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List of active separatist movements in Asia

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Afghanistan

Afghan Turkestan Province in 1929
See also: Balkhab uprising, Hazara nationalism, and Pashtun nationalism

South Turkestan[2][3]

Azerbaijan

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Azerbaijan
Autonomist movements
Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts[10]

Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

Zale'n-gam

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

Bangabhumi

China

Main article: Secession in China
See also: One country, two systems and Ethnic minorities in China
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Main articles: East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalism, and Xinjiang conflict
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong

Main articles: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration
Xizang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Inner Mongolia[21][22]

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

Minor movements

Egypt

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Egypt
Main article: Sinai insurgency

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

Javakheti

Main article: Armenian nationalism

India

Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, Sikkim, and Proposed states and union territories of India
Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, Insurgency in Northeast India, and United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
Separatist movements

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

Nagaland[35]

Main article: Naga nationalism
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Kashmir[36]

Kamtapur[37]

Manipur[41][42]

Main article: Meitei nationalism

Sikkim[44]

Punjab, India

Meghalaya

Main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya

Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura

Mizoram

Kukiland

Santhal Pargana

Dimasaland

Tiwa

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)

Autonomist or statehood movements
Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

Rabha Hasong

Gorkhaland

Ladakh

Garo Hills

Bundelkhand

Vidarbha

Main article: Vidarbha movement

Goa

Jammu region

Bodoland

Indonesia

Map of native ethnic groups of Indonesia. Foreign ethnic groups are not shown.
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia

Aceh

Bali

Maluku

Minahasa Peninsula

Riau

Iran

Main article: Separatism in Iran

Khūzestān Province

Iranian Kurdistan (Irredentism)

Iranian Azerbaijan

Balochistan

Iraq

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Proposed state: Basra[123][124][125]

  • Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
    • Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence[126]

Turkmeneli

Sinjar District

Israel

Palestinian territories
Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict
See also: Arab–Israeli conflict

West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Japan

Okinawa

Further information: Ryukyu Kingdom, History of the Ryukyu Islands, and Disposition of Ryukyu

Kazakhstan

Map of North Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan Region and other ethnic Russian parts of Kazakhstan[134]

Laos

Northern Laos

Malaysia

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak
See also: East Malaysia, Languages of Malaysia, and Ethnic groups in Malaysia
A "Sarawak for Sarawakians" car sticker in Sibu incorporating elements of a Sarawak state with the pre-Malaysian flag

Sarawak[138][139][140][141]

Sabah[138][139]

 Johor[144][145]

Myanmar

Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Arakan

Chin State

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

Pa'O

Palaung

Wa State[152]

Zale'n-gam

Zogam

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism

Kachin state[153]

Main article: Kachin conflict

Nepal

Further information: Languages of Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Pakistan

Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan

Azad Kashmir

Further information: 1955 Poonch uprising and PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation

Gilgit Baltistan

Balochistan[160][161]

Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan

Sindh[163][164]

Main article: Sindhi nationalism
Further information: Insurgency in Sindh

Pashtunistan

Karachi

Main article: MQM militancy

Philippines

Main article: Separatism in the Philippines
Cordillera

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Cordillera Administrative Region

Mindanao[179]

  • Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
    • Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao[180][181]
    • Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement,[182] Mindanao and Sabah Alliance[183]

Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[184][185][186]

Russia

Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[187]

 Buryatia

Ural Federal District[191][192]

 Sakha Republic[195]

Main article: Yakut Nationalism


Sri Lanka

Territorial claims of Tamil Eelam

 Tamil Eelam

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

Syria

Main article: Syrian civil war
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Alawites § Alleged attempt to establish an Alawite State
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Separatist movements:

Assyria

See also: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq and Assyrian independence movement

Taiwan

Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).[204]

Taiwan

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Thailand

Map of the Patani region
See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Main article: South Thailand insurgency

Turkey

Map showing Kurdish-speaking areas within Turkey, as per the 1965 census.
See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Armenian genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Western Armenia Government in Exile, Treaty of Sèvres, Treaty of Lausanne, and Syrian Resistance

Northern Kurdistan[213]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

 Western Armenia

Main articles: Western Armenia, Armenian question, and Armenian genocide

Zazaistan

Main article: Zaza nationalism

Uzbekistan

 Karakalpakstan[215][216]

Main article: 2022 Karakalpak protests

Vietnam

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

Hmong state

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

Yemen

Yemen prior to unification
Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, and Aden Protectorate

See also

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  1. ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
  2. ^ These names can be used interchangeably as there is no official name yet
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