Durasi120 menitNegara Amerika SerikatBahasaInggrisAnggaran$6 jutaPendapatankotor$138.530.565[1]SekuelBorn on the Fourth of July Platoon adalah film Ameri…
Soulèvement de Jeju Des restes humains trouvés dans la grotte de Darangshi[1] Informations générales Date 3 avril 1948 – mai 1949 (~ 1 an et 1 mois) Lieu Jeju Casus belli Partition de la Corée Issue Victoire sud-coréenne décisive Belligérants États-Unis Gouvernement militaire de l'armée des États-Unis en Corée (jusqu'en août 1948) Corée du Sud (à partir d'août 1948) Parti du travail de Corée du Sud Commandants William F. Dean Syngman Rhee Kim Ik-ryeol (en) Song Yo-chan…
Type of cheese Cottage cheeseCottage cheeseSource of milkSkimmed milkTextureSoft, creamy, and soupyFat content0~5% Related media on Commons Cottage cheese is a curdled milk product with a mild flavour and a creamy, heterogeneous, soupy texture, made from skimmed milk. An essential step in the manufacturing process distinguishing cottage cheese from other fresh cheeses is the addition of a dressing to the curd grains, usually cream, which is mainly responsible for the taste of the product. Cottag…
British political scientist Alexander BettsBorn (1980-01-17) 17 January 1980 (age 44)Bristol, U.K.NationalityBritishAcademic careerInstitutionUniversity of OxfordFieldPolitical Science, International DevelopmentAlma materUniversity of Oxford Alexander Betts is Professor of Forced Migration and International Affairs,[1] William Golding Senior Fellow in Politics at Brasenose College,[2] and Associate Head (Graduate and Research Training) of the Social Sciences Division at…
الأمير ليروتولي سيسو معلومات شخصية الميلاد 18 أبريل 2007 (17 سنة) ماسيرو مواطنة ليسوتو الأب ليتسي الثالث الأم ماسينات موهاتو سايسو الحياة العملية المهنة سياسي اللغات الإنجليزية، ولغة سوتية تعديل مصدري - تعديل الأمير ليروثولي سييسو (بالإنجليزية: Princ…
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