Moeritherium

Moeritherium; Temporal range: Late Eocene, 37–35 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	M. trigodon skull cast, at the AMNH.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Proboscidea
Family:	†Moeritheriidae; C.W. Andrews, 1906
Genus:	†Moeritherium; C.W. Andrews, 1901
Type species
	Moeritherium lyonsi; Andrews, 1901
Species
	†M. gracile C.W. Andrews, 1902; †M. trigodon C.W. Andrews, 1904; †M. andrewsi Schlosser, 1911; †M. chehbeurameuri Delmer et al., 2006;

Moeritherium ("the beast from Lake Moeris") is an extinct genus of basal proboscideans from the Eocene of North and West Africa. It was related to elephants and, more distantly, to sea cows and hyraxes.

Description

Partial M. andrewsi skull with reconstruction at the AMNH

M. sp. skeleton in Japan

M. lyonsi skull front view, at the Royal BC Museum

Model at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Size comparison of Moeritherium lyonsi compared to a human

Moeritherium was a rotund semi-aquatic mammal with short, stubby legs that lived about 37–35 million years ago.^[1] Its body shape and lifestyle demonstrate convergent evolution with pigs, tapirs, and the pygmy hippopotamus. Moeritherium was smaller than most or all later proboscideans, standing only 70 centimetres (2.3 ft) high at the shoulder and weighing 235 kilograms (518 lb).^[2]

The shape of the skull suggests that, while Moeritherium did not have an elephant-like trunk, it may have had a broad flexible upper lip like a tapir's for grasping aquatic vegetation. The second incisor teeth formed small tusks, although these would have looked more like the teeth of a hippo than a modern elephant.^[3]^[4]

Ecology

Isotopic analysis suggests that Moertherium was amphibious/semiaquatic and probably consumed freshwater plants.^[5]

Discovery

In 1901, Charles William Andrews described Moeritherium lyonsi from fossil remains found in the Qasr el Sagha Formation in the Al Fayyum in Egypt. Andrews described Moeritherium gracile from fossil remains of a smaller specimen found in the same area in 1902 in a fluvio-marine formation,^[6]^[7] that is a river estuary wetlands to brackish lagoon paleoenvironment. In 1904, the first Moeritherium trigodon fossils were discovered by Charles Andrews in the deposits of an oasis in Al Fayyum.^[1]^[8] It is also found in other sites around North and West Africa.^[9]

In 1911, Max Schlosser of Munich divided Moeritherium lyonsi into two species: Moeritherium lyonsi, a large form from the Qasr-el-Sagha formation, and a new large species M. andrewsi from a fluvio-marine formation.^[6]^[7]^[10] In 2006, Moeritherium chehbeurameuri has been described from fossil remains found in the early late Eocene locality of Bir El Ater, Algeria.^[11]

Classification

Moeritherium is not thought to be directly ancestral to modern elephants; it was a branch of Proboscidea that died out, leaving no descendants. There were several species of other basal proboscideans in existence during the Eocene, and some, such as Phiomia and Palaeomastodon, looked comparatively more like modern elephants. However, Moeritherium was clearly a side branch of the proboscidean family tree, having evolved to resemble other rotund semiaquatic mammals such as pigs, tapirs, and hippos instead of having the typical proboscidean body form.^[12]

Phylogeny of Proboscidea showing placement of Moeritherium, following Hautier et al. 2021^[13]

Moeritherium

	Phiomia

	Elephantimorpha

References

^ ^a ^b Koehl, D. 2006 The genus Moeritherium, ancestor of elephants. Downloaded on 6 December 2006.
^ Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014.
^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
^ Savage, RJG; Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8160-1194-0.
^ Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (2008-04-15). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.
^ ^a ^b Matsumoto, H. 1922. Revision of Palæomastodon and Mœritherium. Palæomastodon intermedius, and Phiomia osborni, new species. American Museum Novitates. Number 51, November 21.
^ ^a ^b Matsumoto, H. 1923. A Contribution to the Knowledge of Mœritherium. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History; v. 48, article 4. p. 97-140.
^ ABC Online. 2002. ABC - Science - Beasts - Moeritherium Factfile Downloaded on 6 December 2006.
^ BBC Homepage. 2006. - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Moeritherium Downloaded on 6 December 2006.
^ Schlosser Max (1911) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der oligozänen Landsäugetiere aus dem Fayum, Ägypten." Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns, 24: 1–167.
^ Delmer, Cyrille; Mahboubi, Mohamed; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Tassy, Pascal (2006). "A New Species of Moeritherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: New Perspectives on the Ancestral Morphotype of the Genus". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 421–434. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..421D. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x.
^ Stockdale, M.; Musgrove, L. Ancient Proboscideans Archived 2017-03-16 at the Wayback Machine University of Bristol 2011.
^ Hautier, Lionel; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Mourlam, Mickaël J.; Kassegne, Koffi Evenyon; Amoudji, Yawovi Zikpi; Orliac, Maëva; Quillévéré, Frédéric; Charruault, Anne-Lise; Johnson, Ampah Kodjo Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume (2021-10-13). "New Middle Eocene proboscidean from Togo illuminates the early evolution of the elephantiform-like dental pattern". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1960). doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1439. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 8511763. PMID 34641726.

[Koehl-1] Koehl, D. 2006 The genus Moeritherium, ancestor of elephants. Downloaded on 6 December 2006.

[proboscideans-2] Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014.

[3] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.

[MamEv-4] Savage, RJG; Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8160-1194-0.

[5] Liu, Alexander G. S. C.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Simons, Elwyn L. (2008-04-15). "Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (15): 5786–5791. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800884105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2311368. PMID 18413605.

[Matsumoto1922-6] Matsumoto, H. 1922. Revision of Palæomastodon and Mœritherium. Palæomastodon intermedius, and Phiomia osborni, new species. American Museum Novitates. Number 51, November 21.

[Matsumoto1923-7] Matsumoto, H. 1923. A Contribution to the Knowledge of Mœritherium. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History; v. 48, article 4. p. 97-140.

[ABCOnline-8] ABC Online. 2002. ABC - Science - Beasts - Moeritherium Factfile Downloaded on 6 December 2006.

[BBC-9] BBC Homepage. 2006. - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Moeritherium Downloaded on 6 December 2006.

[Schlosser-10] Schlosser Max (1911) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der oligozänen Landsäugetiere aus dem Fayum, Ägypten." Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns, 24: 1–167.

[Delmer2006-11] Delmer, Cyrille; Mahboubi, Mohamed; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Tassy, Pascal (2006). "A New Species of Moeritherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: New Perspectives on the Ancestral Morphotype of the Genus". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 421–434. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..421D. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x.

[Stockdale_&_Musgrove-12] Stockdale, M.; Musgrove, L. Ancient Proboscideans Archived 2017-03-16 at the Wayback Machine University of Bristol 2011.

[:0-13] Hautier, Lionel; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Mourlam, Mickaël J.; Kassegne, Koffi Evenyon; Amoudji, Yawovi Zikpi; Orliac, Maëva; Quillévéré, Frédéric; Charruault, Anne-Lise; Johnson, Ampah Kodjo Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume (2021-10-13). "New Middle Eocene proboscidean from Togo illuminates the early evolution of the elephantiform-like dental pattern". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1960). doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1439. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 8511763. PMID 34641726.

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Moeritherium

Description

Ecology

Discovery

Classification

References

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