Initially called the Luna-Glob lander (Russian: Луна-Глоб), it was renamed Luna 25 to emphasize continuity with the Soviet Luna programme from the 1970s, though it is part of the Luna-Glob lunar exploration programme. It was the first lunar lander that the Russian space agency Roscosmos has sent to the Moon (notwithstanding the ones sent by the Soviet space program) and would have been the first lander to land on the lunar south pole.[9]
The Luna 25 mission lifted off on 10 August 2023, 23:10 UTC, atop a Soyuz-2.1b rocket from the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia's far eastern Amur Region,[3][10] and on 16 August entered lunar orbit. On 19 August at 11:57 UTC, the lander crashed on the Moon's surface after a failed orbital manoeuvre.[11][2][12]
History
Proposed landing sitesSuggested landing ellipses for Luna-Glob (Luna-25). Primary ellipses are 1, 4, 6 and secondary ellipses are 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and B1, B2.
The previous lunar lander in the series was a Soviet craft, Luna 24, launched in 1976. Nascent plans for what became Luna 25 began in the late 1990s, with the evaluation of two spacecraft designs having taken place by 1998. Attempts to revive and complete the project continued throughout the 2000s and were punctuated by an aborted attempt at international cooperation via a merger with JAXA's now-cancelled Lunar-A orbiter, and pressure from another attempted cooperative lunar mission with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) (which continued without Russia's involvement).[13]
Initial mission plans called for a lander and orbiter, with the latter also deploying impact penetrators. In its final form, Luna 25 was a lander only, with a primary mission of testing the landing technology. The mission carried 30 kg (66 lb) of scientific instruments, including a robotic arm for soil samples and possible drilling hardware.[2][14]
Delays in the 2010s came first from the significant rework and delay brought on by the failure of Phobos-Grunt in 2011. At this point the modern Luna 25 design was developed. Later work on the lander was slowed by resource pressures being placed upon spacecraft developer NPO Lavochkin, such as the weather satelliteElektro-L No.2 and the Spektr-RG observatory,[15] as well the landing platform Russia was contributing to ExoMars 2020.[16]
By 2017, the propulsion system for the spacecraft was in assembly.[17]
LINA-XSAN, a Swedish payload, was originally to fly with Luna 25, but delays to the launch date caused Sweden to cancel this plan. Instead, LINA-XSAN flew on Chang'e 4 in 2019.[23]
ESA's PILOT-D navigation demonstration camera was planned to be flown on this mission, but flew instead with a commercial service provider,[24] due to continued international collaboration having been thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions on Russia.[25][26] The demonstration instrument was supposed to collect data for the landing of other missions and was therefore not part of the lander's operating system.[27]
Luna 25 impact site (arrowed), photographed by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter on 26 August 2023. The field of view is 1,100 meters wide, with lunar north at the top.
On 19 August, Roscosmos declared an "abnormal situation" after commanding the lander to move into a pre-landing orbit.[32][33] According to Director General of Roscosmos Yuri Borisov, a maneuvering engine could not be shut down, and ran for 127 seconds instead of 84.[34] The lander crashed on the lunar surface following the failed maneuver,[11][35][36] which created a trajectory that intersected with the Moon instead of a planned elliptical orbit with a minimum distance of 18 km.[37]
Roscosmos said that it had lost contact with the spacecraft 47 minutes after the start of the engine firing.[38] Attempts on 19 and 20 August to locate and re-establish contact with the spacecraft were unsuccessful,[36] and a commission was formed to investigate the crash.[36]
The LRO camera team located the likely location of the impact crater, after an estimate was published by Russian researchers. The crash site is situated on the steep inner rim of the Pontécoulant G crater, which is 400 kilometers short of Luna 25's intended landing point if it had attempted a landing procedure.[39]
^ abcKrebs, Gunter (3 December 2019). "Luna-Glob (Luna 25)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
^Zak, Anatoly (19 June 2019). "Luna-Glob project". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
^Zak, Anatoly (9 October 2019). "The Luna-Glob lander". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
^Zak, Anatoly (31 March 2018). "Luna-Glob's stop and go". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
^"Госкорпорация "Роскосмос"" [State Corporation Roscosmos]. Telegram (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^"ГК "Роскосмос": Об автоматической станции "Луна-25"" [Roscosmos State Corporation: About the Luna-25 automatic station]. iki.cosmos.ru (in Russian). Space Research Institute – IKI. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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