List of baryons

Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς" (barys), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.

Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of pentaquarks – baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark.^[1]^[2] Prior to 2006 the particle physics community as a whole did not view the existence of pentaquarks as likely.^[3] On 13 July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN reported results consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom lambda baryons (Λ⁰
_b).^[4]

Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are protons and neutrons, which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons, the other major component of atoms, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, known as an antibaryon, in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.

Baryon properties

These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = ⁠1/2⁠ and J = ⁠3/2⁠ configurations with positive parity.^[5]

Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = ⁠3/2⁠ configuration, but J = ⁠1/2⁠ is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = ⁠1/2⁠ and J = ⁠3/2⁠ configurations.
Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = ⁠1/2⁠ and J = ⁠3/2⁠ configurations. Two J = ⁠1/2⁠ configurations are possible for these baryons.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See Baryon for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)

Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with ^† next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.^[6]^[7]

J^P = ⁠1/2⁠⁺ baryons

J^P = ⁠1/2⁠⁺ baryons
Particle name	Symbol	Quark content	Rest mass (MeV/c²)	I	J^P	Q (e)	S	C	B′	Mean lifetime (s)	Commonly decays to
proton^[8]	p , p⁺ , N⁺	u u d	938.2720813(58)^{^[a]}	⁠1/2⁠	⁠1/2⁠⁺	+1	0	0	0	stable^{^[b]}	unobserved
neutron^[9]	n , n⁰ , N⁰	u d d	939.5654133(58)^{^[a]}	⁠1/2⁠	⁠1/2⁠⁺	0	0	0	0	(8.794±0.006)×10⁺²^{^[c]}	p⁺ + e⁻ + ν _e
lambda^[10]	Λ⁰	u d s	1115.683±0.006	0	⁠1/2⁠⁺	0	−1	0	0	(2.632±0.020)×10⁻¹⁰	p⁺ + π⁻ or n⁰ + π⁰
charmed lambda^[11]	Λ⁺ _c	u d c	2286.46±0.14	0	⁠1/2⁠⁺	+1	0	+1	0	(2.024±0.031)×10⁻¹³	see Λ⁺ _c decay modes
bottom lambda^[12]	Λ⁰ _b	u d b	5619.6±0.17	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	0	0	−1	(1.471±0.009)×10⁻¹²	see Λ⁰ _b decay modes
sigma^[13]	Σ⁺	u u s	1189.37±0.07	1	⁠1/2⁠⁺	+1	−1	0	0	(8.018±0.026)×10⁻¹¹	p⁺ + π⁰ or n⁰ + π⁺
sigma^[14]	Σ⁰	u d s	1192.642±0.024	1	⁠1/2⁠⁺	0	−1	0	0	(7.4±0.7)×10⁻²⁰	Λ⁰ + γ
sigma^[15]	Σ⁻	d d s	1197.449±0.030	1	⁠1/2⁠⁺	−1	−1	0	0	(1.479±0.011)×10⁻¹⁰	n⁰ + π⁻
charmed sigma^[16]	Σ⁺⁺ _c(2455)	u u c	2453.97±0.14	1	⁠1/2⁠⁺	+2	0	+1	0	3.48+0.37 −0.16×10⁻²²^{^[d]}	Λ⁺ _c + π⁺
charmed sigma^[16]	Σ⁺ _c(2455)	u d c	2452.9±0.4	1	⁠1/2⁠⁺	+1	0	+1	0	>1.43×10⁻²²^{^[d]}	Λ⁺ _c + π⁰
charmed sigma^[16]	Σ⁰ _c(2455)	d d c	2453.75±0.14	1	⁠1/2⁠⁺	0	0	+1	0	3.60+0.42 −0.20×10⁻²²^{^[d]}	Λ⁺ _c + π⁻
bottom sigma^[17]	Σ⁺ _b	u u b	5810.56±0.25	(1)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	0	−1	(1.32±0.13)×10⁻²²^{^[d]}	Λ⁰ _b + π⁺
bottom sigma^{^†}	Σ⁰ _b	u d b	unknown	(1)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	0	0	−1	unknown	unknown
bottom sigma^[17]	Σ⁻ _b	d d b	5815.64±0.27	(1)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	−1	0	0	−1	(1.24±0.12)×10⁻²²^{^[d]}	Λ⁰ _b + π⁻
xi^[18]	Ξ⁰	u s s	1314.86±0.20	⁠1/2⁠	⁠1/2⁠⁽⁺⁾	0	−2	0	0	(2.90±0.09)×10⁻¹⁰	Λ⁰ + π⁰
xi^[19]	Ξ⁻	d s s	1321.71±0.07	⁠1/2⁠	⁠1/2⁠⁽⁺⁾	−1	−2	0	0	(1.639±0.015)×10⁻¹⁰	Λ⁰ + π⁻
charmed xi^[20]	Ξ⁺ _c	u s c	2467.94+0.17 −0.20	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	−1	+1	0	(4.56±0.05)×10⁻¹³	see Ξ⁺ _c decay modes
charmed xi^[21]	Ξ⁰ _c	d s c	2470.90+0.22 −0.29	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	+1	0	(1.53±0.06)×10⁻¹³	see Ξ⁰ _c decay modes
charmed xi prime^[22]	Ξ′⁺ _c	u s c	2578.4±0.5	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	−1	+1	0	unknown	Ξ⁺ _c + γ (seen)
charmed xi prime^[23]	Ξ′⁰ _c	d s c	2579.2±0.5	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	+1	0	unknown	Ξ⁰ _c + γ (seen)
double charmed xi^[24]	Ξ⁺⁺ _cc	u c c	3621.2±0.7	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+2	0	+2	0	unknown	see Ξ⁺⁺ _cc decay modes
double charmed xi^{^[e]}	Ξ⁺ _cc	d c c	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+2	0	unknown	unknown
bottom xi^[25] or cascade B	Ξ⁰ _b	u s b	5791.9±0.5	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	0	−1	(1.480±0.030)×10⁻¹²	see Ξ⁰ _b decay modes
bottom xi^[25] or cascade B	Ξ⁻ _b	d s b	5797.0±0.6	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	−1	−1	0	−1	(1.572±0.040)×10⁻¹²	see Ξ⁻ _b decay modes
bottom xi prime^†	Ξ′⁰ _b	u s b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	0	−1	unknown	unknown
bottom xi prime^†	Ξ′⁻ _b	d s b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	−1	−1	0	−1	unknown	unknown
double bottom xi^†	Ξ⁰ _bb	u b b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	0	0	−2	unknown	unknown
double bottom xi^†	Ξ⁻ _bb	d b b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	−1	0	0	−2	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom xi^†	Ξ⁺ _cb	u c b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom xi^†	Ξ⁰ _cb	d c b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	0	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom xi prime^†	Ξ′⁺ _cb	u c b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom xi prime^†	Ξ′⁰ _cb	d c b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	0	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed omega^[26]	Ω⁰ _c	s s c	2695.2±1.7	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−2	+1	0	(2.68±0.24 ± 0.10)×10⁻¹³	see Ω⁰ _c decay modes
bottom omega^[27]	Ω⁻ _b	s s b	6046.1±1.7	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	−1	−2	0	−1	1.64+0.18 −0.17×10⁻¹²	Ω⁻ + J/ψ (seen)
double charmed omega^†	Ω⁺ _cc	s c c	unknown	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	−1	+2	0	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom omega^†	Ω⁰ _cb	s c b	unknown	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom omega prime^†	Ω′⁰ _cb	s c b	unknown	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
double bottom omega^†	Ω⁻ _bb	s b b	unknown	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	−1	−1	0	−2	unknown	unknown
double charmed bottom omega^†	Ω⁺ _ccb	c c b	unknown	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+2	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed double bottom omega^†	Ω⁰ _cbb	c b b	unknown	(0)	(⁠1/2⁠⁺)	0	0	+1	−2	unknown	unknown

^†^ Particle has not yet been observed.

^[a] ^ The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in daltons (Da) than in MeV/c². In atomic mass units, the mass of the proton is 1.0072764665789(83) Da‍^[28] whereas that of the neutron is 1.00866491606(40) Da.^[29]

^[b] ^ At least 10³⁵ years. See proton decay.

^[c] ^ For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.

^[d] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ⁠ħ/Γ⁠ is given instead.

^[e] ^ There is a controversial discovery claim, disfavored by other experimental data.^[30]

J^P = ⁠3/2⁠⁺ baryons

J^P = ⁠3/2⁠⁺ baryons
Particle name	Symbol	Quark content	Rest mass (MeV/c²)	I	J^P	Q (e)	S	C	B′	Mean lifetime (s)	Commonly decays to
delta^[31]	Δ⁺⁺ (1232)	u u u	1232±2	⁠3/2⁠	⁠3/2⁠⁺	+2	0	0	0	(5.63±0.14)×10⁻²⁴^{^[h]}	p⁺ + π⁺
delta^[31]	Δ⁺ (1232)	u u d	1232±2	⁠3/2⁠	⁠3/2⁠⁺	+1	0	0	0	(5.63±0.14)×10⁻²⁴^{^[h]}	π⁺ + n⁰ or π⁰ + p⁺
delta^[31]	Δ⁰ (1232)	u d d	1232±2	⁠3/2⁠	⁠3/2⁠⁺	0	0	0	0	(5.63±0.14)×10⁻²⁴^{^[h]}	π⁰ + n⁰ or π⁻ + p⁺
delta^[31]	Δ⁻ (1232)	d d d	1232±2	⁠3/2⁠	⁠3/2⁠⁺	−1	0	0	0	(5.63±0.14)×10⁻²⁴^{^[h]}	π⁻ + n⁰
sigma^[32]	Σ^∗+ (1385)	u u s	1382.80±0.35	1	⁠3/2⁠⁺	+1	−1	0	0	(1.828±0.036)×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁰ + π⁺ or Σ⁺ + π⁰ or Σ⁰ + π⁺
sigma^[32]	Σ^∗0 (1385)	u d s	1383.7±1.0	1	⁠3/2⁠⁺	0	−1	0	0	(1.83±0.26)×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁰ + π⁰ or Σ⁺ + π⁻ or Σ⁰ + π⁰
sigma^[32]	Σ^∗− (1385)	d d s	1387.2±0.5	1	⁠3/2⁠⁺	−1	−1	0	0	(1.671±0.089)×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁰ + π⁻ or Σ⁰ + π⁻ or Σ⁻ + π⁰
charmed sigma^[33]	Σ^∗++ _c(2520)	u u c	2518.41+0.21 −0.19	1	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+2	0	+1	0	4.45+0.12 −0.09×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁺ _c + π⁺
charmed sigma^[33]	Σ^∗+ _c(2520)	u d c	2517.5±2.3	1	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+1	0	>3.87×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁺ _c + π⁰
charmed sigma^[33]	Σ^∗0 _c(2520)	d d c	2518.48±0.20	1	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	0	+1	0	4.30+0.15 −0.11×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁺ _c + π⁻
bottom sigma^[34]	Σ^∗+ _b	u u b	5830.32±0.27	(1)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	0	−1	(7.0±0.4)×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁰ _b + π⁺
bottom sigma^{^[e]}	Σ^∗0 _b	u d b	unknown	(1)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	0	0	−1	unknown	unknown
bottom sigma^[34]	Σ^∗− _b	d d b	5834.74±0.30	(1)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	−1	0	0	−1	(6.3±0.5)×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Λ⁰ _b + π⁻
xi^[35]	Ξ^∗0 (1530)	u s s	1531.80±0.32	⁠1/2⁠	⁠3/2⁠⁺	0	−2	0	0	(7.23±0.40)×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Ξ⁰ + π⁰ or Ξ⁻ + π⁺
xi^[35]	Ξ^∗− (1530)	d s s	1535.0±0.6	⁠1/2⁠	⁠3/2⁠⁺	−1	−2	0	0	6.6+1.3 −1.1×10⁻²³^{^[h]}	Ξ⁰ + π⁻ or Ξ⁻ + π⁰
charmed xi^[36]	Ξ^∗+ _c(2645)	u s c	2645.56+0.24 −0.30	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	−1	+1	0	(3.08±0.28)×10⁻²²^{^[h]}	Ξ⁺ _c + π⁰ (seen)
charmed xi^[36]	Ξ^∗0 _c(2645)	d s c	2646.38+0.20 −0.23	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	+1	0	(2.80±0.22 ± 0.16)×10⁻²²^{^[h]}	Ξ⁺ _c + π⁻ (seen)
double charmed xi^†	Ξ^∗++ _cc	u c c	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+2	0	+2	0	unknown	unknown
double charmed xi^†	Ξ^∗+ _cc	d c c	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+2	0	unknown	unknown
bottom xi^[37]	Ξ^∗0 _b	u s b	5952.3±0.6	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	0	−1	(7.31±1.34 ± 0.66)×10⁻²²^{^[h]}	Ξ⁻ _b + π⁺ (seen)
bottom xi^[38]	Ξ^∗− _b	d s b	5955.33±0.12 ± 0.05	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	−1	−1	0	−1	(3.99±0.78 ± 0.24)×10⁻²²^{^[h]}	see Ξ^∗− _b decay modes
double bottom xi^†	Ξ^∗0 _bb	u b b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	0	0	−2	unknown	unknown
double bottom xi^†	Ξ^∗− _bb	d b b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	−1	0	0	−2	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom xi^†	Ξ^∗+ _cb	u c b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom xi^†	Ξ^∗0 _cb	d c b	unknown	(⁠1/2⁠)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	0	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
omega^[39]	Ω⁻	s s s	1672.45±0.29	0	⁠3/2⁠⁺	−1	−3	0	0	(8.21±0.11)×10⁻¹¹^{^[h]}	Λ⁰ + K⁻ or Ξ⁰ + π⁻ or Ξ⁻ + π⁰
charmed omega^[40]	Ω^∗0 _c(2770)	s s c	2765.9±2.0	0	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	−2	+1	0	unknown	Ω⁰ _c + γ
bottom omega^†	Ω^∗− _b	s s b	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	−1	−2	0	−1	unknown	unknown
double charmed omega^†	Ω^∗+ _cc	s c c	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	−1	+2	0	unknown	unknown
charmed bottom omega^†	Ω^∗0 _cb	s c b	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	−1	+1	−1	unknown	unknown
double bottom omega^†	Ω^∗− _bb	s b b	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	−1	−1	0	−2	unknown	unknown
triple charmed omega^†	Ω⁺⁺ _ccc	c c c	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+2	0	+3	0	unknown	unknown
double charmed bottom omega^†	Ω^∗+ _ccb	c c b	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	+1	0	+2	−1	unknown	unknown
charmed double bottom omega^†	Ω^∗0 _cbb	c b b	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	0	0	+1	−2	unknown	unknown
triple bottom omega^†	Ω⁻ _bbb	b b b	unknown	(0)	(⁠3/2⁠⁺)	−1	0	0	−3	unknown	unknown

^†^ Particle has not yet been observed.

^[h] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ⁠ħ/Γ⁠ is given instead.

Baryon resonance particles

This table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryons resonances confirmed by the PDG.^[41] Baryon resonance particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood.^[42] The spin-parity J^P (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the J^P values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.

Baryon resonance particles
Nucleons			Δ particles			Λ particles			Σ particles			Ξ and Ω particles			Charmed particles			Bottom particles
p	1⁄2⁺	****	Δ(1232)	3⁄2⁺	****	Λ	1⁄2⁺	****	Σ⁺	1⁄2⁺	****	Ξ⁰	1⁄2⁺	****	Λ⁺ _c	1⁄2⁺	****	Λ⁰ _b	1⁄2⁺	***
n	1⁄2⁺	****	Δ(1600)	3⁄2⁺	****	Λ(1405)	1⁄2⁻	****	Σ⁰	1⁄2⁺	****	Ξ⁻	1⁄2⁺	****	Λ_c(2595)⁺	1⁄2⁻	***	Λ_b(5912)⁰	1⁄2⁻	***
N(1440)	1⁄2⁺	****	Δ(1620)	1⁄2⁻	****	Λ(1520)	3⁄2⁻	****	Σ⁻	1⁄2⁺	****	Ξ(1530)	3⁄2⁺	****	Λ_c(2625)⁺	3⁄2⁻	***	Λ_b(5920)⁰	3⁄2⁻	***
N(1520)	3⁄2⁻	****	Δ(1700)	3⁄2⁻	****	Λ(1600)	1⁄2⁺	***	Σ(1385)	3⁄2⁺	****	Ξ(1620)		*	Λ_c(2765)⁺		*	Σ_b	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1535)	1⁄2⁻	****	Δ(1750)	1⁄2⁺	*	Λ(1670)	1⁄2⁻	****	Σ(1480)		*	Ξ(1690)		***	Λ_c(2860)⁺	3⁄2⁺	***	Σ^* _b	3⁄2⁺	***
N(1650)	1⁄2⁻	****	Δ(1900)	1⁄2⁻	***	Λ(1690)	3⁄2⁻	****	Σ(1560)		**	Ξ(1820)	3⁄2⁻	***	Λ_c(2880)⁺	5⁄2⁺	***	Ξ⁰ _b, Ξ⁻ _b	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1675)	5⁄2⁻	****	Δ(1905)	5⁄2⁺	****	Λ(1710)	1⁄2⁺	*	Σ(1580)	3⁄2⁻	*	Ξ(1950)		***	Λ_c(2940)⁺	3⁄2⁻	***	Ξ'_b(5935)⁻	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1680)	5⁄2⁺	****	Δ(1910)	1⁄2⁺	****	Λ(1800)	1⁄2⁻	***	Σ(1620)	1⁄2⁻	*	Ξ(2030)	≥ ⁠5/2⁠?	***	Σ_c(2455)	1⁄2⁺	****	Ξ_b(5945)⁰	3⁄2⁺	***
N(1700)	3⁄2⁻	***	Δ(1920)	3⁄2⁺	***	Λ(1810)	1⁄2⁺	***	Σ(1660)	1⁄2⁺	***	Ξ(2120)		*	Σ_c(2520)	3⁄2⁺	***	Ξ_b(5955)⁻	3⁄2⁺	***
N(1710)	1⁄2⁺	****	Δ(1930)	5⁄2⁻	***	Λ(1820)	5⁄2⁺	****	Σ(1670)	3⁄2⁻	****	Ξ(2250)		**	Σ_c(2800)		***	Ω⁻ _b	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1720)	3⁄2⁺	****	Δ(1940)	3⁄2⁻	**	Λ(1830)	5⁄2⁻	****	Σ(1690)		**	Ξ(2370)		**				P_c(4380)⁺		*
N(1860)	5⁄2⁺	**	Δ(1950)	7⁄2⁺	****	Λ(1890)	3⁄2⁺	****	Σ(1730)	3⁄2⁺	*	Ξ(2500)		*	Ξ⁺ _c	1⁄2⁺	***	P_c(4450)⁺		*
N(1875)	3⁄2⁻	***	Δ(2000)	5⁄2⁺	**	Λ(2000)		*	Σ(1750)	1⁄2⁻	***				Ξ⁰ _c	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1880)	1⁄2⁺	***	Δ(2150)	1⁄2⁻	*	Λ(2020)	7⁄2⁺	*	Σ(1770)	1⁄2⁺	*	Ω⁻	3⁄2⁺	****	Ξ′⁺ _c	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1895)	1⁄2⁻	****	Δ(2200)	7⁄2⁻	***	Λ(2050)	3⁄2⁻	*	Σ(1775)	5⁄2⁻	****	Ω(2250)⁻		***	Ξ′⁰ _c	1⁄2⁺	***
N(1900)	3⁄2⁺	****	Δ(2300)	9⁄2⁺	**	Λ(2100)	7⁄2⁻	****	Σ(1840)	3⁄2⁺	*	Ω(2380)⁻		**	Ξ_c(2645)	3⁄2⁺	***
N(1990)	7⁄2⁺	**	Δ(2350)	5⁄2⁻	*	Λ(2110)	5⁄2⁺	***	Σ(1880)	1⁄2⁺	**	Ω(2470)⁻		**	Ξ_c(2790)	1⁄2⁻	***
N(2000)	5⁄2⁺	**	Δ(2390)	7⁄2⁺	*	Λ(2325)	3⁄2⁻	*	Σ(1900)	1⁄2⁻	*				Ξ_c(2815)	3⁄2⁻	***
N(2040)	3⁄2⁺	*	Δ(2400)	9⁄2⁻	**	Λ(2350)	9⁄2⁺	***	Σ(1915)	5⁄2⁺	****				Ξ_c(2930)		*
N(2060)	5⁄2⁻	***	Δ(2420)	11⁄2⁺	****	Λ(2585)		**	Σ(1940)	3⁄2⁺	*				Ξ_c(2980)		***
N(2100)	1⁄2⁺	***	Δ(2750)	13⁄2⁻	**				Σ(1940)	3⁄2⁻	***				Ξ_c(3055)		***
N(2120)	3⁄2⁻	***	Δ(2950)	15⁄2⁺	**				Σ(2000)	1⁄2⁻	*				Ξ_c(3080)		***
N(2190)	7⁄2⁻	****							Σ(2030)	7⁄2⁺	****				Ξ_c(3123)		*
N(2220)	9⁄2⁺	****							Σ(2070)	5⁄2⁺	*
N(2250)	9⁄2⁻	****							Σ(2080)	3⁄2⁺	**				Ω⁰ _c	1⁄2⁺	***
N(2300)	1⁄2⁺	**							Σ(2100)	7⁄2⁻	*				Ω_c(2770)⁰	3⁄2⁺	***
N(2570)	5⁄2⁻	**							Σ(2250)		***				Ω_c(3000)⁰		***
N(2600)	11⁄2⁻	***							Σ(2455)		**				Ω_c(3050)⁰		***
N(2700)	13⁄2⁺	**							Σ(2620)		**				Ω_c(3065)⁰		***
									Σ(3000)		*				Ω_c(3090)⁰		***
															Ω_c(3120)⁰		***

															Ξ⁺ _cc		*
															Ξ⁺⁺ _cc		***

****	Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored.
***	Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable, and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined.
**	Evidence of existence is only fair.
*	Evidence of existence is poor.

References

^ H. Muir (2003)
^ K. Carter (2003)
^ W.-M. Yao et al. (2006): Particle listings – Positive Theta
^ R. Aaij et al. (2015)
^ Griffiths, David J. (2008), Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd revised ed.), WILEY-VCH, pp. 181–188, ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2
^ P.A Zyla et al. (2020): Particle summary tables – Baryons
^ J.G. Körner et al. (1994)
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
p⁺
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
n⁰
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
_c
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
_b
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ⁺
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ⁰
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ⁻
^ ^a ^b ^c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
_c(2455)
^ ^a ^b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
_b
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁻
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁺
_c
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
_c
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′⁺
_c
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′⁰
_c
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁺⁺
_cc
^ ^a ^b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
_b
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω⁰
_c
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω⁻
_b
^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ξ⁺
_cc
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Δ
(1232)
^ ^a ^b ^c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
(1385)
^ ^a ^b ^c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
_c(2520)
^ ^a ^b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ^∗
_b
^ ^a ^b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
(1530)
^ ^a ^b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
_c(2645)
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
_b(5945)
^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
_b(5955)
^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω⁻
^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω⁰
_c(2770)
^ C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Baryon Summary Table" (PDF). Chin. Phys. C. 40: 100001. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ Crede, Volker; Roberts, Winston (2013). "Progress Toward Understanding Baryon Resonances". Rep. Prog. Phys. 76 (7): 076301. arXiv:1302.7299. Bibcode:2013RPPh...76g6301C. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076301. PMID 23787948. S2CID 24922824.

Bibliography

R. Aaij et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ⁰
_b→J/ψK⁻
p decays". Physical Review Letters. 115 (7): 072001. arXiv:1507.03414. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115g2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001. PMID 26317714. S2CID 119204136.
J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 86 (1): 010001. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..86a0001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001. hdl:10481/34377.
K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group) (2010). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 37 (7A): 075021. Bibcode:2010JPhG...37g5021N. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021. hdl:10481/34593.
C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1–1340. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789.
V.M. Abazov et al. (DØ Collaboration) (2008). "Observation of the doubly strange b baryon
Ω⁻
_b" (PDF). Fermilab-Pub-08/335-E.
K. Carter (2006). "The rise and fall of the pentaquark". Symmetry Magazine. Fermilab/SLAC. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
W.-M. Yao et al. (Particle Data Group) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 33 (1): 1–1232. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.
H. Muir (2003). "Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
J.G. Körner; M. Krämer & D. Pirjol (1994). "Heavy Baryons". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 33: 787–868. arXiv:hep-ph/9406359. Bibcode:1994PrPNP..33..787K. doi:10.1016/0146-6410(94)90053-1. S2CID 118931787.

External links

Particle Data Group: The Review of Particle Physics; – Baryon Summary Table
Georgia State University – HyperPhysics
Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared

[1] H. Muir (2003)

[2] K. Carter (2003)

[PDGPentaquarks2006-3] W.-M. Yao et al. (2006): Particle listings – Positive Theta

[LHCb2015-4] R. Aaij et al. (2015)

[Griffiths2008-5] Griffiths, David J. (2008), Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd revised ed.), WILEY-VCH, pp. 181–188, ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2

[6] P.A Zyla et al. (2020): Particle summary tables – Baryons

[7] J.G. Körner et al. (1994)

[PDGProton-8] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
p⁺

[PDGNeutron-9] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
n⁰

[10] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ

[PDGCharmedLamdba-11] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
_c

[PDGBottomLambda0-12] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
_b

[PDGSigma+-13] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ⁺

[PDGSigma0-14] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ⁰

[PDGSigma--15] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ⁻

[PDGCharmedSigma-16] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
_c(2455)

[BottomSigma-17] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
_b

[PDGXi0-18] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰

[PDGXi--19] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁻

[PDGCharmedXi+-20] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁺
_c

[PDGCharmedXi0-21] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
_c

[PDGCharmedXiPrime+-22] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′⁺
_c

[PDGCharmedXiPrime0-23] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′⁰
_c

[PDGDoubleCharmedXi++-24] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁺⁺
_cc

[PDGBottomXi-25] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
_b

[PDGCharmedOmega0-26] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω⁰
_c

[PDGBottomOmega--27] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω⁻
_b

[physconst-mpDa-28] "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.

[physconst-mnDa-29] "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.

[PDGDoubleCharmedXi+-30] J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ξ⁺
_cc

[PDGDelta-31] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Δ
(1232)

[PDGSigma*-32] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
(1385)

[PDGCharmedSigma*-33] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
_c(2520)

[BottomSigma*-34] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ^∗
_b

[PDGXi*-35] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
(1530)

[PDGCharmedXi*-36] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
_c(2645)

[PDGBottomXi*0-37] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
_b(5945)

[PDGBottomXi*--38] P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ⁰
_b(5955)

[PDGOmega--39] J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω⁻

[PDGCharmedOmega*0-40] J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω⁰
_c(2770)

[41] C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Baryon Summary Table" (PDF). Chin. Phys. C. 40: 100001. Retrieved 27 September 2018.

[42] Crede, Volker; Roberts, Winston (2013). "Progress Toward Understanding Baryon Resonances". Rep. Prog. Phys. 76 (7): 076301. arXiv:1302.7299. Bibcode:2013RPPh...76g6301C. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076301. PMID 23787948. S2CID 24922824.

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[4]

[5]

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[7]

[8]

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[10]

[11]

[12]

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[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

List of baryons