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List of solar storms

A coronal mass ejection (CME)

Solar storms of different types are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often from coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares from active regions, or, less often, from coronal holes. Minor to active solar storms (i.e. storming restricted to higher latitudes) may occur under elevated background solar wind conditions when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation is southward, toward the Earth (which also leads to much stronger storming conditions from CME-related sources).[1][2][3][4][5]

Background

Main article: Solar storm

Active stars produce disturbances in space weather and, if strong enough, in their own space climate. Science studies such phenomena with the field of heliophysics, which is an interdisciplinary combination of solar physics and planetary science.

In the Solar System, the Sun can produce intense geomagnetic and energetic particle storms capable of causing severe damage to technology. It can result in large scale power outages, disruption or blackouts of radio communications (including GPS), damage or destruction of submarine communications cables,[6] and temporary to permanent disabling of satellites and other electronics. Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation[7] and to human spaceflight.[8] Geomagnetic storms are the cause of aurora.[9] The most significant known solar storm, across the most parameters, occurred in September 1859 and is known as the "Carrington event".[10] The damage from the most potent solar storms is capable of existentially threatening the stability of modern human civilization,[11][8] although proper preparedness and mitigation can substantially reduce the hazards.[12][13]

Proxy data from Earth, as well as analysis of stars similar to the Sun, suggest that the Sun may be also capable of producing so-called "superflares", which are as much as 1,000 times stronger than any flares in the historical record.[14][15][16] Other research, like models of solar flares[17] and statistics of extreme solar events reconstructed using cosmogenic isotope data in terrestrial archives, indicate otherwise.[18] The discrepancy is not yet resolved and may be related to a biased statistic of the stellar population of solar analogs.[19]

Coronal mass ejections and solar particle events

Further information: Coronal mass ejection and Solar particle event

Events affecting Earth

Proxy evidence

This section contains a list of possible events that are indicated by indirect, or proxy data. The scientific value of such data remains unresolved.[20][21]

Direct measurements and/or visual observations

Date Event Significance
Mar 1582 Great magnetic storms of March 1582 Prolonged severe-extreme geomagnetic storm produced aurora to 28.8° magnetic latitude (MLAT) and ≈33.0° invariant latitude (ILAT).[38][39]
Feb 1730 At least as intense as the 1989 event but less intense than the Carrington event[40]
Sep 1770 [41][42][43]
Sep 1859 Carrington Event The most extreme storm ever documented by most measures; telegraph machines reportedly shocked operators and caused small fires; aurorae visible in tropical areas; first solidly established connection of flares to geomagnetic disturbances. Extreme storming directly preceded this event in late August.
Feb 1872 Chapman–Silverman storm minimal Dst* ≤ −834 nT[44][45]
Nov 1882 November 1882 geomagnetic storm Comparable in size to the May 2024 storms.[46]
Oct 1903 Solar storm of Oct-Nov 1903 An extreme storm, estimated at Dst −531 nT arose from a fast CME (mean ≈1500 km/s), occurred during the ascending phase of the minimum of the relatively weak solar cycle 14, which is the most significant storm on record in a solar minimum period. Aurora was conservatively observed to ≈44.1° ILAT, and widespread disruptions and overcharging of telegraph systems occurred.[47][48]
Sep 1909 Geomagnetic storm of September 1909 Dst calculated to have reached −595 nT, comparable to the March 1989 event[49]
May 1921 May 1921 geomagnetic storm Among most extreme known geomagnetic storms; farthest equatorward (lowest latitude) aurora ever documented;[50] burned out fuses, electrical apparatus, and telephone station; caused fires at signal tower and telegraph station; total communications blackouts lasting several hours.[51] A paper in 2019 estimates a peak Dst of −907±132 nT.[52]
Jan 1938 January 1938 geomagnetic storm, or the Fátima storm
Mar 1940 March 1940 superstorm Triggered by an X35±1 solar flare.[53] Caused significant interference to United States communication systems.[54]
Sep 1941 [55]
Mar 1946 Geomagnetic storm of March 1946 Est. Dstm of −512 nT[56][57]
Feb 1956 [58][59][60]
Sep 1957 Geomagnetic storm of September 1957 [61][62]
Feb 1958 Geomagnetic storm of February 1958 [61][62]
Jul 1959 Geomagnetic storm of July 1959 [61][63]
May 1967 Blackout of polar surveillance radars during Cold War led U.S. military to scramble for nuclear war until solar origin confirmed[64]
Oct 1968 [65][66]
Aug 1972 August 1972 solar storm Fastest CME transit time recorded; most extreme solar particle event (SPE) by some measures and the most hazardous to human spaceflight during the Space Age; severe technological disruptions, caused accidental detonation of numerous magnetic-influence sea mines[67]
Mar 1989 March 1989 geomagnetic storm Most extreme storm of the Space Age by several measures. Outed power grid of province of Quebec.[68] Caused interference to United States power grid.[69]
Aug 1989 [70]
Nov 1991 Geomagnetic storm of November 1991 An intense solar storm with about half the energy output of the March 1989 storm. Aurorae were visible in the US as far south as Texas[71][72]
Apr 2000 [73]
Jul 2000 Bastille Day solar storm Caused by an X8-class solar flare aimed directly at Earth
Apr 2001 A solar flare from a sunspot region associated with this activity and preceding this period produced the then largest flare detected during the Space Age at about X20 (the first event to saturate spaceborne monitoring instruments, this was exceeded in 2003) but was directed away from Earth.[73][74]
Nov 2001 Geomagnetic storm of November 2001 A fast-moving CME triggered vivid aurorae as far south as Texas, California, and Florida[75]
Oct 2003 2003 Halloween solar storms Among top few most intense storms of the Space Age; aurora visible as far south as Texas and the Mediterranean countries of Europe. A solar flare with x-ray flux estimated to be around X45 occurred from an associated active region on 4 November but was directed away from Earth.[76][77][78][79][80]
Nov 2003 Solar storms of November 2003 2021 study estimated Dstm of −533 nT[56][61]
Jan 2005 The most intense solar flare in 15 years with sunspot 720 erupting, 5 times from the 15th to 20th.[81][82]
Mar 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm Largest geomagnetic storm of solar cycle 24, driven by IMF variations[83][84][85][86]
Sep 2017 Triggered by an X13 class solar flare[87][88][89][90]
Feb 2022 A mild solar particle and geomagnetic storm of otherwise little consequence[91] led to the premature reentry and destruction of 40 SpaceX Starlink satellites launched February 3, 2022 due to increased atmospheric drag.[92]
30 April – 12 May 2024 May 2024 solar storms X1.2(X1.3)-class flares[93] and X4.5-class flare.[94] The flares with a magnitude of 6–7 occurred between 30 April and 4 May 2024. On 5 May the strength of the solar storm reached 5 points, which is considered strong according to the K-index. The rapidly growing sunspot AR3663 became the most active spot of the 25th solar cycle. On 5 May alone, it emitted two X-class (strongest) flares and six M-class (medium) flares. Each of these flares resulted in a short-term but profound disconnection of the Earth's radio signal, resulting in signal loss at frequencies below 30 MHz.[95]

An extreme (G5) geomagnetic storm alert was issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – the first in almost 20 years.[96][97] The final storms reaching the highest level of NOAA's G-scale before Solar Cycle 25 occurred in 2005 in May,[98][99][100] August,[101] and September, respectively.

With a NOAA rating of G5, a peak Dst of −412 nT, and aurorae seen at far lower latitudes than usual in both hemispheres, this geomagnetic storm was the most powerful to affect Earth since November of 2003.

Oct 2024 October 2024 solar storm Triggered by an X1.8 solar flare that produced a relatively fast CME.[102][103] The storm reached a peak Dst of −341 nT.[104]

Events not affecting Earth

The above events affected Earth (and its vicinity, known as the magnetosphere), whereas the following events were directed elsewhere in the Solar System and were detected by monitoring spacecraft or other means.

Date(s) Event Significance
23 July 2012 July 2012 solar storm Ultrafast CME directed away from Earth with characteristics that may have made it a Carrington-class storm[105][106][107][108][109]

Soft X-ray solar flares

Further information: Solar flare

Solar flares are intense localized eruptions of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere. They are often classified based on the peak flux of soft X-rays (SXR) measured by the GOES spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit (see Solar flare § Soft X-ray classification).

The following table lists the largest flares in this respect since June 1996, the beginning of solar cycle 23.[110][111]

No. SXR Class Date Solar cycle Active region Time (UTC) Notes
Start Max End
1 >X28+ 2003-11-04 23 10486 19:29 19:53 20:06 Associated with the 2003 Halloween solar storms
2 X20 2001-04-02 23 9393 21:32 21:51 22:03
3 X17.2 2003-10-28 23 10486 09:51 11:10 11:24 Associated with the 2003 Halloween solar storms
4 X17 2005-09-07 23 10808 17:17 17:40 18:03
5 X14.4 2001-04-15 23 9415 13:19 13:50 13:55
6 X10 2003-10-29 23 10486 20:37 20:49 21:01 Associated with the 2003 Halloween solar storms
7 X9.4 1997-11-06 23 8100 11:49 11:55 12:01
8 X9.3 2017-09-06 24 12673 11:53 12:02 12:10
9 X9.0 2006-12-05 23 10930 10:18 10:35 10:45
10 X8.3 2003-11-02 23 10486 17:03 17:25 17:39 Associated with the 2003 Halloween solar storms

See also

References

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