List of megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects, which may be defined in the following categories:

Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a large amount of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, the natural and built environment, and budgets.
Projects with "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".^[1]

Some examples include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, hospitals, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems. This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.

Legend

Terms used in the Status column	Status color
Proposed
In Planning, Approved, Under/In Development, Under Construction, Re-Construction In Progress, Nearly Complete
On Hold
Abandoned, Cancelled
Completed

Aerospace projects

Project	Companies	Location	Proposal year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Airbus A380	Airbus		2003	Completed	2021	$25 billion USD	A double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner.	^[2]
Antonov An-225	Antonov		1988	Completed	2022		This was the longest and heaviest aircraft in service until it was destroyed during the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Only one unit was ever completed.
Boeing B-29 Superfortress	Boeing	United States	1943	Completed	1946	$3 billion USD	The first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project.	^[3]^[4]
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress	Boeing	United States	1952	Completed	1963		With six decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft	Lockheed, Boeing, US Department of Defense	United States	1963	Cancelled	1971		Initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
Boeing 747	Boeing		1970	Completed	2023		A wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet, is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long-distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.	^[5]^[6]
Boeing 787	Boeing	United States	2007	Completed	Ongoing		Made with local and globally sourced parts; the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials.	^[7]
Concorde	Aérospatiale, British Aircraft Corporation	United Kingdom, France	1965	Completed	1979		A product of an Anglo-French government treaty, the supersonic passenger airliner Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
Convair B-58 Hustler	Convair	United States	1960	Completed	1970		An all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy	Lockheed	United States	1961	Completed	1969	Over $1 billion	The largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane was the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.	^[8]^[9]
F-22 Raptor	Lockheed Martin	United States	1996	Completed	2011		A single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter that uses stealth technology.
F-35 Lightning II	Lockheed Martin	United States	2006	Completed	Ongoing		A single seat, single engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions.
Sukhoi Su-57/HAL FGFA	Sukhoi, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited	Russia/India		Completed			Two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly developed for the Russian and Indian Air Forces.
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit	Northrop Grumman	United States	1987	Completed	2000		A US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.	^[10]
KH-11	Lockheed	United States	1976	Completed	1990		Reconnaissance satellite.
Rockwell B-1 Lancer	Rockwell International	United States	1980s	Completed			A supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
TF Kaan	Turkish Aerospace Industries	Turkey	2011	In progress	2030s	$20 billion	A stealthy, twin-engine, all-weather air superiority fighter, classified as a fifth-generation fighter.	^[11]
Tupolev Tu-144	Tupolev	Soviet Union	1968	Completed			The first supersonic transport aircraft. First flown on 31 Dec 1968; entered service on 26 Dec 1975.
Tupolev Tu-160	Tupolev	Soviet Union		Completed			The world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built.

Disaster cleanup

While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few human-made disasters. Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.

Project	Location	Disaster	Disaster year	Status	Completion year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Great Mississippi Flood relief	Mississippi Delta region	Great Mississippi Flood of 1927	1927	completed		$246 million to $1 billion	$4.2–$17.3 billion in 2023 dollars	^[12]
Mount St. Helens eruption cleanup	Washington state, USA	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	1980			$1.1 billion		^[13]
Chernobyl New Safe Confinement	Chernobyl, Ukraine	Chernobyl disaster	1986	Completed	2019	€2.15 billion	The New Safe Confinement accounts for €1.5 billion, with the remainder going to related remedial work and maintenance.	^[14]^[15]
Exxon Valdez oil spill	Prince William Sound	Exxon Valdez oil spill	1989			Over $2 billion		^[16]
Northridge earthquake disaster relief	Los Angeles, USA	1994 Northridge earthquake	1994			$13–50 billion
AZF chemical factory explosion cleanup	Toulouse, France	Toulouse chemical factory explosion	2001			€2 billion		^[16]^[17]
Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake	Indian Ocean coastline areas	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	2004			$6.25 billion USD		^[18]
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief	Atlantic basin countries	Hurricane Katrina	2005			$190 billion		^[19]
Deepwater Horizon cleanup	Gulf of Mexico	Deepwater Horizon oil spill	2010			$65 billion		^[16]^[20]
Fukushima disaster cleanup	Fukushima, Japan	Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster	2011	Ongoing		$187 billion USD	Cost includes compensation, decontamination, interim storage, and decommissioning of reactors.	^[21]
Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disaster relief	Pacific Rim	2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami	2011			$360 billion USD	Cost includes Fukushima disaster cleanup and economic losses.	^[22]^[23]

Construction of the new confinement structure for the nuclear reactor that melted down at Chernobyl in Ukraine.
Bags of oily waste are piled up during the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.
Tsunami cleanup in Japan.
A Moore, Oklahoma resident begins cleaning debris from the wreckage of his home in the aftermath of the 2013 tornado.

Energy projects

Project	Location	Capacity (MW)	Start year	Status	Completion year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Australia-Asia Power Link	Northern Territory, Australia			Proposed		$30 billion AUD (est.)	Electricity infrastructure project planned to include the world's largest solar plant, the world's largest battery, and the world's longest submarine power cable.	^[24]
Khavda Solar Park	Gujarat, India	30000 MW		Under-construction	2025		Located in the Rann of Kutch; will cover an area of 726 km² (280 sq mi) once completed.
Omkareshwar Floating Solar Power Park	Madhya Pradesh, India	600 MW		Under-construction	2023(Phase-I)		Aims to become the world's largest floating solar park.
KSEB- Kerala Dam Wind Farm, India^[25]	Kerala, India	100 MW		Under-construction	2025
Bhadla Solar Park	Rajasthan, India	2245 MW		Completed	2020		One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.	^[26]^[27]^[28]
Benban Solar Park	Egypt	1500 MW		Completed	2019	$3.5 - 4 Billion USD		^[29]
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant	Morong, Bataan, Philippines	621 MW		Completed	1984	Over $2.3 billion USD	The plant never opened due to political change and safety issues, and its planned reactivation has become the focal point of the Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines.	^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]
Boundary Dam Power Station	Saskatchewan, Canada	531 MW	1959	Completed		$1.5 billion CAD	The world's first large-scale, coal-fired carbon capture and storage plant	^[36]
Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant	Haryana, India	1400 MW		In progress	2032		NPCIL had started the procurement activities for this project, as BHEL secured the order for supply of steam generators to this project
Genesis Solar Energy Project	Blythe, California, USA	250 MW		Completed	2014		One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations.	^{[citation needed]}
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility	Mojave Desert, California, USA	392 MW		Completed			One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. Operational since February 2014.	^{[citation needed]}
Kemper County Energy Facility	Mississippi, USA	582 MW	2010	Suspended		$7.5 billion USD	The world's first construction attempt of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration. However, after significant delays and cost overruns, the gasification process is currently suspended and the power plant runs just on regular natural gas.	^[37]
Mojave Solar Project	Barstow, California, USA	280 MW		Completed	2014		One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations.	^{[citation needed]}
Noor Abu Dhabi	Abu Dhabi, UAE	1177 MW		Completed	2019		One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.	^[38]
Olkiluoto 3	Eurajoki, Finland			Completed	2022		Began regular operations in April 2023.	^[39]^[40]
Panamanian Natural Gas electric power plant	Colón Province, Panama						Currently has an investment of $1.15 billion USD.	^[41]
Pavagada Solar Park	Karnataka, India	2050 MW		Completed	2019		One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.	^[42]^[43]
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park	Bahawalpur, Pakistan	1000 MW	2015	In progress			Phase-1 of 100 MW Operational since 2015. Expected to be one of the largest operational solar thermal power stations.	^{[citation needed]}
Solana Generating Station	Gila Bend, Arizona, USA	280 MW		Completed	2013		Includes a 6h thermal energy storage. One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations.	^{[citation needed]}
Solar Energy Generating Systems	Mojave Desert, California, USA	354 MW	1984-1991	Completed			Collection of 9 units. One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations.	^{[citation needed]}
Tengger Desert Solar Park	Ningxia, China	1547 MW		Completed	2016		One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.	^[44]^[45]
Three Gorges Dam	Hubei Province, China	22500 MW	1994	Completed	2003	¥203 billion	The largest hydro-electric facility in the world.	^{[citation needed]}
Tres Amigas SuperStation	United States		n/a	Cancelled	n/a	$2 billion (early estimate)	A proposed interconnection between the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and the Texas Interconnection, effectively connecting nearly all electrical grids in North America.	^{[citation needed]}
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station	Jenkinsville, South Carolina, USA	973 MW	2013	Cancelled		Over $2.5 billion USD	The project planned to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years at an existing nuclear power plant. The project was cancelled and all work stopped in July 2017.	^[46]
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant	Waynesboro, Georgia, USA		2013	Completed	2024 (proj.)		Construction of two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant.	^{[citation needed]}

Science projects

Research and development efforts

Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Copernicus	European Union	1998	Ongoing		€6.8 billion (2020)	Satellite constellation program for global monitoring	^{[citation needed]}
COVID-19 vaccine development	Worldwide	2020	Completed	2023	€93 billion (2021)	Global efforts to develop a vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus	^[47]
Human Genome Project	United States/Worldwide	1990	Completed	2003	$5 billion USD (2021 adj.)	U.S.-led international effort to sequence the human genome	^[48]
Manhattan Project	United States	1942	Completed	1946	$22.8 billion USD (2021 adj.)	U.S. government effort to produce the first nuclear bombs.	^[49]

Physics and Astronomy infrastructure

Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Atacama Large Millimeter Array	Atacama Desert, Chile		Completed				^{[citation needed]}
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility	Fermilab, Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA	2032 (proj.)	Proposed		$3 billion USD (phase 1 est.)		^[50]
Electron-ion collider	Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA	2020	In progress		$1.6 - $2.6 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
Envisat	Outer space	2002	Completed			An Earth observation satellite of the European Space Agency; inactive since 2012.	^{[citation needed]}
European Spallation Source	Lund, Sweden	2013	In progress	2025 (proj.)		Strongest-ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development.	^{[citation needed]}
European X-ray free electron laser	Schenefeld, Germany	2017				Used for material research.	^{[citation needed]}
Extreme Light Infrastructure	Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania					European centers for the most intense lasers	^{[citation needed]}
Extremely Large Telescope	Chile	2014	In progress	2025 (proj.)		World's largest optical to mid infrared telescope.	^{[citation needed]}
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research	Darmstadt, Germany	2012	In progress	2025 (proj.)			^[51]
Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope	Guizhou Province, China	2011	Completed	2020	¥1.2 billion	The world's largest static/semi-static radio telescope measuring 500 m (1,600 ft) across.	^{[citation needed]}
Giant Magellan Telescope	Vallenar, Chile	2015	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$2 billion USD	A large ground-based optical and near infrared telescope.	^{[citation needed]}
India-based Neutrino Observatory	Tamil Nadu, India	2015	In progress		₹1,500 (2015 est.)		^{[citation needed]}
ITER	France	2013	In progress	2025 (proj.)	Up to €65 billion (est.)	International effort to build the world's largest nuclear fusion reactor.
Large Hadron Collider	Switzerland, France	Constuction Started 1997, Operational Since September 10, 2008		Construction Ended 2007, Still in Operation	~ $4.75 Billion	13 TeV CERN particle accelerator. Compact Muon Solenoid detector for the Large Hadron Collider	^[52]
Advanced LIGO	Washington state and Louisiana, USA	1994	Completed	2002	More than $1 billion USD	A large-scale physics experiment and observatory to measure gravitational waves	^[53]
MYRRHA	Belgium		In progress	2036 (proj.)		Prototype of an accelerator-driven system to transmute nuclear waste	^{[citation needed]}
National Ignition Facility	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA	1997	Completed	2009	Almost $1 billion (2002 est.	United States nuclear fusion project	^{[citation needed]}
Ocean Networks Canada	University of Victoria, Canada					Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea.	^{[citation needed]}
Proton Improvement Project ("PIP II")		2020	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$1.28 billion USD	2022 est.	^[54]
Square Kilometre Array	South Africa, Australia	2018	In progress	2028 (proj.)			^{[citation needed]}
Superconducting Super Collider	Waxahachie, Texas, USA		Cancelled		$8.4 billion USD (1993 est.)	40 TeV particle accelerator	^{[citation needed]}
Tevatron	Batavia, Illinois, USA	1969	Completed	1983	$120 million USD	Inactive TeV particle accelerator.	^{[citation needed]}
Thirty Meter Telescope	Mauna Kea Observatories, USA	2014	Halted			Large optical and near infrared telescope. Halted due to protests.	^{[citation needed]}
Very Large Array	New Mexico, USA	1973	Completed	1980		Radio astronomy observatory.	^{[citation needed]}
Virgo interferometer	Cascina, Italy	1996	Completed	2003		Gravitational-wave observatory
Wendelstein 7-X	Greifswald, Germany	2005	Completed	2015		An experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor)	^{[citation needed]}

Spacecraft

Project	Organization(s)	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics	ESA	2000s	In progress	2035 (proj.)		Planned X-ray telescope.	^{[citation needed]}
Cassini–Huygens	NASA, ESA, ASI		Completed	2017	$3.26 billion USD	Spacecraft mission that studied Saturn and its many natural satellites.	^[55]
Chandrayaan program	ISRO	2003	Active		$170 million USD	Lunar exploration program.	^{[citation needed]}
Chang'e 1 to Chang'e 6	China		Active			Lunar exploration spacecraft equipped with landers, orbiters and rover. It will for the first time in history explore the dark side of the Moon.	^{[citation needed]}
Compass navigation system	China	Est. 2015	Completed	Est. 2017		Independent system of satellite navigation	^{[citation needed]}
Europa Clipper	NASA	2022	Active			Interplanetary mission to study Jupiter's moon Europa. Launched October 2024.	^{[citation needed]}
Gaia spacecraft	ESA	2013	Active	2025 (proj.)	$1 billion USD	Mission to create a 3D map of local Milky Way.	^[56]
Galileo Navigation Satellite System	European Union, ESA	2016	Active		€5 billion EUR		^[57]
Galileo spacecraft	NASA	1989	Completed	2003	$1.5 billion USD (2003)	Mission to Jupiter.	^[58]^[59]
Global Positioning System	United States Department of Defense	1973	Active		Over $21.7 billion USD	Global satellite navigation system.	^[60]
GLONASS	Roscosmos	1982	Active			The Russian global navigation satellite system.	^{[citation needed]}
Herschel Space Observatory	ESA, NASA	2009	Completed	2013	€1.1 billion	Space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre bands.	^[61]
Hubble Space Telescope	NASA	1978	Active		$10 billion USD	Optical telescope orbiting in low Earth orbit	^[62]
International Space Station	NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA	1998	Active		$150 billion USD (2010)		^{[citation needed]}
James Webb Space Telescope	NASA, ESA, CSA	2021	Active		$8.8 billion USD (2013)		^[63])
Juno spacecraft	NASA	2011	Active			New Frontiers mission to Jupiter	^{[citation needed]}
Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer	ESA	2023	Active			Mission to Jupiter	^{[citation needed]}
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna	ESA	2032 (proj.)	Proposed			An L3 class mission designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.	^{[citation needed]}
Lunokhod ("Moonwalker")	Soviet space program	1969	Completed	1977		Inactive series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon. Lunokhod 1 was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world.	^{[citation needed]}
Mars program	Soviet space program	1960	Completed	1973		Inactive series of uncrewed spacecraft. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters.	^{[citation needed]}
Mars Science Laboratory (with Curiosity)	NASA	2011	Active		$2.5 billion USD		^[64]
Mars 2020 (with Perseverance and Ingenuity	NASA	2020	Active			A Mars rover mission under the Mars Exploration Program.	^{[citation needed]}
Mir	Soviet space program, Roscosmos	1986	Completed	2001		Russian space station in low Earth orbit.	^{[citation needed]}
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope	NASA	2027 (proj.)	In development			A wide field infrared space telescope.	^{[citation needed]}
NAVIC	ISRO	2013	Active			The Indian equivalent of GPS.	^{[citation needed]}
Orion spacecraft	NASA	2014	Active			Part of the Artemis program.	^{[citation needed]}
Planck spacecraft	ESA	2009	Completed	2013		A mission to measure the cosmic microwave background.	^{[citation needed]}
Venera	Soviet space program	1961	Completed	1984		Venus series space probes developed to gather data from Venus. Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on Venus and first to transmit data from there back to Earth.	^{[citation needed]}
Sutherland spaceport	British space programme	2023	In development			This will be the first spaceport in the UK.	^{[citation needed]}

Other spaceflight projects

Project	Organization(s)	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer	NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA	2011	Active		$2 billion	A particle physics experiment module mounted on the International Space Station	^[65]
Apollo program	NASA	1960	Completed	1975	$203.4 billion USD (2015)	As a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in crewed exploratory missions to the Moon.	^[66]
Ariane	ESA	1973	Active			A family of European launch vehicles; the most recent variant is Ariane 6.	^{[citation needed]}
Artemis program	NASA with partners JAXA, ESA, CSA, DLR, ASI, ISA	2017	Active				^{[citation needed]}
Avatar RLV	DRDO, ISRO		Proposed			Indian version of the Space Shuttle.	^{[citation needed]}
Baikonur Cosmodrome	Soviet space program, Roscosmos, Russian Aerospace Forces	1955	Active			The world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program.	^{[citation needed]}
Buran program	Soviet space program, Roscosmos	1974	Cancelled	1993		Soviet version of the Space Shuttle.	^{[citation needed]}
Constellation program	NASA	2005	Cancelled	2010		Cancelled planned Moon landing spacecraft and Space Shuttle replacement. Part of it lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for the ISS.	^{[citation needed]}
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure	SpaceX	2016	Active			A privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars.	^{[citation needed]}
Kennedy Space Center	NASA	1968	Active			The main spaceport for US-crewed space flight.	^{[citation needed]}
Shenzhou program	China Manned Space Agency	1992	Active			Chinese human spaceflight program.	^{[citation needed]}
Soyuz program	Soviet space program, Roscosmos	1966	Active			Human spaceflight program.	^{[citation needed]}
Soviet Moonshot	Soviet space program	1962	Cancelled	1969		Cancelled Moon landing program.	^{[citation needed]}
Space Launch System	NASA	2011	Active			An American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle.	^{[citation needed]}
Space Shuttle program	NASA	1972	Completed	2011	$203.6 billion USD (2015)	Low Earth orbiters designed as crewed cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider.	^[67]
Vostochny Cosmodrome ("Eastern Spaceport")	Roscosmos	2011	Active			Russian spaceport on the 51st parallel north.	^{[citation needed]}
Vostok program	Soviet space program	1959	Completed	1963		Soviet program to put the first man in space.	^{[citation needed]}

Sports and culture projects

Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the latter part of the twentieth century and entering into the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost international sporting event with over 200 nations participating. Sports-related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average $5.2 billion (USD) and for the Winter Games $393.1 million dollars. The highest recorded total cost was the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, costing approximately US$55 billion. The International Olympic Committee requires a minimum of 40,000 hotel rooms available for visiting spectators and an Olympic Village that is able to house 15,000 athletes, referees, and officials.

Project	Organization(s)	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Allegiant Stadium	National Football League	Paradise, Nevada, USA		Completed	2020	$1.9 billion (2020)	This domed stadium is home to the Las Vegas Raiders as well as a local college team, the UNLV Rebels	^[68]
AT&T Stadium	National Football League	Arlington, Texas, USA		Completed	2009	$1.3 billion (2009)	A retractable-roof stadium that houses the Dallas Cowboys. It also hosts other major events, most notably the Big 12 Championship Game and Cotton Bowl Classic in college football.	^[69]
Barclays Center	National Basketball Association	Brooklyn, New York, USA		Completed	2012	$1 billion (2012)	Home of the Brooklyn Nets. Also served as full-time or part-time home of the NHL's New York Islanders from 2015 to 2020.	^[70]
Climate Pledge Arena	National Hockey League	Seattle, Washington, USA		Completed	2021	$1.05 billion (2021)	Renovation and expansion of Seattle's main indoor arena for the Seattle Kraken, which started NHL play in the rebuilt venue in 2021. The originally planned cost of $700 million was increased due to changes to the arena plans and COVID-19 issues. A very small part of the total cost was to pay for another major arena tenant, the Seattle Storm of the WNBA, to move its home games to other area venues during the project. The arena will also be suitable for a potential NBA franchise in the city.	^[71]
Globe Life Field	Major League Baseball	Arlington, Texas, USA		Completed	2020	$1.1 billion (2020)	This retractable-roof stadium houses the Texas Rangers.	^[72]
Guangzhou Football Park	China League One	Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	2020	In progress		¥12 billion (2022)	100,000-seat football stadium intended to be the future home of Guangzhou F.C. of the Chinese Super League. Construction began in April 2020 and cancelled in 2022 due Evergrande's financial difficulties. Construction recontinued in 2023.	^{[citation needed]}
Levi's Stadium	National Football League	Santa Clara, California, USA		Completed	2014	$1.3 billion (2014)	An open-air stadium that houses the San Francisco 49ers.	^[73]
Mercedes-Benz Stadium	National Football League	Atlanta, Georgia, USA		Completed	2017	$1.6 billion (2017)	A retractable-roof stadium to house the Atlanta Falcons, as well as Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer.	^{[citation needed]}
MetLife Stadium	National Football League	East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA		Completed	2010	$1.6 billion (2010)	An open-air stadium that houses two NFL teams, the New York Giants and New York Jets.	^{[citation needed]}
Narendra Modi Stadium	Board of Control for Cricket in India	Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India	2015	Completed	2020	$110 million USD (2020)	It is the largest cricket stadium in the world with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.	^[74]
New Highmark Stadium	National Football League	Orchard Park, New York, USA	2023	In progress		$1.7 billion (2023)	An open-air stadium to house the Buffalo Bills.	^[75]
New Nissan Stadium	National Football League	Nashville, Tennessee, USA	2024	In progress		$2.1 billion (2024)	A domed stadium to house the Tennessee Titans.	^[76]
Sardar Vallbhbhai Patel Sports Enclave	Summer Olympic Games	Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India	2021	In progress		$640 million USD (2021)		^{[citation needed]}
SoFi Stadium	National Football League	Inglewood, California, USA		Completed	2020	$4.9 billion (2020)	This domed stadium houses two NFL teams, the Los Angeles Rams, who own the stadium, and the Los Angeles Chargers.	^[77]
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium	Premier League	London, England, UK		Completed	2019	£850 million (2019)	Home to the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Also designed to host American football games in the NFL International Series	^[78]
U.S. Bank Stadium	National Football League	Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA		Completed	2016	$1.061 billion (2016)	A domed stadium that is home to the Minnesota Vikings.	^[79]
UBS Arena	National Hockey League	Elmont, New York, USA	2019	Completed	2021	$1 billion (2021)	This new multi-use arena is designed to handle 18,000 seats to host New York Islanders home games.	^[80]
Wembley Stadium	The Football Association	London, England, UK		Completed	2007	£798,000,000 (2007)	Home of the England national football team; also designed to host many other large events.	^[81]
Yankee Stadium	Major League Baseball	Bronx, New York, USA		Completed	2009	$2.309 billion (2009)	This open-air stadium opened as the replacement for the New York Yankees' original Yankee Stadium. It has since become home to a Major League Soccer team, New York City FC.	^[82]

Roads and transport infrastructure

Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.

Africa

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
African Union	Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel	Sahel region	2007	Active			Effort to prevent the expansion of the Sahara Desert	^{[citation needed]}
Nigeria	Abuja Light Rail	Abuja, FCT, Nigeria		Suspended	2020	$2.65 billion	The first phase of the project connects the city centre to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway station in Idu. The first 12 stations opened in July 2018 before services were suspended in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	^[83]^[84]^[85]
	Fourth Mainland Bridge	Lagos State	2022	In progress		$4.2 billion	The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting Lagos Island to the mainland. The 38 km (24 mi) bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed.	^[86]
	Lagos-Calabar Railway	Lagos, Cross River, Rivers, Anambra States	2014	In progress		$11.920 billion	Phase 1 of this 1,402 km (871 mi) standard gauge railway will connect Lagos to Calabar; the second phase will connect Calabar and Lagos through Onitsha.	^[87]^{[needs update]}
	Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway	Lagos, Kano, Kaduna, and Oyo States; FCT	2016	In progress		$8.3 billion	This 2,733 km (1,698 mi) standard gauge railway has three planned routes: Abuja to Kaduna, Lagos and Ibadan, and Lagos to Kano. The first two lines opened in 2016 and 2021, respectively.	^[88]
	Lagos Rail Mass Transit	Lagos State	2009	In progress		$3.6 billion	An urban rail system that is planned to have seven lines. The first line opened in 2023, second in 2024.	^[89]^[90]
	Third Mainland Bridge	Lagos State	1970s	Completed	1990		Currently the longest of three bridges connecting Lagos Island to mainland Lagos. It is 11 km (6.8 mi) in length.	^{[citation needed]}

Asia

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Bangladesh	Padma Bridge	Munshiganj, Shariatpur, and Madaripur Districts	2014	Completed	2022	$3.6 billion	A 6.150 km (3.821 mi) two-level road-rail bridge. It is the longest bridge in Bangladesh, the second-longest in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the longest over the Ganges River in terms of both span and the total length.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dhaka Metro Rail	Dhaka	2016	In progress		$2.8 billion	Of the six planned lines, two are operational as of 2022 and 2023, respectively.	^{[citation needed]}
	Karnaphuli Tunnel	Chittagong	2017	Completed	2023	$1.2 billion	First underwater tunnel in the South Asian region.	^{[citation needed]}
	Bangabandhu Railway Bridge	Sirajganj to Tangail		Completed		$1.6 billion	A 4.8 km (3.0 mi) long railway bridge that is expected to be the largest dedicated rail bridge in the country after completion.	^{[citation needed]}
	Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3	Dhaka	2019	In progress	2025	$2.5 billion	Upon completion of the third terminal, passenger handling capacity of the airport will increase to 20 million from the current 8 million per annum. Cargo handling capacity will also increase to 500,000 from 200,000 tonnes annually.	^{[citation needed]}
	Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant	Ishwardi	2017	In progress	2027 (proj.)	$12.65 billion	It will be the country's first nuclear power plant.	^{[citation needed]}
	Central Business District	Purbachal		In progress		$17 billion	It will have three super-tall skyscrapers, surrounded by thirty-eight 40+ floor skyscrapers.	^{[citation needed]}
Bahrain	Bahrain International Airport Expansion Project	Muharraq, Muharraq Island		Completed	2021	$1.1 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
Bahrain	Bahrain Light Rail Network	Nationwide		In progress	2025 (proj.)	$2 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
India	Bharatmala	Nationwide	2017	In progress		More than $110 billion	Road development project under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.	^[91]
	Char Dham Highway	Uttarakhand		In progress		More than $1.5 billion	A two-lane National Highway.	^{[citation needed]}
	Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project	Six Indian states		In progress		More than $90 billion	Investments will be spread across the 1,500 km (930 mi) long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, which will serve as the industrial corridor's transportation backbone.	^[92]^[93]^[94]
	Hyderabad Metro Rail	Hyderabad, Telangana	2012	In progress		More than $2.5 billion	Two of the three planned lines became operational in 2017.	^[95]^[96]^[97]
	Hyperloop	Nationwide		Proposed			Proposal to establish hyperloop infrastructure for the Pune-Mumbai, Chennai-Bangalore, and Amaravati-Vijayawada corridors.	^[98]^[99]^[100]
	Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor	Mumbai-Ahmedabad corridor		In progress	2027 proj.	More than $18 billion	When completed, it will be India's first high-speed rail line.	^[101]
	Navi Mumbai International Airport	Mumbai	2021	In progress	2025 (proj.)	More than $2.5 billion	This project aims to ease air traffic congestion at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.	^[102]
	Noida International Airport	Noida, Uttar Pradesh	2021	In progress		More than $4 billion	This airport aims to decongest the load of the Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi by serving 120 million passengers per year over eight runways. The airport is expected to expand in three phases over 30 years and will be one of the world's largest airports upon completion. Phase 1 will be completed in 2024.	^[103]^[104]
	Sagarmala	Nationwide		In progress		More than $130 billion	A Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways project meant to enhance the country's logistics sector.	^[105]^[106]
Indonesia	Jakarta MRT	Jakarta	2013	In progress		$2.86 billion	As of 2019, one of the four planned lines is operational. The next two lines to open are expected to open in 2024 and 2026.	^{[citation needed]}
	Greater Jakarta LRT	Jakarta	2004	Completed	2023	$1.58 billion	Phase 1, the Bekasi Line and part of the Cibubur Line, were completed in 2023.	^[107]
	Jakarta–Bandung HSR	Java	2016	Completed	2023	$5.5 billion	3 of the 4 planned lines have been opened and are operational.	^{[citation needed]}
	Trans-Sumatra Toll Road	Sumatra		In progress		$33.2 billion	Of the 17 planned segments, 8 have been completed as of 2019.	^{[citation needed]}
Iran	Tehran-Shomal Freeway	Tehran-Mazandaran province		In progress		About $1 billion USD	Will be 121 km (75 mi) in length. As of 2023, three of the four planned sections are operational.	^[108]
Israel	Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway	Tel Aviv-Jerusalem	2001	completed		$1.9 - $2.8 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
Israel	Tel Aviv Light Rail	Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area	2015	In progress		₪187.5 billion	As of 2023, 1 of the 4 planned light rail transit has been completed. Three metro lines will also be constructed.	^{[citation needed]}
Japan	Japan's Maglev High-Speed Rail (Chūō Shinkansen)	Tokyo–Nagoya–Osaka	2014	In progress	2037 proj.	¥9 trillion		^{[citation needed]}
Kuwait	Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway Project	Kuwait Bay	2013	Completed	2019	$3 billion	Launching point of Madinat Al-Hareer in Subiya.	^{[citation needed]}
Kuwait	Kuwait International Airport Passenger Terminal 2	Kuwait City	2017	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$4.3 billion	Construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	^[109]
Malaysia	Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project	Kuala Lumpur	2016	In progress	2028 proj.	RM50 billion	When completed, it will be operated as part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System.	^{[citation needed]}
	MRL East Coast Rail Link (ECRL)	Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor	2017	In progress	2027 proj.	RM44 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Kuala Lumpur International Airport	Selangor	1993	Completed		RM3.92 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Penang Sentral	Penang	2007	Completed	2018	RM230 million		^{[citation needed]}
	West Coast Expressway	Selangor and Perak	2014	In progress		RM5.044 billion		^{[citation needed]}
Pakistan	Karachi–Lahore Motorway	Karachi to Peshawar through Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Sukkur	2015	Completed	2020	$6.6 billion	This six-lane, high-speed, limited-access motorway is 1,694 km (1,053 mi) in length.	^{[citation needed]}
	Karachi Circular Railway	Karachi	2001	In progress		$1.6 billion	Revival of the Karachi Circular Railway, which became operational in 1969 and closed in 1999 due to mismanagement. The project includes 23 stations, 3 lines and more than 50 km (31 mi) of track.	^{[citation needed]}
	Karachi Metrobus	Karachi	2013	In progress		$400 million	Two of the 6 planned lines are operational.	^{[citation needed]}
	Malir Expressway	Karachi	2022	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$400 million	As of August 2023, half of the 40.3 km (25.0 mi) expressway is operational.	^{[citation needed]}
	New Gwadar International Airport	Gwadar		Completed	2024	$400 million	This will replace the existing Gwadar International Airport.	^{[citation needed]}
	Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line ML-1	Multiple Pakistani provinces	2024 (proj.)	In progress		$7 billion	This renovation is part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.	^{[citation needed]}
	Orange Line Metro	Lahore	2015	Completed	2020	$1.500 billion	This is the first of the three planned Lahore Metro lines and is Pakistan's first driverless metro.	^{[citation needed]}
China	China–Pakistan Economic Corridor	Pakistan and Xinjiang, China		In progress		$62 billion	The project aims to connect Gwadar Port to Xinjiang via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas. The economic corridor is expected to run about 3,000 km (1,900 mi)	^[110]
	Beijing Daxing International Airport	Beijing	2014	Completed	2019	$17 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge	Pearl River Delta	2009	Completed	2018	$10.600 billion		^{[citation needed]}
Philippines	Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge	Bataan-Cavite	2023	In progress		$3.75 billion	A 32 km (20 mi) bridge over Manila Bay that will connect Central and Southern Luzon.	^[111]
	Manila Metro Rail Transit System	Metro Manila	1996	In progress	2028 proj.	$15.845 million	One line operational as of 2020. It is expected to have a total of eight lines with a total length of 142 km (88 mi).	^[112]^[113]^[114] ^[115]^[116]^[117]
	Mindanao Railway expansion	Mindanao						^[118]
	New Manila International Airport	Bulacan	2022	In progress	2027 proj.	$14.111 billion	Aims to decongest and eventually replace Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It will be operated by the San Miguel Corporation.	^[119]
	North–South Commuter Railway	Metro Manila, Central Luzon	2019	In progress	2029 proj.	$14.95 billion	The railway will connect Clark International Airport with Metro Manila and Calabarzon.	^[120]
	PNR South Long Haul	Luzon		In progress	2027 proj.	$3.45 billion		^[121]
	South Luzon Expressway expansion	Metro Manila, Calabarzon	2006	In progress	$2.278 billion		Includes Toll Road 4 from Calamba to Lucena, Toll Road 5 from Lucena to Matnog, and the Pasig River Expressway.	^{[citation needed]}
Qatar	Doha Metro	Doha		In progress	2026 (proj.)	$36 billion	Construction will add 300 km (190 mi) of track.	^{[citation needed]}
Qatar	Qatar Expressway Programme	Doha		In progress		$28 billion USD (CAPEX)	This programme aims to deliver more than 800 km (500 mi) of new or upgraded roads and more than 200 interchanges in Qatar. It is part of the Qatar National Vision 2030. One of the motivating factors was the 2022 FIFA World Cup.	^[122]
Saudi Arabia	King Abdulaziz International Airport expansion	Jeddah	2006	Completed	2019	$7.2 billion		^{[citation needed]}
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh Metro	Riyadh	2014	Completed	2024 (proj.)	$23.5 billion		^[123]
Singapore	Cross Island MRT Line	Nationwide	2023	In progress		$40.7 billion SGD		^{[citation needed]}
	Changi Airport Terminal 5	Asia–Pacific	2022	In progress	Mid-2030s (proj.)	$10 billion USD	The terminal will be able to handle a capacity of 70 million passengers a year upon completion.	^{[citation needed]}
	Marina Coastal Expressway	Nationwide	2008	Completed	2013	$4.3 billion SGD	First undersea expressway in Singapore.	^[124]
	Tuas Mega Port			In progress		$20 billion	Tuas Port will be able to handle 65 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) annually, almost double the 36.9 million TEUs that Singapore handled in 2020.	^{[citation needed]}
South Korea	Incheon International Airport	Seoul Capital Area	1992	Completed	2024 (proj.)	Over 3,903₩ trillion	Intended to replace Gimpo International Airport	^[125]^[126]
Thailand	High-speed rail in Thailand	Central, Western and Southern Thailand		In progress	2037 (proj.)	$30 billion	The project consists of four high-speed rail corridors: one international corridor, which will be a part of the Kunming–Singapore Railway project after completion.	^{[citation needed]}
Vietnam	Long Thanh International Airport	Ho Chi Minh City	2019	In progress	After 2035 (proj.	$7.8 billion	This project is partially operational.	^{[citation needed]}
UAE	Al Maktoum International Airport	Dubai		In progress	2030 (proj.)	$82 billion	Upon completion, it will be the fourth largest airport in the world.^[127]

Europe

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Croatia	Pelješac Bridge	Dubrovnik-Neretva County	2018	Completed	2022	Around €420 million (€357 million of EU funds)	The bridge links the Croatian exclave to the rest of the country while bypassing Bosnia and Herzegovina's short coastal strip at Neum.	^[128]
Czech Republic	Blanka tunnel complex	Prague	2006	Completed	2015	$1.97 billion	The longest city tunnel in Europe at 5.5 km (3.4 mi)	^{[citation needed]}
Denmark/Germany	Fehmarn Belt fixed link	Lolland, Fehmarn	2021	In progress		€10 billion	An immersed tunnel connection the Danish island of Lolland with the German island of Fehmarn.	^{[citation needed]}
European Union	TEN-T Core Network	Europe		In progress		More than €600 billion	The purpose of the project is to connect nine European Corridors. The Trans-European conventional rail network is part of the EU megaproject to help alleviate and assist in the transport of goods throughout the 27 EU member states.	^[129]^[130]
France	Grand Paris Express	Paris	2015	In progress	2030 (proj.)	$45 billion	Lines will be opened in stages between 2024 and 2030.	^{[citation needed]}
Germany	German Reunification Transport Projects Number 8	Berlin Central Station and Nuremberg Main Station		In progress		$10 billion	Proposed after German Reunification, this is a set of major construction projects meant to increase and improve transport links between East and West Germany.	^{[citation needed]}
Greece	Athens Metro	Athens	2021	In progress	2029 or 2030 (proj.)	€5.75 billion	Lines 1, 2 and 3 are already operational and are undergoing upgrades.	^[131]^[132]^[133]
	Egnatia Odos	Igoumenitsa-Kipoi	1995	Completed		€5.93 billion	This project was built alongside the general route of the ancient Roman Via Egnatia and consisted of 670 km (420 mi) of motorways.	^[134]
	Egnatia Railway	Alexandroupolis-Igoumenitsa		Approved		€10 billion	Proposed in 2017; upon completion, it will be Europe's largest railway megaproject.	^[135]^[136]
	A5 motorway (Ionia Odos)	Ioannina-Gulf of Corinth	2006	Completed		Over €1.1 billion	As part of this project, 196 km (122 mi) of motorways were built.	^[137]
	Thessaloniki Metro	Thessaloniki	2006	In progress	2024 (proj.)	€2.26 billion	The purpose of the project is to create a 35-station underground rapid transit system in Greece's second-largest city. Construction has been delayed due to the Greek financial crisis.	^[138]
	Thessaloniki–Kavala–Xanthi railway	Northern Greece		In progress		€1.25 billion	A new electrified railway line running parallel to the A2 motorway, cutting travel times and will replace the existing Thessaloniki–Alexandroupoli railway which was built during the Ottoman Empire.	^[139]
	Tithorea-Domokos bypass	Phthiotis Municipality	1997	Completed	2019	€1.8 billion	A total of 106 km (66 mi) of high-speed railways were built as a bypass to the existing conventional mountainous railway line linking Thessaloniki with Athens, including 35.5 km (22.1 mi) of tunnels and 6.8 km (4.2 mi) of bridges.	^[140]^[141]
Italy	Strait of Messina Bridge	Sicily and Calabria	2024	Proposed	2032	€11 billion	If fully approved and built, the bridge will be the longest suspension bridge in the world, surpassing the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey, the world's current longest suspension bridge span as this Messina Bridge will be 60% more than the main span. The bridge could also potentially be part of the Berlin–Palermo railway axis (Line 1) of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T).	^[142]
Montenegro	Bar-Boljare motorway	Bar, Boljare	2015	In progress	2022	$3 billion	The highway is 40.871 km (25.396 mi) long ad tunnels and bridges make up about 60% of the entire route. The first section between Podgorica and Mateševo opened in July 2022.	^{[citation needed]}
Norway	Coastal Highway E39	Trondheim-Kristiansand	2018	In progress		382kr billion	The purpose of the project is to replace all ferry links along the route with fixed connections to reduce travel time from 21 hours to 11 hours. Construction is uncertain and each project will be evaluated separately.	^{[citation needed]}
	InterCity	Østlandet		In progress	2034 (proj.)	50kr billion (2022)	Project to connect all major towns in the vicinity of Oslo by a double-rail line.	^{[citation needed]}
	Fornebu Line	Oslo, Bærum	2020	In progress	2027 (proj.)	13.32kr billion	A new metro line stretching from Majorstuen to Fornebu through Oslo.	^{[citation needed]}
Poland	Central Transport Hub	Gmina Baranów		Proposed		More than $8 billion	Airport/train station in Warsaw. Phase 1 is scheduled to open in 2027.	^[143]
Portugal	Vasco da Gama Bridge	Lisbon	1995	Completed	1998	$1.1 billion	It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 12.3 km (7.6 mi), including 0.8 km (0.50 mi) for the main bridge and 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts.	^{[citation needed]}
Portugal	Lisbon–Porto high-speed rail line	Porto-Lisbon		In progress	2030+(proj.)	€4.5 billion	When completed, the project will shorten journey time between the two cities to 75 minutes.	^[144]
Serbia	Belgrade Metro	Belgrade	2021	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$5 billion	This construction will includes 43 stations and 2 lines.	^{[citation needed]}
	Belgrade-Boljare motorway	Belgrade, Boljare		In progress		$2.5 billion	Part of the Belgrade-Bar motorway. The second section is the most expensive section of the entire motorway due to unfavourable terrain, requiring the construction of many tunnels and bridges.	^{[citation needed]}
	Belgrade Waterfront	Belgrade	2014	In progress		$3.5 billion	An urban renewal development project.	^{[citation needed]}
Serbia-Hungary	Budapest–Belgrade railway	Budapest-Belgrade	2021	In progress		Around $5 billion	This will connect the two capitals by high-speed rail. This is stage one of the Budapest–Belgrade–Skopje–Athens railway, which itself is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative.	^{[citation needed]}
Serbia / North Macedonia / Greece	Morava-Vardar Canal	Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece		Proposed		$17 billion	This would make Great Morava and South Morava accessible to boats from Thessaloniki and make Morava and Vardar navigable rivers, and clean them for passage of boats. China has a vested interest in building the canal.^[why?]	^[145]
Slovenia	Divača–Koper Railway upgrade	Slovenia	2021	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$1.175 billion	This 27.1 km (16.8 mi) railway will better connect inland regions with the seaside and port of Koper.	^[146]^[147]
Switzerland	Gotthard Base Tunnel	Alps	1999	Completed	2015	CHF 9.56 billion	At 57 km (35 mi), it became the world's longest and deepest rail tunnel upon its completion in 2015.	^{[citation needed]}
Turkey	1915 Çanakkale Bridge	Çanakkale	2017	Completed	2022	$2.7 billion	The bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the world	^{[citation needed]}
	Eurasia Tunnel	Istanbul	2011	Completed	2016	$1.24 billion	It is the first road tunnel connecting the Asian and European continents underneath the seafloor.
	Istanbul Airport	Istanbul	2014	Completed	2018	$22 billion	It replaced the existing Atatürk Airport.
	Marmaray	Istanbul	2004	Completed	2013	$4.1 billion	Marmaray is the first standard gauge rail connection between Europe and Asia.
	Osmangazi Bridge	Gebze	2013	Completed	2016	$1.2 billion	The bridge was upon opening the longest suspension bridge in Turkey
	Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge	Istanbul	2013	Completed	2016	$4.5 billion	It is one of the world's widest suspension bridge
United Kingdom	Expansion of Heathrow Airport	London		Proposed		$25.24 billion USD	This construction would add a third runway and an additional terminal.	^{[citation needed]}
	Irish Sea Bridge	Irish Sea	-	Cancelled		£335 billion	Abandoned due to cost.	^{[citation needed]}
	High Speed 2	Greater London, South East England, West Midlands	2020	In progress, partially cancelled	2040 (proj.)	£98 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	London Crossrail Project Elizabeth line	Greater London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex	2009	Completed	2022	£18.8 billion	Fully operational by May 2023.	^[148]
	M8 motorway	Glasgow-Edinburgh	2015	Completed	2017	£30 million		^{[citation needed]}
	Northern Powerhouse Rail	Northern England		Proposed	2033 (proj.)	£14.75 billion	Sometimes referred to as High Speed 3.	^{[citation needed]}
	East West Rail	Southern England	2011	In progress	2030's (proj)	£1.085 billion
	Oxford–Cambridge Expressway	Southern England	2016	Cancelled		£3 billion (est)	Cancelled due to cost in 2021	^[149]
	Lower Thames Crossing	Kent, Essex	2009	Proposed	2031 (est)	£9 billion (est)

North America

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Canada	Southwest Calgary Ring Road	Calgary	2016	Completed	2021	More than $5 billion	Part of the CANAMEX Corridor and the Stoney Trail.	^[150]
	West Calgary Ring Road^{[clarification needed]}	Calgary	2019	Completed	December 19, 2023	More than $1 billion	^{[citation needed]}
	Calgary LRT Expansion	Calgary	2022	In progress	2026 (proj.)	More than $4.5 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	New Champlain Bridge Corridor Project	Québec	2015	Completed	2019	$4.24 billion	Replaced the existing Champlain Bridge.	^{[citation needed]}
	Confederation Bridge	The Maritimes	1993	Completed	1997	$1.3 billion	The 12.9 km (8.0 mi) bridge is the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water.	^{[citation needed]}
	Confederation Line	Ottawa	2013	Completed	2019	$2.1 billion	The largest project in Ottawa since the Rideau Canal.	^[151] (Phase 1).
	Crowchild Trail Upgrades	Calgary	After 2027 (proj.)	Approved	2030 (proj.)	More than $3 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Gordie Howe International Bridge	Windsor, Ontario	2018	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$5.7 billion	International cable stayed bridge over the Detroit River between Canada and the United States.	^{[citation needed]}
	Line 5 Eglinton	Toronto	2011	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$9.1 billion		^[150]
	Port Mann Bridge	Vancouver	2009	Completed	2015	$1.93 billion	The widest bridge in the world at the time of opening. The cable-stayed bridge uses 288 cables to reach the total bridge length of 6,866 ft (2,093 m)
	Réseau Express Métropolitain	Montréal	2018	In progress	2027 (proj.)	$6.95 billion	Partly operational beginning in July 2023, with other parts expecting to be opened in stages between 2024 and 2027.	^[150]^[152]
Costa Rica	Orotina Mega Airport	Orotina						^{[citation needed]}
	Green Costa Rican Canal							^{[citation needed]}
	Electric Train of The Great Metropolitan Area							^{[citation needed]}
Mexico	Durango-Mazatlán Highway	Durango-Sinaloa	2008	Completed	2012	$1.4 billion	The Baluarte Bridge, which is part of the highway, received a Guinness World Record for being the highest suspension bridge in western Mexico.	^{[citation needed]}
	Mexico City Texcoco Airport	Mexico City	-	Cancelled	-	$13.3 billion	After taking office, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador cancelled this mega-project in favor of a "metropolitan airport system", which kept the two-runway Mexico City International Airport from being decommissioned.	^{[citation needed]}
	Felipe Ángeles International Airport	Mexico City	2019	In progress		$7.1 billion	The airport's first terminal and two runways were opened in 2022.	^{[citation needed]}
Panama	4th bridge over the Panama Canal	Panama Canal		In progress		$1.4 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Panama Metro line 1	Panama City	2010	Completed	2014	$1.8 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Panama Metro line 2	Panama City	2015	Completed	2019	$2 billion		^[153]
	Panama Metro line 3	Panama City	2021	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$2.6 billion		^[154]
United States	Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel	Seattle	2007	Completed		$3.1 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Big Dig	Boston	1991	Completed	2007	$14.6 billion	($24.3 billion after interest)	^{[citation needed]}
	Brightline West	Las Vegas Valley-Greater Los Angeles	2023 (proj.)	In progress	2027 (proj.)	$10 billion	This link would connect with the California High-Speed Rail.	^{[citation needed]}
	California High-Speed Rail	Los Angeles-San Francisco		In progress	2030 (proj.)	$100 billion	A 1,300 km (810 mi) high-speed rail system is expected to be completed in phases up to 2030.	^{[citation needed]}
	Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program	Chicago		In progress	2025 (proj.)	$4.6 billion	CREATE is a railway improvement program consisting of 70 projects, including the construction of grade separations, overpasses, and other rail projects.	^[155]
	East Side Access	Manhattan and Queens	2007	Completed	2023	More than $11.1 billion	This network expansion project intended to increase direct services into Grand Central Terminal and decrease congestion in Midtown Manhattan. It also provides regular access from the New Haven and Hudson Lines to Penn Station.	^{[citation needed]}
	Evergreen Point Floating Bridge	Seattle	2011	Completed	2016	$4.56 billion	This 2,350 m (7,710 ft) long floating bridge is the longest of its type in the world; its predecessor previously held the title.	^{[citation needed]}
	Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion	Hampton Roads	2020	In progress	2027 (proj.)	More than $3.9 billion	This project will widen the current four-lane segments to eight lanes along nearly 10 mi (16 km) of the I-64 corridor from Hampton to Norfolk, Virginia with new twin tunnels.	^[156]
	Interstate Highway System	Nationwide	1956	Completed	2018	$500 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	John F. Kennedy International Airport Redevelopment	New York City	2020	In progress		$19 billion	Phase 1, which covers Terminals 1, 4, 6, and 8, is expected to be completed by 2026. The redevelopment project aims to rebuild passenger facilities and approaches to the airport.	^{[citation needed]}
	LaGuardia Airport Project	New York City	2016	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$8 billion	A complete retrofit of the airport was expected by 2022 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	^{[citation needed]}
	Los Angeles International Airport	Los Angeles		In progress		$14 billion	Renovation of existing terminals, as well as new terminals and infrastructure.	^{[citation needed]}
	Newark Airport Terminal A	Newark		Completed	2023	$14 billion	Construction added a new parking garage, 33 gates, and a walkway connecting the AirTrain, parking garage, and terminal.	^{[citation needed]}
	Norfolk Southern Railway Crescent Corridor Expansion	Northeast to Southeast regions; New York and Philadelphia to Atlanta and New Orleans	2010	Completed	2013	$2.5 billion	A public-private partnership between Norfolk Southern (NS), the Federal Government, and the various state governments impacted by the 2,500 mi (4,000 km) corridor. Project involved construction of 4 new intermodal terminals, expansion of several other NS railyards, and double-tracking and siding improvements at strategic locations along the corridor.	^[157]^[158]^[159]
	O'Hare Modernization Plan	Chicago	2001	Completed	2021	$8.8 billion		^[160]^[161]
	Ohio River Bridges Project	Louisville, Kentucky		Completed	2016	$2.3 billion	The project involved reconstructing the Kennedy Interchange, the completion of two new Ohio River bridges and the reconstruction of ramps on Interstate 65. The final project omitted some features of the original plan.	^[162]
	Project Connect	Austin, Texas	2021	In progress	2034	$7.1 billion	Public transit expansion including the construction of two new light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and a bus rapid transmit line. The project has undergone several cuts since its passing in 2020.	^[163]^[164]
	Puget Sound Gateway Program	Seattle & Tacoma, Washington	2015	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$2.38 billion	This project includes the completion of SR 167 between Puyallup and Tacoma and of SR 509 from I-5 to Burien.	^[165]
	Reagan Airport's Project Journey	Washington, D.C.	2018	Completed	2021	$1 billion	This renovation introduced a new security building and checkpoints and added a new 14-gate concourse.	^{[citation needed]}
	San Francisco International Airport Redevelopment	San Francisco		In progress	2024 (proj.)	$2.4 billion	The airport began a multiphase renovation project to turn Terminal 1 into a more environmentally friendly passenger facility.	^{[citation needed]}
	Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge	San Francisco-Oakland, California	2002	Completed	2013	$6.4 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Second Avenue Subway Project	Manhattan	1972	In progress		$17 billion	The proposed full line would be 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long, with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 opened in 2017.	^{[citation needed]}
	Washington Metro Silver Line	Washington, D.C.	2009	Completed	2022	$6.8 billion	Phase 1 included the creation of a new line through Tysons which opened in 2014. Phase 2 expanded this line to Dulles International Airport and beyond, and opened in 2022.	^{[citation needed]}
	Sound Transit 3	Seattle	Late 2020s (proj.)	Planned	2041 (proj.)	$50 billion	This project is to expand the current light rail and bus system currently used by the city and is to be completed in stages from 2024 to 2041.	^{[citation needed]}

North American megaprojects

Vancouver's new Port Mann Bridge with the old bridge fully demolished
Baluarte Bridge under construction, 2023
Boston's highway system before and after the Big Dig
The completed replacement and the old eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (2013)
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge viewed from the east end in Medina shortly after opening in April 2016

Oceania

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Australia	Central Station Redevelopment	Sydney-Eveleigh		Proposed		$10 billion	Extension of Sydney's CBD with an approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) long renewal corridor	^[166]
	Cross River Rail	Brisbane	2017	In progress	2026 (proj.)	$5.4 billion	Upon completion, it will be the first rail-only Brisbane River crossing since the completion of the Merivale Bridge in 1978	^[167]
	Metro Tunnel	Melbourne	2017	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$11 billion	This construction includes two 9 km (5.6 mi) rail tunnels and five new underground stations.	^{[citation needed]}
	North East Link	Melbourne	2020	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$15.8 billion	This will connect the M80 Ring Road to the Eastern Freeway.	^{[citation needed]}
	OneSKY	Canberra		In progress	2024 (proj.)	$2 billion	Replacement for the Australian Advanced Air Traffic System.	^[168]
	Suburban Rail Loop	Melbourne	2022	In progress	2050 (proj.)	$50 billion	The East and North sections, the two main ones, are planned to form a single 60 km (37 mi), fully-automated orbital metro line through the middle suburbs. Construction began on SRL East in 2022.	^[169]
	Sydney Metro City & Southwest	Sydney	2017	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$20.5 billion (2023)	30 km (19 mi) rapid transit railway line.	^[170]
	Sydney Metro West	Sydney	2020	In progress	2033 (proj.)	$27 billion AUD	24 km (15 mi) rapid transit railway line.	^[171]

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

Africa

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Egypt	Madinaty	Cairo Governorate	2006	In progress		$10 billion	Housing project.	^[172]
	New Administrative Capital	Cairo Governorate	2015	Completed	2025 (proj.)	$250 billion	Phase 1 of 3 was completed in 2023. The full project is expected to house 6,500,000 people.	^{[citation needed]}
	New Alamein City	Matrouh Governorate	2015	In progress		$60 billion	Construction is spread out over three phases.	^{[citation needed]}
	Galala City	Suez Governorate	2018	In progress		$63 billion	Construction is spread out over three phases. Phase 1 has been completed.	^[173]
	New Mansoura City	Cairo Governorate	2017	In progress		$3.7 billion		^{[citation needed]}
Ethiopia	Chaka Project	Addis Ababa	2022	In progress		$16 billion		^{[citation needed]}
Kenya	Konza Technopolis	Konza		Planned		$14.5 billion	Part of Kenya Vision 2030.	^{[citation needed]}
Nigeria	Abuja	Federal Capital Territory	1980s	Completed			Abuja has been the capital of Nigeria since 1991 and is among the four largest urban areas in Nigeria.	^[174]
	Asokoro Island	Abuja		In progress		$1 billion	A peninsula development located in Abuja's Asokoro district on approximately 60 hectares (150 acres) of land.	^[175]^[176]
	Centenary City	Federal Capital Territory	2014	In progress		$18 billion	A planned smart city to mark the country's centennial anniversary. It is expected to house 400,000 residents.	^[177]
	Eko Atlantic	Lagos State	2007	In progress		$6 billion	This planned city is being built on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the project anticipates at least 250,000 residents and an additional daily flow of 150,000 commuters.	^[178]
	Festac Town Phase 2	Lagos State		In progress		$2.4 billion	Phase 2 of the development was approved in 2014.	^[179]
	Lekki	Lagos State		In progress			Phase 1 was completed and is currently in use. Other phases of the project include areas for free-trade zones, an airport, and a seaport. The completed city is expected to accommodate more than 3.4 million residents with an influx of 1.9 million commuters.	^[180]
South Africa	Modderfontein New City	Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality	-	Abandoned	-	$7.8 billion		^[181]^[182]^[183]

Abuja was the fastest growing city in the world between 2000 and 2010.^[184]
Aerial shot of Madinaty.
The Eko Atlantic skyline from Tarkwa Bay Beach.
The Lekki-Epe Expressway in Lekki.
Green River Park in the New Administrative Capital

Asia

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Azerbaijan	Khazar Islands	Baku Archipelago		Stalled		$100 billion USD	Artificial archipelago consisting of 41 islands spreading 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres). It is expected to house 1 million people upon completion.	^{[citation needed]}
India	Chennai Bangalore Industrial Corridor	Chennai-Bangalore		In progress				^{[citation needed]}
	Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor	Delhi-Mumbai		In progress	2037 (proj.)	$90 billion	The project aims to create seven smart cities distributed along the backbone of the freight corridor between Delhi and Mumbai.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dholera SIR	Gujarat		Planned	Before 2040 (proj.)		Part of India's Smart Cities Mission.	^{[citation needed]}
	Gujarat International Finance Tec-City	Gujarat	2007	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$20 billion	India's first International Financial Services Centre. The city is operational, with the fourth and final phase of the project commencing in 2021.	^[185]^[186]
	Mumbai-Bangalore Economic Corridor	Bangalore-Mumbai		Proposed				^{[citation needed]}
	Navi Mumbai	India		In progress		$13.4 billion	World's largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million.	^[187]
	Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor	Vizag-Chennai		Proposed			Part of the East Coast Economic Corridor.	^{[citation needed]}
Indonesia	Ancol Dreamland	Jakarta		Completed			600 hectares (1,500 acres) integrated tourism area.	^{[citation needed]}
	BSD City	Greater Jakarta		Completed	1989		6,000 hectares (15,000 acres)	^{[citation needed]}
	Lippo Cikarang	Greater Jakarta	1990	Completed		$18.75 billion	A township and industrial park on 332 hectares (820 acres) of land.	^{[citation needed]}
	Pantai Indah Kapuk	Jakarta		Completed			A prestigious gated community.	^{[citation needed]}
	Nusantara	Modern-day East Kalimantan	2022	In progress			Set to replace Jakarta as the capital.	^[188]
Iran	Iran Mall	Tehran	2010	In progress		200,000 billion IRR CBI Rate equivalent $5.2 billion USD	The project spans more than 1.6 million m² (17 million sq ft) that includes shopping mall, two tower, two 5-star hotels, and a lake.	^[189]^[190]
Iraq	The Bride of the Gulf	Basra		Proposed			Part of Basra's project to rebuild.	^{[citation needed]}
	Bismayah city	Baghdad		in progress		10 billion	Part of Iraq plan to rebuild the country
	Iraq gate	Baghdad		Completed	2024	750 million	Part of Iraqs plan to expand the real estate marker

Japan	Roppongi Hills	Tokyo	2000	Completed	2003	$4 billion USD	One of Japan's largest integrated property developments.	^{[citation needed]}
Japan	Sky Mile Tower	Tokyo		Proposed			If built, construction would conclude around 2045. The tower would stand 1.7 km (5,600 ft) high and have a capacity of around 55,000 people.	^{[citation needed]}
Jordan	Abdali Project	Amman		In progress		$5 billion USD	This project is being developed on 384,000 m² (0.148 sq mi) of land, intending to create a total built-up area of over 1,700,000 m² (0.66 sq mi).	^[191]^[192]
Kuwait	Madinat al-Hareer	Kuwait	2019	In progress		$632 billion USD	A 250 km² (62,000 acres) planned urban area.	^{[citation needed]}
Malaysia	Forest City	Johor Bahru		In progress	2035 (proj.)	$100 billion USD	A private town on reclaimed land.	^{[citation needed]}
	Iskandar Malaysia	Johor Bahru	2006	In progress		$100 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	KL River City	Kuala Lumpur		In progress		Rm16.5 billion	Rehabilitation project along the Gombak River.	^[193]
	Melaka Gateway	Malacca City	2014	In progress	2025 (proj.)	$400 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Merdeka 118	Kuala Lumpur	2016	Completed	2023	Rm5 billion	Upon completion, it became the tallest building in Malaysia.	^{[citation needed]}
	Putrajaya	Sepang District	1995	Completed		$8.1 billion USD	In 1999, most of the seats of government moved from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya.	^{[citation needed]}
Pakistan	Bahria Paradise	Karachi		In progress			Part of Bahria Town	^{[citation needed]}
	Bahria Town	Karachi	2014	In progress		$1 billion USD	A gated community near Karachi.	^[194]
	Bundel Island City	Karachi		Proposed		$50 billion USD	While the project has been long proposed, it has never materialized due to environmental concerns, especially the threat to mangroves, and objections from the Sindh Government.	^{[citation needed]}
	Capital Smart City	Islamabad		Planned			A planned housing development and smart city near New Islamabad International Airport.	^{[citation needed]}
	Crescent Bay	Karachi	2006	In progress	2050 (proj.)	$2.4 billion USD	An upscale, mixed-use oceanfront development in Karachi.	^{[citation needed]}
	DHA City (DCK)	Karachi		Planned			Upon completion, the new city anticipates at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 50,000 commuters.	^[195]^[196]
	Gwadar Port	Gwadar				$62 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Islamabad	Islamabad Capital Territory	1960s	Completed		₨24 billion	Replaced Karachi as Pakistan's capital city. Islamabad has a population of 2.2 million.	^[197]
	LDA City	Lahore		In progress			The city is to be built on a 3,059 hectares (7,560 acres) piece of virgin land and is the largest housing development in Punjab.	^[198]
	Port Tower Complex	Karachi		Planned		$350 million USD	The 593 m (1,946 ft) tall skyscraper will be situation on a manmade island and, upon completion, will be the tallest building in South Asia.	^{[citation needed]}
	Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project	Lahore	2020	In progress		$41.04 billion USD	70,000-acre urban development along both sides of the Ravi River.	^[199]^[200]^[201]
China	Todtown	Shanghai	2014	Completed	2022	$1.5 billion USD	A mixed-use development.	^{[citation needed]}
Philippines	Bonifacio Global City	Metro Manila		Completed			Previously occupied by the Philippine Army headquarters, it is currently one of Metro Manila's main central business districts.	^{[citation needed]}
	Eastwood City	Quezon City		Completed			A high-density mixed-use development.	^{[citation needed]}
	Entertainment City	Manila Bay		In progress		$15 billion USD	An entertainment complex intended to be the Philippine counterpart of Macau and Las Vegas. It is built upon reclaimed land along Manila Bay.	^{[citation needed]}
	Lancaster New City Zone 1 and Zone 2	Cavite		In progress			2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) planned community.
	New Clark City	Tarlac, Pampanga		In progress		₱3.2 billion	A 9,450 hectares (23,400 acres) planned city modeled after South Korea's Songdo City.	^{[citation needed]}
	Nuvali	Laguna		In progress			2,290 hectares (5,700 acres) planned community.
Palestine	Rawabi	Ramallah–Jerusalem		Completed			$1.4 billion
Palestine	Lana	Jerusalem		In progress
Qatar	Lusail	Al Daayen Municipality		Completed		$45 billion USD	Host city of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. As of 2022, it has a population of 198,600 people.	^{[citation needed]}
Saudi Arabia	Jeddah Economic City	Jeddah	2013	In progress	2030 (proj.)	SAR75 billion	The centerpiece of the development project will be the SAR4.45 billion Jeddah Tower, a tower planned to become the tallest in the world.	^{[citation needed]}
	King Abdullah Economic City	Mecca Province		In progress		$100 billion USD	Phase 1 was completed in 2010.	^{[citation needed]}
	King Abdullah Financial District	Riyadh		In progress		$78 billion USD	One of five phases has been completed.	^{[citation needed]}
	Masjid al-Haram	Mecca		Completed	2020	$100 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Neom	Tabuk Province	2017	In progress	2039 (proj.)	$500 billion USD	A planned urban area containing The Line and Neom Bay Airport.	^[202]^[203]
South Korea	Sejong City	Sejong City	2014	In progress	2030 (proj.)		Set to replace Seoul as the capital city of the country.	^[204]
Sri Lanka	Colombo Port City	Colombo	2014	In progress	2041 (proj.)	$15 billion USD	A reclaimed offshore city that serves as a special economic zone and international financial centre.	^[205]
United Arab Emirates	Burj Al Arab	Dubai	1994	Completed	1999	AED3.7 billion	The third tallest hotel in the world.	^{[citation needed]}
	Burj Khalifa	Dubai	2004	Completed	2009	AED5.51 billion	The tallest building in the world since its grand opening in January 2010.	^{[citation needed]}
	Business Bay	Dubai		In progress		AED110.18 billion	Once completed, it will be the region's business capital and will be composed primarily of office and residential towers.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dubai Creek Tower	Dubai	2016	In progress		AED3.67 billion	When completed, it will surpass the height of the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building since 2010.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dubai International City	Dubai	2004	In progress		AED348.65 billion	The city is expected to house 60,000 residents when completed.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dubai Marina	Dubai		In progress			A district of Dubai and the world's largest manmade marina. The area is operational and continues to undergo development.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dubai Meydan City	Dubai		In progress		AED8.08 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Dubai Waterfront	Dubai	-	Cancelled	-		After persistent erosion issues and the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the project was cancelled.	^{[citation needed]}
	Dubailand	Dubai	2003	In progress	2025 (proj.)	AED245.99 billion	Originally intended to be the largest leisure development in the world, Dubailand faced financial trouble during the 2007-2008 crisis. Plans have been scaled down since.	^{[citation needed]}
	Falconcity of Wonders	Dubai	2005	In progress		$36.5 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Jumeirah Garden City	Dubai		Stalled		AED348.65 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Mall of the World	Dubai		Planned	2029 (proj.)	$6.8 billion USD	Upon completion, this will be the world's largest shopping mall.	^{[citation needed]}
	Masdar City	Abu Dhabi	2006	In progress		AED80.8 billion	The city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero-carbon, zero-waste ecology and will be a car free city.	^{[citation needed]}
	Palm Deira	Dubai	2005				One of the Palm Islands.	^{[citation needed]}
	Palm Jebel Ali	Dubai	2001	Stalled		$4 billion USD	One of the Palm Islands.	^{[citation needed]}
	Palm Jumeirah	Dubai	2001	Completed		$12.3 billion USD	The world's largest manmade island.	^{[citation needed]}
	The Universe	Dubai		Indefinite hold			A planned artificial archipelago in the shape of the Milky Way and Solar System.	^{[citation needed]}
	The World	Dubai	2003	In progress		$14 billion USD	An artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map	^{[citation needed]}
	Yas Island	Abu Dhabi		In progress		$36 billion USD	A leisure island that is home to Yas Marina Circuit, which has hosted the Formula One Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009.	^{[citation needed]}

TODTOWN in Shanghai, July 2019.
Navi Mumbai
Aerial shot of Pantai Indah Kapuk.
Dusk in Roppongi Hills, as seen from Mori Tower.
The skyline of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.

Europe

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
France	Europa City	Gonesse	2016	Cancelled	2019	€3.07 billion	Construction began in 2016 but was cancelled in 2019 due to local opposition and concerns about the project's environmental impact.	^{[citation needed]}
	La Défense (1958–2014)	Paris metropolitan area	1958	Completed	2014	More than Fr41.972 billion	La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district.	^{[citation needed]}
	La Défense (2016–present)	Paris metropolitan area	2016	In progress		More than €903 million	This project includes modernization and refurbishment of the existing area, as well as the addition of green spaces.	^{[citation needed]}
Germany	Potsdamer Platz Redevelopment	Berlin		Completed				^{[citation needed]}
Germany	HafenCity	Hamburg	2003	In progress	2030 (proj.)		One of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe by landmass.	^{[citation needed]}
Norway	Fjordbyen	Oslo	1980s	In progress			An urban redevelopment project.	^{[citation needed]}
Norway	Oslo Airport City	Oslo		In progress				^{[citation needed]}
Romania	Esplanada City Center	Bucharest	-	Cancelled	-	$4.2 billion USD	A planned multifunctional city center in Bucharest.	^{[citation needed]}
Russia	Lakhta Centre	Lakhta, Saint Petersburg	2012	Completed	2019	₽77.1 billion	It is the tallest building in both Russia and Europe and replaced the cancelled Okhta Center.	^{[citation needed]}
	Moscow International Business Center	Moscow	1995	In progress	2030 (proj.	More than ₽309 billion	The complex is home to the highest numbers of skyscrapers in Europe.	^{[citation needed]}
	Okhta Center	Saint Petersburg		Cancelled	-	₽65 billion	Cancelled due to protests from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, who wanted to preserve the skyline of Saint Petersburg's historic district.	^{[citation needed]}
Spain	Bilbao Renovation Project	Bilbao	1990s	Completed			A deindustrialisation process beginning in the 1990s with the construction of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao	^{[citation needed]}
	Cuatro Torres Business Area	Madrid	2004	Completed	2021	$1 billion USD (est.)	A complex of four skyscrapers, including Torre Cepsa, in Madrid's financial district.	^{[citation needed]}
	Madrid Nuevo Norte	Madrid	2021 (proj.)	In progress	2045 (proj.	$10.55 billion USD	Expansion of the existing Paseo de la Castellana.	^{[citation needed]}
	Southeast developments	Madrid		In progress	2040-2050 (proj.	More than $3.5 billion USD	Expansion of the city with the creation of six new neighborhoods: Los cerros, Ensanche de Vallecas, Valdecarros, El Cañaveral, Los Berrocales, and El Ahijones. These additions expect to create 145,637 homes.	^{[citation needed]}
Sweden	Million Programme	Nationwide	1965	Completed	1974	$5 billion USD (approx.	A public housing program meant to establish affordable housing.	^{[citation needed]}
	Northvolt Gigafactories	Skellefteå, Västerås	2021	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$4.7 billion USD	Lithium ion battery factory development.	^[206]
	Redevelopment of Slussenområdet	Stockholm		In progress		Kr12 billion		^[207]
	Relocation of Kiruna Centrum	Kiruna		In progress	2035 (proj.)	$2.1 billion USD		^[208]
Turkey	Istanbul Financial Center	Istanbul	2009	completed	2023	7.58₺ billion		^[209]
Turkey	Turkey Urban Renewal Project	Nationwide	2012	In progress	2032 (proj.)	757.84₺ billion	Fikirtepe, a neighborhood of Kadıköy has been chosen as pilot area for project.	^[210]^[211]^[212] ^[213]^[214]
United Kingdom	Big City Plan	Birmingham	1994	In progress	2030s (proj.)	£12.75 billion	Redevelopment of Birmingham to escape their image of being a concrete jungle.	^{[citation needed]}
	Battersea Power Station Redevelopment	London	2012	Completed	2022	£13.25 billion	Modernisation of a defunct coal power station into a shopping centre.	^{[citation needed]}
	Embassy Gardens	London		Completed	2019	£2.1 billion	Residential and business development district.	^{[citation needed]}
	Greenwich Peninsula	London	1990s	In progress	2030s (proj.)	£8 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Pilgrim Street East	Newcastle upon Tyne		In progress	2025 (proj.)	More than £400 million		^{[citation needed]}
	Royal Wharf	London	2014	In progress		£3.1 billion	Originally slated for completion in 2020, the development was nearly finished in 2021.	^{[citation needed]}
	Stratford City	London		In progress		£3.5 billion	Originally slated for completion by 2020.	^{[citation needed]}
	Wembley Park	London		In progress	2024 (proj.)	£1.1 billion		^{[citation needed]}

La Défense skyscrapers in the distance behind the Eiffel Tower
Überseequartier, one of the quarters in HafenCity
Ensanche de Vallecas in Madrid at sunset
Construction of the Northvolt gigafactory in Skellefteå (2021)
London's Battersea Power Station was reopened as a shopping mall in 2022.

North America

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Canada	Downtown Markham	Ontario		In progress	2025 (proj.)	$4 billion CAD	One of the many city center projects in York Region.	^{[citation needed]}
Canada	Oakridge Centre Redevelopment	Vancouver	2019	In progress	2028 (proj.	$5 billion CAD	This project will turn Oakridge Centre into the second largest shopping mall in British Columbia.	^[215]
Mexico	Cancún^[vague]	Quintana Roo		Completed			One of the largest tourist destinations in North America.	^{[citation needed]}
Mexico	Santa Fe, Mexico City^[vague]	Mexico City		Completed				^{[citation needed]}
United States	53 West 53	Manhattan	2015	Completed	2019	$1.2 billion USD	A supertall, primarily residential skyscraper. A restaurant and MoMA also lease space in the building.	^[216]
	Apple Park	Cupertino, California	2014	Completed	2017	More than $3 billion USD	Apple Inc.'s flagship headquarters.	^{[citation needed]}
	Battery Park City	Manhattan	1970s	Completed		More than $1.4 billion USD	A mainly residential 92-acre (37 ha) planned community at the southwestern tip of the island of Manhattan, more than 1/3 of which is parkland.	^[217]
	Hunters Point Naval Shipyard and Candlestick Park Redevelopment	Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco		In progress	After 2028 (proj.)	$8 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Blue Oval City	Stanton, Tennessee		Planned		$5.6 billion USD	Large-scale Ford electric vehicle complex that will include a vehicle assembly plant, a battery plant, supplier facilities, and battery recycling operations.	^[218]
	BlueOval SK Battery Park	Glendale, Kentucky		In progress	2025 (proj.)	$5.8 billion USD	Large-scale battery plant that includes two plants that will produce batteries for Ford and Lincoln electric vehicles.	^[218]
	Brickell City Centre	Brickell district, Downtown Miami	2012	In progress		$1.05 billion USD	A shopping and mixed-use project that will eventually include One Brickell Centre.	^{[citation needed]}
	Brickell Key	Miami		Completed		More than $2 billion USD	A manmade island on reclaimed land.	^[219]
	CityCenter	Las Vegas Strip	2006	Completed	2009	$11 billion USD	The largest privately-financed development in the United States.	^{[citation needed]}
	Comcast Technology Center	Philadelphia	2014	Completed	2017	$1.5 billion USD	Ninth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.	^{[citation needed]}
	Cornell Tech campus	Roosevelt Island, Manhattan	2014	In progress	2037 (proj.)	$2 billion USD	A graduate campus and research center for Cornell University. The first phase opened for use in 2017.	^{[citation needed]}
	Encore Boston Harbor	Everett, Massachusetts	2016	Completed	2019	$2.5 billion USD	A casino resort property that is the largest single private development in state history.	^{[citation needed]}
	Generation Park	Houston	2014	In progress		More than $10 billion USD	A 4,200 acre, privately-owned and master-planned commercial development.	^[220]
	Gigafactory 1	Reno	2014	Completed	2017	$5 billion USD	A lithium-ion battery plant owned and operated by Tesla, Inc.	^{[citation needed]}
	Hollywoodland	Middletown, Ohio	-	Canceled	-	$1.3 billion USD	A massive mixed-use development expected to include a destination entertainment district and theme park. The project was cancelled in 2022.	^[221]
	Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project	West Side Yard, Manhattan	2012	In progress	2027 (proj.)	$20 billion USD	A mixed-use real estate development.	^[222]^{[citation needed]}
	Lincoln Yards Project	Chicago		Stalled		$6 billion USD	Development of 55 acres of a defunct steel mill park.	^{[citation needed]}
	Miami Worldcenter	Miami		In progress		$4 billion USD	A large mixed-use development over 25 acres of land. Two buildings, including the Paramount Miami Worldcenter, opened in 2019.	^{[citation needed]}
	Mission Bay Redevelopment	San Francisco		In progress		$1 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Pacific Park	Brooklyn		In progress	2025 (proj.)	$8 billion USD	A mixed-use commercial and residential development project that includes Barclays Center, which opened in 2012.	^{[citation needed]}
	Parkmerced	San Francisco		In progress	2035 (proj.)	$1.35 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex	Potter Township	2017			$6 billion USD	An ethylene cracker plant owned by Shell Oil Company. Operations began in 2022.	^{[citation needed]}
	Port Covington	Baltimore	2019	In progress	2040 (proj.	$5.5 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Riverside South	Manhattan	1997	Completed	2020	$3 billion USD	An urban development project.	^{[citation needed]}
	San Francisco Transbay development	San Francisco	2005	In progress	2030 (proj.)	$4.5 billion USD	This project will include a new Salesforce Transit Center. The Salesforce Tower opened in 2018.	^{[citation needed]}
	Sasol Ethane Cracker Complex Project	Louisiana		In progress		$11 billion USD	A large-scale ethane cracker complex.	^{[citation needed]}
	San Diego State University Mission Valley	Mission Valley		In progress	2030s (proj.)	$3.5 billion USD	An expansion of the SDSU's campus on the former site of San Diego Stadium. Snapdragon Stadium opened in 2022.	^{[citation needed]}
	Treasure Island Redevelopment	San Francisco	2016	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$6 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Tri-County Mall Redevelopment	Springdale, Ohio		Proposed		$1.3 billion USD	Redevelopment of a shopping mall into a multi-use space.	^{[citation needed]}
	Vista Tower Project	Chicago	2016	Completed	2020	$1 billion USD	It is the tallest structure designed by a woman in the world.	^[223]
	Washington State Convention Center Expansion	Seattle	2018	Completed	2023	$1.6 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
	Wilshire Grand Center	Los Angeles	2014	Completed	2017	$1.2 billion USD	At 1,100 ft (340 m), it is the tallest building west of the Mississippi River.	^{[citation needed]}
	Rebuilding of the World Trade Center	Manhattan	2006	On hold		$32 billion USD	This was part of the recovery from the September 11 attacks. One, Three, Four, and Seven World Trade Center Towers have been completed as of 2018.	^[224]

Verclaire Gate South in Downtown Markham, Ontario.
Brickell Key in Miami.
Las Vegas CityCenter, the largest set of resorts in the largest gambling center in the world.
Panoramic shot of Battery Park City.

Oceania

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Australia	Barangaroo Redevelopment	Sydney	2012	In progress	2023 (proj.)	$6 billion		^{[citation needed]}
	Queen's Wharf, Brisbane	Brisbane	2018	In progress	2024 (proj.)	$3 billion	Integrated resort development on the north bank of the Brisbane River.	^[225]
	Victorian Desalination Plant	Bass Coast Shire	2009	Completed	2012	$4 billion	Built to provide more drinking water to Melbourne.	^{[citation needed]}
New Zealand	Christchurch Rebuild	Christchurch			2020 (proj.)	$17 billion	Recovery from earthquakes in 2010–2011.	^{[citation needed]}

South America

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Brazil	Brasília	Brasília	1956	Completed	1960	$21.9 billion	At the close of the 20th century, Brasília was the largest city in the world that had not existed at the beginning of the century.	^[226]^[227]
Colombia	Bogotá Urban Renewal	Bogotá		In progress		$50 billion USD	Includes building over 60 skyscrapers, 500 highrises, 3 new CBDs, a subway system, and a smart city near Usaquén	^{[citation needed]}

Ports, waterways, canals, and locks for ships carrying passengers and cargo are built as megaprojects.

Africa

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Egypt	New Suez Canal	Ismailia and Suez Governates	2014	Completed	2015	$8.4 billion USD	Old and New Suez Canal	^{[citation needed]}
Egypt	Suez Canal	Ismailia and Suez Governates	1859	Completed	1869	$100 million (1869)	Old and New Suez Canal	^{[citation needed]}
Ethiopia	Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam	Benishangul-Gumuz Region	2011	Completed	2022	$5 billion USD	The dam is located on the Blue Nile River.	^{[citation needed]}
Kenya	Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor	Lamu		Stalled		KSh $2 trillion		^{[citation needed]}
Nigeria	Badagry Deep Sea Port	Badagry		Approved		$2.3 billion USD	The project, which has been stalled for years, was most recently approved in October 2022.	^[228]^[229]^[230]
Nigeria	Lekki Port	Lekki	2015	Completed	2022	$1.65 billion USD	Phase one became operational in 2018.	^[231]^[232]
Tanzania	Bagamoyo Port	Bagamoyo	2023 (proj.)	Stalled		$10 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}

Asia

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
China	Medog Hydropower Station	Mêdog County, Tibet	2024	In progress	2033 (proj.)	$137 billion USD	Planned to become the world's largest hydropower facility, with an anticipated annual power generation capacity of 300 billion kilowatt-hours and 60,000 MW installed capacity.	^[233]^[234]
	South–North Water Transfer Project	North and south China	2003	In progress		$79 billion USD		^[235]
	Three Gorges Dam	Yiling District	1994	Completed	2003	$59 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
India	Sagar Mala project	Nationwide		In progress		₹8.5 trillion	This project includes creating six mega-ports, modernising existing ports, developing the 14 Coastal Economic Zones and Units, and enhancing port connectivity.	^[236]
Israel	National Water Carrier of Israel	Nationwide	1953	Completed	1964	$1.08 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
Japan	Kamaishi Tsunami Protection Breakwater	Kamaishi, Iwate	c. 1989	Completed	2009	$1.5 billion USD	After three decades of development, the tsunami barrier was proven ineffective against the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.	^{[citation needed]}
Pakistan	Dasu Dam	Dasu	2019	In progress	2015 (proj.)	$4.278 billion USD	The 242 m (794 ft) tall dam will support a 4,320 MW hydropower station, to be built in two 2,160 MW stages.	^[237]
	Diamer-Bhasha Dam	Indus River	2020	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$14 billion USD		^[238]^[239]
	Mohmand Dam	Mohmand District	2019	In progress	2028 (proj.)	$2.1 billion USD	An under-construction, multi-purpose, concrete-faced, rock-filled dam, which will generate 740 MW of hydroelectricity, irrigate 15,100 acres of land and control floods downstream.	^[240]
Palestine	National Water Carrier of Palestine			Completed	1956	About $1.1 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
Sri Lanka	Colombo Harbour Expansion Project	Colombo	2008	Completed	2013	$1.2 billion		^{[citation needed]}

Europe

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Denmark	Energy islands of Denmark	North Sea, Baltic Sea		Approved	2030 (proj.)	kr210 billion	Two Energy Islands will become the world's first offshore energy hubs and are estimated to initially provide 5 gigawatts of power.	^{[citation needed]}
Netherlands	Delta Works	Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta area	1954	Completed	1997	ƒ22,412 billion	A series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. The project was proposed after the North Sea Flood of 1953.	^{[citation needed]}
Netherlands	Zuiderzee Works	North Sea	1927	Completed	1933		A human-made system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage work, in total the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century.	^{[citation needed]}
Norway	Stad Ship Tunnel	Vestland	2023	In progress	2026 (proj.)	kr3 billion	A planned canal and tunnel to bypass the dangerous coast of the Stad Peninsula. When built, it will be the first full-size ship tunnel in the world.	^{[citation needed]}
Turkey	Istanbul Canal	Istanbul	2009	Proposed		$10 billion	It is an artificial sea-level waterway planned to connect the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara	^[241]

North America

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Canada	Rideau Canal	Ontario	1826	Completed	1832	£822,804 (1834)	A 202 km (126 mi) waterway built to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston.	^{[citation needed]}
Cuba	New Port of Mariel Development Project	Mariel		Completed		$900 million		^[242]
Mexico	Dos Bocas Refinery	Tabasco		Planned				^{[citation needed]}
Mexico	Port of Veracruz Expansion	Veracruz		In progress		$5 billion USD		^{[citation needed]}
Nicaragua	Nicaragua Canal	Punta Brito-Bluefields	-	Abandoned	-	$100 billion USD (est.)	This shipping route was meant to connect the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.	^[243]
Panama	Panama Canal	Colón and Panamá Provinces	1904	Completed	1914	$360 million USD		^{[citation needed]}
Panama	Panama Canal	Colón and Panamá Provinces	2007	Completed	2016	B/.5.25 billion		^{[citation needed]}
United States	Intracoastal Waterway	Boston-Brownsville, Texas		Completed			A 3,000-mile (4,800 km) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States.	^{[citation needed]}

South America

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Brazil	Porto Maravilha	Rio de Janeiro	1870s	Completed	1910	R$69.965 billion	Third-busiest port in Brazil.	^[244]

Hospitals

Europe

Country	Project	Location	Start year	Status	End year	Cost	Notes	Ref
Ireland	New children's hospital	Dublin	2016	In progress	2025 (proj.)	€2.2 billion		^[245]^[246]^[247]

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List of megaprojects

Legend

Aerospace projects

Disaster cleanup

Energy projects

Science projects

Research and development efforts

Physics and Astronomy infrastructure

Spacecraft

Other spaceflight projects

Sports and culture projects

Roads and transport infrastructure

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Hospitals

Europe

See also

References

External links

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia

List of megaprojects

Legend

Aerospace projects

Disaster cleanup

Energy projects

Science projects

Research and development efforts

Physics and Astronomy infrastructure

Spacecraft

Other spaceflight projects

Sports and culture projects

Roads and transport infrastructure

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

Water-related

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Hospitals

Europe

See also

References

External links

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