Kairō

Two examples of kairō

Kairō (回廊 or 廻廊), bu (廡), sōrō or horō (歩廊) is the Japanese version of a cloister, a covered corridor originally built around the most sacred area of a Buddhist temple, a zone which contained the kondō and the tō. Nowadays it can be found also at Shinto shrines and at shinden-zukuri aristocratic residences.^[1]

The kairō and the rōmon were among the most important among the garan elements which appeared during the Heian period.^[2] The first surrounded the holiest part of the garan, while the second was its main exit. Neither was originally characteristic of Shinto shrines, but in time they often came to replace the traditional shrine surrounding fence called tamagaki.^[2] The earliest example of a kairō/rōmon complex can be found at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, a shrine now but a former shrine-temple (神宮寺).^[3] The rōmon is believed to have been built in 886, and the kairō roughly at the same time. Itsukushima Jinja is an example of the mature form of the complex.

Two types of kairō exist, one 1-bay wide and another 2-bay wide, the bay being the space between two pillars. The first is by far the most common.

Tanrō

The 1-bay wide type is supported by just two rows of pillars and is therefore called tanrō (単廊, lit. single corridor). Typical windows called renjimado (連子窓) (see gallery) let air and light in.

Fukurō

The 2-bay wide type is supported by three rows of pillars, is called fukurō (複廊, lit. multiple corridors) and is divided in two identical corridors by a wall (see model in the gallery). Although it is known that several existed at major Buddhist temples, for example at Tōdai-ji, none is extant.^[4] Some fukurō survive however at Shinto shrines.

Gallery

Drawing of a tanrō
Drawing of a fukurō
Model of a fukurō
Plan of Yakushi-ji with the kairō surrounding the garan
Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū's fukurō and rōmon
External view of a kairō's wall with renjimado
View from the entrance of Zentsū-ji's kairō
Internal view of Hase-dera's kairō

References

^ "Kairou". JAANUS. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (April 10, 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (September 30, 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. p. 31. ISBN 4-8122-9805-9.
^ On the subject of shrine-temple complexes, see the article Shinbutsu shūgō.
^ "Fukurou". JAANUS. Retrieved 24 September 2010.