Ngaruroro River

Ngaruroro River
Ngaruroro River
	Ngaruroro River in the Kaweka Range
	Ngaruroro river system
Native name	Ngaruroro (Māori)
Location
Country	New Zealand
Region	Hawkes Bay
Physical characteristics
Source	Kaimanawa Range
Mouth	Hawke Bay
• coordinates	39°34′S 176°56′E / 39.567°S 176.933°E
• elevation	Sea level
Length	164 kilometres (102 mi)

The Ngaruroro River is located in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It runs for a total of 164 kilometres southeast from the Kaweka Range, Kaimanawa Range and Ruahine Range and then east before emptying into Hawke Bay roughly halfway between the cities of Napier and Hastings, near the town of Clive (drainage area 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) ^[1] above Tutaekuri River confluence). About 40% of the catchment is pasture, and 55% native forest.^[2] The meaning of Ngaruroro is obscure.^[3]

Course

The upper Ngaruroro drains the Kaweka Forest Park and it is used for trout fishing (mostly rainbow),^[4] rafting, tramping and deer hunting.

The river is mostly a single-thread channel down to Whanawhana (45 kilometres (28 mi) from the coast), flowing through a greywacke rock gorge. Below Whanawhana, the river opens to wide braided channel^[5] and is joined by the Maraekakaho River. The Ngaruroro shares a river mouth with the Tutaekuri, Clive River and Muddy Creek. The meeting of these rivers forms the Waitangi Estuary.^[6]

Aquifer

The Ngaruroro River recharges freshwater to the Heretaunga groundwater aquifer (in the order of four cubic metres per second (140 cu ft/s)^[3]). This aquifer feeds several streams in the area (e.g. Raupare, Irongate), in addition to pumping that supports extensive orchards of the Heretaunga Plains. Eventually the aquifer discharges to the sea in submarine springs some 20 kilometres (12 mi) off the coast.^[7]

Flooding

The Ngaruroro is one of several rivers that helped form the alluvial Heretaunga Plains at the south end of the coast of Hawke Bay. The course of the Ngaruroro has changed several times, originally flowing down what is now the Clive River. It changed to much of its present course in 1867 during a major flood. In 1969, the bottom four kilometres (2.5 mi) of river was diverted more directly to the coast (near Pakowhai Road) in an effort to reduce flooding. The river is now contained within flood banks in these lower reaches from Fernhill, Hawke's Bay to the mouth of the river. The Karamu and Clive remain as rivers, but drain a smaller catchment.

The river breached its flood banks during Cyclone Gabrielle in February 2023, inundating a large area of the Heretaunga Plains. The settlements of Omahu, Waiohiki and Pakowhai were severely affected with dozens of homes being destroyed. Large areas of orchards and vineyards were ruined and homes in Taradale were evacuated.^[8] Bridges 216^[9] and 217 (Waitangi Washout) on the Palmerston North–Gisborne railway line^[10] and Waitangi Park Bridge on SH51 were damaged.^[11]