John Baker (biologist)

John Randal Baker
John Randal Baker
Born	23 October 1900; Woodbridge, Suffolk
Died	8 June 1984 (aged 83)
Citizenship	British
Alma mater	University of Oxford
	Scientific career
Fields	Biology, physical anthropology
Institutions	University of Oxford
Thesis	Sex studies on mammals (1927)
Doctoral students	Jock Marshall

John Randal Baker FRS (23 October 1900 – 8 June 1984)^[1] was an English biologist, zoologist, and microscopist, and a professor at the University of Oxford, where he was Emeritus Reader in Cytology. He received his D.Phil. at the University of Oxford in 1927.

Early life

Baker was the youngest of five children born to Rear Admiral Julian Alleyne Baker and his wife Geraldine Eugenie (née Alison).^[1] He was a grandson of General Sir Archibald Alison and among the papers collected in Baker's name at the Bodleian Library are volumes of correspondence and other material related to Alison's military service during the Indian Mutiny, Ashanti Campaign, and Egyptian Campaign of 1882.^[2]

Born in Woodbridge, Baker grew up in a country home near Bromyard. At age ten, he was sent to Boxgrove School, near Guildford. Due to World War I, his schooling there was cut short and he joined the Bournemouth School of Flying at age sixteen. Though he achieved a pilot's certificate, he was excluded from the Royal Flying Corps due to inadequate eyesight and thereafter joined the Oxford University Officers' Training Corps.^[1]

Upon war's end, Baker entered Oxford's New College, where he studied zoology. Among the small staff of the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy was Dr. (later Sir) Julian Huxley, of whom Baker would write a biographical memoir many years later. Other students in the department during Baker's time included Charles Elton, E. B. Ford, Alister Hardy and Carlos Blacker. Baker became the captain of New College's rowing team and completed his B.A. with first class honours in 1922, partially on the basis of his microscopical investigation of spermatogenesis in crickets.^[1]

Expeditions

Baker participated in several overseas research expeditions following his undergraduate work. An anthropological and zoological mission headed by Professor T. T. Barnard in 1922 provided the first of three visits to the New Hebrides Islands, where Baker turned his attention to the influence of a relatively non-seasonal climate on the breeding seasons and sexual activity of animals. He also became interested in the hermaphroditic pigs bred by the native people for use in rituals of initiation and, later, in comparing them with the intersex pigs of Britain. Examination of the anatomical and histological characteristics of these animals, in conjunction with research into factors of sex determination and development of sexual organs, led to his book Sex in man and animals (1926).^[1]

In 1927, Baker returned to the New Hebrides for a year. On this trip, his study of the native population and interest in reproduction became focused on questions of human population control, about the growth of which he and many others had become concerned. His research in this area would eleven years later issue in the development of the contraceptive spermicide Volpar^[3] and, for this work, he would in 1958 receive the Oliver Bird Medal from the Family Planning Association. Interestingly, Baker's great-grandfather, Sir Archibald Alison, had in 1840 published a book titled The principles of population.^[1]

In 1933, under the auspices of the Oxford University Exploration Club founded by his schoolmate Charles Elton, Baker organized and led the Oxford Expedition to the New Hebrides, the primary focus of which was to investigate the influence of environmental factors on the breeding seasons of rainforest fauna. Additional purposes included specimen collection and surveying. The company included his wife Inezita and sister Geraldine - who had collaborated with him on previous research, ornithologist Tom Harrisson, zoologist and surveyor Terence Bird, and naturalist A. J. Marshall. One of the expedition's accomplishments was the first ascent and mapping of Mount Tabwemasana, the highest peak in the New Hebrides. The resultant map was used by the U.S. Army during their World War II occupation of the islands.^[1]

Work

The most widely received of his works was Race (1974). Uncharacteristically for the time, Baker used the traditional categories of physical anthropology and classified human populations in terms of race.

Baker rejected the methodological relativism that had characterized anthropology since the days of Franz Boas, instead going back to earlier ideas of hereditarianism and cultural evolution. The book received mixed reviews.

In Race, Baker used a restrictive sense of the term "civilization", giving 21 criteria^[a] by which civilizations might be identified.^[4] Based on these criteria, Baker declared that Mesoamerican societies such as those of the Aztecs and Maya were not civilizations, and that no indigenous civilizations ever arose in Africa. He enumerated five civilizations (Sumerian, ancient Egyptian, Helladic-Minoan, Indus Valley, and Sinic) sensu stricto and explored the relationship between the biological traits and the cultures of these five civilizations.^[5] In this book, Baker speculated that different human races evolved from different subspecies of apes (known as polygenism). Baker claimed that "negrids" were less evolved, and also inferior, to races Baker described as civilized. Baker also quotes Long's claim^[6] that black people have a "fetid smell".^[7]^[8] According to a 1974 review by A. O. Ladimeji in Race & Class, Baker misrepresents or misunderstands the history of the study of race. Per Ladimeji, "Most of Baker's biological data comes from the nineteenth century with no corroboration from recent research." Ladimeji wrote that most of Baker's more outlandish claims had already been refuted by available studies at the time of publication.^[8]

Together with Michael Polanyi, Baker founded the Society for Freedom in Science in 1940. In March, 1958 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.^[9]

Bibliography

Sex in man and animals; with a preface by Julian S. Huxley, 1926
Man and animals in the New Hebrides, 1929
Cytological technique, 1933
Biology in everyday life, 1934
Chemical control of conception, with a chapter by H. M. Carleton, 1935
Scientific life, 1942
Science and the planned state, 1945
Discovery of the uses of colouring agents in biological micro-technique, 1945
Path of science, by C. E. Kenneth Mees ... with the cooperation of John R. Baker ... 1946
Principles of biological microtechnique; a study of fixation and dyeing, 1958
Cytological technique; the principles underlying routine methods, 1960
Cell structure and its interpretation; essays presented to John Randal Baker, F.R.S. Edited by S. M. McGee-Russell and K. F. A. Ross, 1968
Baker, John R. (1974). Race. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-212954-6.
Evolution : the modern synthesis by Julian Huxley; with a new introd. edited by John R. Baker, 1974
Freedom of science, 1975
Julian Huxley, scientist and world citizen, 1887 to 1975 : a biographical memoir, with a bibliography compiled by Jens-Peter Green^[d], 1978
Biology of parasitic protozoa, 1982
Cell theory : a restatement, history, and critique, 1988

Notes

Footnotes

^
1. Clothes covering genitals and most of the trunk
2. Body cleanliness and waste disposal
3. No mutilation or body deformation
4. Buildings in brick or stone
5. Towns and cities linked by roads
6. Agriculture
7. Animal domestication
8. Metalwork
9. Knowledge of wheel
10. Use of money
11. Laws
12. Trials with witnesses
13. No torture
14. No cannibalism
15. Religion with ethical elements
16. Writing system
17. Basic maths
18. Calendar
19. Schooling system (at least primary)
20. Fine arts
21. Knowledge and understanding not necessarily practical