Lindera

Lindera
	Lindera melissifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Laurales
Family:	Lauraceae
Genus:	Lindera; Thunb.
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Benzoin Boerh. ex Schaeff.; Daphnidium Nees; Iteadaphne Blume; Parabenzoin Nakai; Sinosassafras H.W.Li;

Lindera is a genus of about 80–100^[1] species of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, mostly native to eastern Asia but with three species in eastern North America.^[1]^[2] The species are shrubs and small trees;^[2] common names include spicewood, spicebush, and Benjamin bush.

Name

The Latin name Lindera commemorates the Swedish doctor Johan Linder (1676–1724).^[3]

Description

Lindera are evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs.^[2] The leaves are alternate, entire or three-lobed, and strongly spicy-aromatic. Lindera are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees. The inflorescences are composed of 3 to 15 small flowers existing as pseudo-umbels. They are sessile or on short shoots. The flowers are from greenish to white, greenish-yellow, or yellowish, with six tepals arranged in a star shape.^[2] The male flowers have 9 to 15 fertile stamens; the innermost circle of stamens can be found at the base of the stamen glands. Usually the stamens are longer than the anthers, which in turn consist of two chambers and are directed inwards or sideways. The vestigial ovary is negligible or absent. The base of the flower is small and flat. The female flowers have a varying number of staminodes. Pollination is done by bees and other insects. Lindera fruit have a hypocarpium at the base of the fruit, which in some cases forms a cup that encloses the bottom part of the fruit.^[2] The fruit is a small red, purple or black drupe containing a single seed, dispersed mostly by birds. Many species reproduce vegetatively by stolons.

Ecology

The genus appears to be able to occupy widely different habitats as long as its requirements for water are met.^{[citation needed]} Habitat fragmentation severely affects dioecious^{[citation needed]} species like Lindera melissifolia (pondberry), because populations with plants of a single sex can only vegetatively reproduce. With significant habitat loss, plants become ever more isolated, lessening the likelihood that pollinators will travel from male to female plants.

Most are found on the bottoms and edges of shallow seasonal ponds in old dune fields, but in drier areas they occur in low riverine habitat.^{[citation needed]} Most Lindera colonies occur in light shade beneath a forest canopy, but a few grow in almost full sunlight.^{[citation needed]} In warmer areas they occur in bottomland hardwood forests.^{[citation needed]}

The North American species of Lindera are relicts that originally were more common when the climate of North America was more humid, and they are not so widespread geographically as in the past.

The hermit thrush has been identified as a dispersal agent of seeds of L. melissifolia.^[4]

Lindera species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the engrailed and the spicebush swallowtail.

Selected species

Lindera aggregata
Lindera akoensis
Lindera angustifolia
Lindera benzoin - common spicebush, Benjamin bush
Lindera chienii
Lindera chunii
Lindera citriodora
Lindera communis
Lindera doniana
Lindera erythrocarpa
Lindera flavinervia
Lindera floribunda
Lindera foveolata
Lindera fragrans
Lindera glauca
Lindera gracilipes
Lindera guangxiensis
Lindera kariensis
Lindera kwangtungensis
Lindera latifolia
Lindera limprichtii
Lindera longipedunculata
Lindera lungshengensis
Lindera megaphylla
Lindera melissifolia - southern spicebush

Uses

The bark, twigs, and leaves of some species can be used to make tea. The berries have also sometimes been used. The young bark can be chewed to parch thirst.^[5]

Lindera umbellata contains linderatin, methyllinderatin and linderachalcone which are structurally related to cannabidiol.^[6]^{[verification needed]}