Manjil

Manjil

Persian: منجيل
Manjil Persian: منجيل
City
	A view of modern Manjil; the wind power generators are seen in the background
	Manjil
	Coordinates: 36°44′41″N 49°24′05″E / 36.74472°N 49.40139°E
Country	Iran
Province	Gilan
County	Rudbar
District	Central
Population (2016 Census)
• Total	15,630
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)

Manjil (Persian: منجيل)^[a] is a city in the Central District of Rudbar County, Gilan province, Iran.

History

Throughout its history Manjil has been a gate to the southern Caspian Sea region. There are numerous archaeological site excavations (mostly illegal) in the Manjil area because of its rich cultural history. Some of these sites are related to the Ismaili era, i.e., Hassan Sabbah movement based in Alamoot forte (one may find artifacts from the 3rd-2nd millennia BC in some households).

Modern history

In the modern era, Manjil was the site of a historical battle between the nationalist revolutionary forces of Jangal (led by Mirza Koochak Khan) and the joint British and White Russian forces on June 12, 1918. The latter forces (led by General Dunsterville and Colonel Bicherakhov) willing to pass through Manjil as the only passage to the Caspian to reach Baku and overthrow the newly formed Baku Commune (led by Stepan Shahumian). General Dunsterville's private diaries and notes, including those kept during his command of the Dunsterforce Mission to North Persia and Baku, 1918 were transcribed from the original by General Dunsterville's great granddaughter, and are co-located on the Great War Primary Documents Archive.^[4]

Although devastated by a 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake of magnitude 7.3, for the last few decades Manjil has enjoyed industrial and economic growth.^[5]

Demographics

Language and ethnicity

Manjil had a mainly Azerbaijani Turkish population from the ʿAmmārlu tribe, together with Gilaks, Tats and Kurds.^[6]^[7]

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 16,028 in 4,447 households.^[8] The following census in 2011 counted 17,396 people in 5,030 households.^[9] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 15,630 people in 4,950 households.^[2]

Geography

Manjil is known as the windy city of Iran, a reputation it owes to its geographical position in the Alborz mountain range at a small cleft in Alborz that funnels the wind through Manjil to the Qazvin plateau.^[10] The biggest wind farm of Iran, the Manjil and Rudbar Wind Farm, is located near Manjil.

Manjil is known for the river Sefīd-Rūd (or "Sepid Rood", "Sefid Rood", "white river"). It passes by the town and is formed in Manjil by two joining rivers. Since 1960 it has been the site of the Manjil Dam that significantly contributes to Gilan's agriculture, such as its olive groves, while generating electric power. The reservoir impounded by the Manjil Dam adds to the beauty of the area.^[10]

Climate data for Manjil(1993-2010 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	11.9 (53.4)	13.8 (56.8)	17.6 (63.7)	22.3 (72.1)	26.4 (79.5)	29.6 (85.3)	31.4 (88.5)	32.2 (90.0)	28.9 (84.0)	24.9 (76.8)	18.4 (65.1)	13.6 (56.5)	22.6 (72.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	7.3 (45.1)	8.9 (48.0)	12.1 (53.8)	16.7 (62.1)	21.0 (69.8)	24.8 (76.6)	27.2 (81.0)	27.7 (81.9)	24.1 (75.4)	19.7 (67.5)	13.5 (56.3)	9.2 (48.6)	17.7 (63.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.8 (37.0)	3.9 (39.0)	6.6 (43.9)	11.1 (52.0)	15.6 (60.1)	20.1 (68.2)	23.0 (73.4)	23.3 (73.9)	19.3 (66.7)	14.5 (58.1)	8.5 (47.3)	4.8 (40.6)	12.8 (55.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	18.2 (0.72)	20.4 (0.80)	29.5 (1.16)	41.5 (1.63)	21.9 (0.86)	3.8 (0.15)	2.7 (0.11)	0.5 (0.02)	2.2 (0.09)	11.8 (0.46)	31.7 (1.25)	24.1 (0.95)	208.3 (8.2)
Average relative humidity (%)	64	61	60	61	60	55	52	56	62	64	66	66	61
Source: IRIMO(Temperatures^[11])(Precipitation^[12])(Humidity^[13])

Notes

^ Also romanized as Manjīl and Menjīl; derived from Manzil^[3]

References

^ OpenStreetMap contributors (14 October 2024). "Manjil, Rudbar County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 14 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Gilan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Manjil can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3073927" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Great War Primary Documents Archive
^ "Iranian Town, Once a Jewel, Lies Entombed", The New York Times, pp. A6, 25 June 1990
^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
^ فرهنگ نگاری گویشی، جهاندوست سبزعلیپور، سیده فاطمه نیک گهر
^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Gilan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Gilan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
^ ^a ^b Visible on Google earth at N36º45´18˝-N36º41´42˝ and E49º23´6˝ and E49º31´ 48˝
^
"AVERAGE OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN C. STATION MANJIL(40720)". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- "AVERAGE OF MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE IN C. STATION MANJIL(40720)". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- "AVERAGE OF MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN C. Station Manjil(40720)". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. Station Manjil(40720)". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "AVERAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PERCENT Station Manjil(40720)". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)