The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution across Europe, Africa – (Southern Africa), Asia, Australia – Oceania, North America and South America.[6][7] Its species can be found in many environments, but most grow best in wet environments and moist soils.
Description
Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennialherbs. They have wide-spreading underground and overground stolons[8] and erect, square,[9] branched stems. Mints will grow 10–120 cm (4–48 inches) tall and can spread over an indeterminate area. Due to their tendency to spread unchecked, some mints are considered invasive.[10]
The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, from oblong to lanceolate, often downy, and with a serrated margin. Leaf colors range from dark green and gray-green to purple, blue, and sometimes pale yellow.[6]
The flowers are produced in long bracts from leaf axils.[11] They are white to purple and produced in false whorls called verticillasters. The corolla is two-lipped with four subequal lobes, the upper lobe usually the largest. The fruit is a nutlet, containing one to four seeds.
Taxonomy
Mentha is a member of the tribe Mentheae in the subfamilyNepetoideae. The tribe contains about 65 genera, and relationships within it remain obscure.[4] Authors have disagreed on the circumscription of Mentha. For example, M. cervina has been placed in Pulegium and Preslia, and M. cunninghamii has been placed in Micromeria.[12] In 2004, a molecular phylogenetic study indicated that both M. cervina and M. cunninghamii should be included in Mentha.[5] However, M. cunninghamii was excluded in a 2007 treatment of the genus.[12]
More than 3,000 names have been published in the genus Mentha, at ranks from species to forms, the majority of which are regarded as synonyms or illegitimate names. The taxonomy of the genus is made difficult because many species hybridize readily, or are themselves derived from possibly ancient hybridization events. Seeds from hybrids give rise to variable offspring, which may spread through vegetative propagation. The variability has led to what has been described as "paroxysms of species and subspecific taxa"; for example, one taxonomist published 434 new mint taxa for central Europe alone between 1911 and 1916.[12] Recent sources recognize between 18[12] and 24[1] species.[13]
The mint genus has a large grouping of recognized hybrids. Those accepted by Plants of the World Online are listed below.[1] Parent species are taken from Tucker & Naczi (2007).[12] Synonyms, along with cultivars and varieties where available, are included within the specific nothospecies.
Mentha × villosa Huds. (syn. M. nemorosa) - M. spicata × M. suaveolens – large apple mint, foxtail mint, hairy mint, woolly mint, Cuban mint, mojito mint, and yerba buena in Cuba
Mentha × wirtgeniana F.W.Schultz (syn. Mentha × smithiana) - M. aquatica × M. arvensis × M. spicata – red raripila mint
Common names and cultivars
There are hundreds of common English names for species and cultivars of Mentha. These include:
Apple mint - Mentha suaveolens and Mentha × rotundifolia
Banana mint - Mentha arvensis 'Banana'
Bowles mint - Mentha villosa and Mentha × villosa 'Alopecuroides'
Canada mint - Mentha canadensis
Chocolate mint - Mentha × piperita 'Chocolate'
Corsican mint - Mentha requienii
Cuba mint - Mentha x villosa
Curly mint - Mentha spicata 'Curly'
Eau de Cologne mint - Mentha × piperita 'Citrata'
Field mint - Mentha arvensis
Flea mint - Mentha requienii
Ginger mint - Mentha × gracilis
Gray mint - Mentha longifolia
Green mint - Mentha spicata
Grey mint - Mentha longifolia
Japanese peppermint - Mentha arvensis var. piperascens
Japanese mint or Japanese medicine mint - Mentha spicata 'Abura'
Kiwi mint - Mentha cunninghamii
Lemon mint - Mentha x piperita var. citrata and Mentha X gentilis
Marsh mint - Mentha aquatica
Meadow mint - Mentha x gracilis and Mentha arvensis
Mojito mint - Mentha Spicata 'Mojito'
Moroccan mint - Mentha spicata var. crispa 'Moroccan' and mints collected in Morocco
Pennyroyal - Mentha pulegium
Peppermint - Mentha × piperita and sometimes Mentha requienii
Pineapple mint - Mentha suaveolens 'Variegata' and Mentha suaveolens 'Pineapple'
Polemint - Mentha pulegium
Red raripila mint - Mentha × wirtgeniana
Round leaf mint - Mentha suaveolens
Spearmint - Mentha spicata
Strawberry mint - Mentha × piperita 'Strawberry'
Swiss mint - Mentha × piperita 'Swiss'
Tall mint - Mentha × wirtgeniana
Tea mint - Mentha × verticillata
Toothmint - Mentha × smithiana
Water mint - Mentha aquatica
Woolly mint - Mentha × rotundifolia
Cultivation
All mints thrive near pools of water, lakes, rivers, and cool moist spots in partial shade.[25] In general, mints tolerate a wide range of conditions, and can also be grown in full sun. Mint grows all year round.[26]
They are fast-growing, extending their reach along surfaces through a network of runners. Due to their speedy growth, one plant of each desired mint, along with a little care, will provide more than enough mint for home use. Some mint species are more invasive than others. Even with the less invasive mints, care should be taken when mixing any mint with any other plants, lest the mint take over. To control mints in an open environment, they should be planted in deep, bottomless containers sunk in the ground, or planted above ground in tubs and barrels.[25]
Some mints can be propagated by seed, but growth from seed can be an unreliable method for raising mint for two reasons: mint seeds are highly variable — one might not end up with what one supposed was planted[25] — and some mint varieties are sterile. It is more effective to take and plant cuttings from the runners of healthy mints.
The most common and popular mints for commercial cultivation are peppermint (Mentha × piperita), native spearmint (Mentha spicata), Scotch spearmint (Mentha x gracilis), and cornmint (Mentha arvensis);[27] also (more recently) apple mint (Mentha suaveolens).
Mints are supposed to make good companion plants, repelling insect pests and attracting beneficial ones. They are susceptible to whitefly and aphids.
Harvesting of mint leaves can be done at any time. Fresh leaves should be used immediately or stored up to a few days in plastic bags in a refrigerator. Optionally, leaves can be frozen in ice cube trays. Dried mint leaves should be stored in an airtight container placed in a cool, dark, dry area.[28]
Uses
This section may lack focus or may be about more than one topic. In particular, it treats the genus Mentha ("mint") as if it were a single kind of plant, whereas many of the uses apply only to one species or cultivated variety of the genus. Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting the section, or discuss this issue on the talk page.(July 2019)
Culinary
The leaf, fresh or dried, is the culinary source of mint. Fresh mint is usually preferred over dried mint when storage of the mint is not a problem. The leaves have a warm, fresh, aromatic, sweet flavor with a cool aftertaste, and are used in teas, beverages, jellies, syrups, candies, and ice creams. In Middle Eastern cuisine, mint is used in lamb dishes, while in British cuisine and American cuisine, mint sauce and mint jelly are used, respectively. Mint (pudina) is a staple in Indian cuisine, used for flavouring curries and other dishes.
Mint is a necessary ingredient in Touareg tea, a popular tea in northern African and Arab countries. Alcoholic drinks sometimes feature mint for flavor or garnish, such as the mint julep and the mojito. Crème de menthe is a mint-flavored liqueur used in drinks such as the grasshopper.
Mint essential oil and menthol are extensively used as flavorings in breath fresheners, drinks, antiseptic mouth rinses, toothpaste, chewing gum, desserts, and candies, such as mint (candy) and mint chocolate. The substances that give the mints their characteristic aromas and flavors are menthol (the main aroma of peppermint and Japanese peppermint) and pulegone (in pennyroyal and Corsican mint). The compound primarily responsible for the aroma and flavor of spearmint is L-carvone.
Mints are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including buff ermine moths. It is also eaten by beetles such as Chrysolina coerulans (blue mint beetle)[29][30] and Mint leaf beetle.[31]
Menthol from mint essential oil (40–90%) is an ingredient of many cosmetics and some perfumes. Menthol and mint essential oil are also used in aromatherapy which may have clinical use to alleviate post-surgery nausea.[33][35]
Mint oil is also used as an environmentally friendlyinsecticide for its ability to kill some common pests such as wasps, hornets, ants, and cockroaches.[37]
Room scent and aromatherapy
Known in Greek mythology as the herb of hospitality,[38] one of mint's first known uses in Europe was as a room deodorizer.[39] The herb was strewn across floors to cover the smell of the hard-packed soil. Stepping on the mint helped to spread its scent through the room. Today, it is more commonly used for aromatherapy through the use of essential oils.
The word "mint" descends from the Latin word mentha or menta,[40] which is rooted in the Greek words μίνθαmintha, μίνθηminthē or μίντηmintē meaning "spearmint".[2] The plant was personified in Greek mythology as Minthe, a nymph who was beloved by Hades and was transformed into a mint plant by either Persephone or Demeter. This, in turn, ultimately derived from a proto-Indo-European root that is also the origin of the Sanskrit-mantha, mathana (premna serratifolia).
References to "mint leaves", without a qualifier like "peppermint" or "apple mint", generally refer to spearmint leaves.
The taxonomic family Lamiaceae is known as the mint family. It includes many other aromatic herbs, including most of the more common cooking herbs, such as basil, rosemary, sage, oregano, and catnip.
As an English colloquial term, any small mint-flavored confectionery item can be called a mint.[42]
In common usage, other plants with fragrant leaves may be called "mint", although they are not in the mint family:
†Mentha pliocenicafossil seeds have been excavated in Pliocene deposits of Dvorets on the right bank of the Dnieper river between the cities of Rechitsa and Loyew, in south-eastern Belarus. The fossil seeds are similar to the seeds of Mentha aquatica and Mentha arvensis.[43]
References
^ abcde"Mentha L."Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
^ abHarley, Raymond M.; Atkins, Sandy; Budantsev, Andrey L.; Cantino, Philip D.; Conn, Barry J.; Grayer, Renée J.; Harley, Madeline M.; de Kok, Rogier P.J.; Krestovskaja, Tatyana V. (2004). "Labiatae". In Kubitzki, Klaus; Kadereit, Joachim W. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VII. Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 167–275. ISBN978-3-540-40593-1.
^ abBunsawat, Jiranan; Elliott, Natalina E.; Hertweck, Kate L.; Sproles, Elizabeth; Alice, Lawrence A. (2004). "Phylogenetics of Mentha (Lamiaceae): Evidence from Chloroplast DNA Sequences". Systematic Botany. 29 (4): 959–964. doi:10.1600/0363644042450973. JSTOR25064024. S2CID86816849.
^ abcdeTucker, Arthur O.; Naczi, Robert F. C. (2007). "Mentha: An Overview of its Classification and Relationships". In Lawrence, Brian M. (ed.). Mint: The Genus Mentha. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 1–39. ISBN978-0-8493-0779-9.
^"Minted". 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-08-31. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
^Wees, David (4 March 2015) [first published online 8 April 2013]. "Mint, Economic Importance". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
^"Mint leaf beetle". gardenersworld.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 106. ISBN0415927463.
^ abcd"Peppermint oil". National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
^Jamila, F.; Mostafa, E. (2014). "Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 154 (1): 76–87. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.016. PMID24685583.
Tari Gantar Oleh Para Gadis Dayak Tari Gantar merupakan jenis tarian pergaulan antara muda mudi yang berasal dari Suku Dayak Benuaq dan Dayak Tunjung di Kabupaten Kutai Barat, Kalimantan Timur. Tarian ini melambangkan kegembiraan dan juga keramah-tamahan suku Dayak dalam menyambut tamu yang datang berkunjung, baik sebagai wisatawan, investor, atau para tamu yang dihormati. Tamu-tamu bahkan diajak ikut menari bersama para penari.[1] Tari Gantar ini dahulunya hanya ditarikan iwan saat upac…
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat DaerahKabupaten Semarang ꦝꦺꦮꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦮꦏꦶꦭꦤ꧀ꦫꦏꦾꦠ꧀ꦝꦲꦺꦫꦃꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦼꦩꦫꦁ Dhéwan Perwakilan Rakyat Dhaérah Kabupatèn SêmarangDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Semarang2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral Jangka waktu5 tahunSejarahSesi baru dimulai13 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaBondan Marutohening (PDI-P) sejak 24 September 2019 Wakil Ketua INurul Huda (PPP) sejak 24 September 2019 Wakil Ketua I…
Méhul Makam Méhul di Pemakaman Père-Lachaise Étienne Nicolas Méhul (bahasa Prancis: [meyl]; 22 Juni 1763 – 18 Oktober 1817) merupakan seorang komponis Prancis, dia adalah komponis opera terpenting di Prancis selama revolusi.[1] Méhul juga merupakan komponis romantis pertama.[2] Dia terutama dikenal dengan operanya, ditulis sesuai dengan reformasi yang diperkenalkan oleh Gluck. Daftar karya Untuk piano 3 Sonates for Piano, op. 1 (1783) 3 Sonates for Piano…
Las Vegas City HallLas Vegas City HallInformasi umumStatusselesaiLokasi400 Stewart Ave, Las Vegas, NevadaPembukaan1973 (bangunan asli) 2003 (tambahan)PemilikKota Las VegasData teknisJumlah lantai11Desain dan konstruksiArsitekDaniel, Mann, Johnson, and Mendenhall (bangunan asli)KGA Architecture (tambahan 2003) Las Vegas City Hall adalah pusat pemerintahan kotamadya untuk Kota Las Vegas, Nevada. Terletak di pusat kota, dengan pintu masuk utama di Stewart Avenue. Dijuluki sebagai contoh arsitektur …
Australian television series Sweet and SourSweet and Sour TV Soundtrack album coverGenre1980s Music, DramaCreated byTim GoodingJohanna PigottDeveloped byABC Drama DepartmentStarringTracy MannDavid ReyneSandra LillingstonArky MichaelRic HerbertRobin CoppVoices ofDeborah ConwayJohn ClifforthCathy McQuade(singing voices)Theme music composerSharon O'NeillMartin ArmigerCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes20ProductionProducerJan ChapmanProduction locationsSy…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Ayanda Denge (meninggal 24 Maret 2019) adalah seorang perempuan transgender Afrika Selatan dan penyintas perdagangan manusia berbasis seksual. Dia adalah seorang advokat untuk orang-orang transgender, korban perdagangan seks, dan untuk penghapusan prostit…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber:…
Cipta Hunai adalah seorang birokrat Indonesia. Ia menjabat sebagai pelaksana jabatan bupati Gayo Lues dari 3 Maret sampai 25 September 2012. Ia meninggal dunia pada 1 Februari 2023.[1] Referensi ^ Innalillahi, Mantan Pj Bupati Gayo Lues Drs Cipta Hunai Meninggal Dunia di Banda Aceh. Tribungayo.com. Artikel bertopik biografi Indonesia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs
Часть серии статей о Холокосте Идеология и политика Расовая гигиена · Расовый антисемитизм · Нацистская расовая политика · Нюрнбергские расовые законы Шоа Лагеря смерти Белжец · Дахау · Майданек · Малый Тростенец · Маутхаузен · …
Este artículo trata sobre el año 1985. Para otros usos de este término, véase 1985 (desambiguación). Año 1985Años 1982 • 1983 • 1984 ← 1985 → 1986 • 1987 • 1988Decenios Años 1950 • Años 1960 • Años 1970 ← Años 1980 → Años 1990 • Años 2000 • Años 2010Siglos Siglo XIX ← Siglo XX → Siglo XXITabla anual del siglo XX Ir al año actualArtes Música • Cine • TelevisiónCategorías Categoría principalNacimientos • Fallecimientos • Po…
Menara Despot Stefan Kalemegdan, BeogradSerbia Menara Despot Stefan di Benteng Kalemegdan Koordinat 44°49′31″N 20°27′4″E / 44.82528°N 20.45111°E / 44.82528; 20.45111Koordinat: 44°49′31″N 20°27′4″E / 44.82528°N 20.45111°E / 44.82528; 20.45111 Dibangun 1405 Pembangun Stefan Lazarević Bahanbangunan Batu Digunakan Kedespotan Serbia Dibukauntuk umum Yes Menara Despot Stefan (bahasa Serbia: Деспотова кула; D…
دوري أبطال أفريقيا 2000 تفاصيل البطولة المنظم الاتحاد الإفريقي لكرة القدم التاريخ 30 يناير - 17 ديسمبر الفرق 45 (من 45 اتحادات ) الأماكن إفريقيا المراكز النهائية البطل نادي هارتس أوف أوك البطل هارتس أوف أوك الوصيف الترجي إحصائيات البطولة عدد المباريات 97 عدد الأهداف 270…
Lockheed YF-12 adalah pesawat interceptor prototipe Amerika, di mana Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat dievaluasi sebagai pengembangan yang sangat rahasia Lockheed A-12 yang juga melahirkan Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Varian YF-12A Pra-produksi versi. Tiga dibangun. F-12B Produksi versi YF-12A; dibatalkan sebelum produksi bisa dimulai. YF-12C Sebutan fiktif untuk SR-71 diberikan kepada NASA untuk penerbangan pengujian. Sebutan YF-12 yang digunakan untuk menyimpan informasi SR-71 dari domain publik. R…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يوليو 2019) منتخب جمهورية الدومينيكان لكأس ديفيز منتخب جمهورية الدومينيكان لكأس ديفيز البلد جمهورية الدومينيكان ت…
Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah Kabupaten Buleleng (KKPD Kabupaten Buleleng) adalah salah satu kawasan konservasi perairan daerah yang ada di Bali, Indonesia. Dalam pembagian administratif Indonesia, KKPD Kabupaten Buleleng berada di wilayah administratif Kabupaten Buleleng. Nama lainnya adalah Taman Wisata Perairan Buleleng. Dasar hukum penetapannya adalah Keputusan Bupati Buleleng Nomor 523/630/HK/2011. Luas kawasan KKPD Kabupaten Buleleng adalah 14.041,13 Hektare. Uni Internasional untuk K…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang Menteri Penerangan (1945–1999). Untuk Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia, lihat Daftar Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia. Menteri Penerangan Republik IndonesiaBekas jabatan politikYunus Yosfiah, Menteri Penerangan terakhirPejabat pertamaAmir SjarifoeddinPejabat terakhirYunus YosfiahPelantikPresiden IndonesiaJabatan dimulai14 November 1945Jabatan berakhir20 Oktober 1999Jabatan penggantiMenteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia Berikut a…
Cinta Jangan Buru-BuruGenre Drama Roman PembuatMD EntertainmentDitulis olehAviv ElhamSkenarioAviv ElhamSutradaraMukta DhondPemeran Nia Ramadhani Mike Lewis Yati Surachman Lia Waode Ukka Rizky Penggubah lagu temaJoel KriwilLagu pembukaSesungguhnya — Joel KriwilLagu penutupSesungguhnya — Joel KriwilPenata musik Anton BHS Dicky AJ Teguh Pribadi Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode5 (daftar episode)ProduksiProduser Dhamoo Punjabi Manoj Punjabi Pengaturan…
Andy Biggs Andrew Steven Biggs[1] (lahir 7 November 1958) adalah seorang jaksa dan politikus Amerika Serikat. Berasal dari Partai Republik, ia menjabat sebagai anggota DPR Referensi ^ Andy Biggs' Biography. Project Vote Smart. Diakses tanggal January 6, 2014. Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Andy Biggs. Congressman Andy Biggs official U.S. House website Campaign website Andy Biggs di Curlie (dari DMOZ) Kemunculan di C-SPAN Biografi di Biographical Directory of…