November 3, 1923: Sweden's Crown Prince Gustav VI Adolf marries Britain's Princess Louise Mountbatten at LondonNovember 8, 1923: German Nazis led by General Erich Ludendorff (center) and Adolf Hitler (next to Ludendorff) attempt to overthrow government of Bavaria.[1]
The following events occurred in November 1923:
November 1, 1923 (Thursday)
Imprisoned steel industrialist Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach signed an agreement with the French government establishing conditions under which the Krupp mines in the Ruhr would resume work.[2] Krupp was released from prison 14 days later.
The governments of Estonia and Latvia signed a mutual defense treaty and military alliance. Latvia renounced all claims it had made on Ruhnu island in the Gulf of Riga.[3][4]
The Finnish airline Finnair was founded by Bruno Lucander under the name "Aero Osakeyhtiö" (Aero Joint Stock Company), abbreviated to Aero O/Y. Lucander's sole aircraft at first was a single-engine Junkers F.13 seaplane, used for flying a route between Helsinki and Tallinn. In 1947, the company would be renamed Finnish Airlines, shortened to Finnair in 1949.[5]
Died: Bill Lovett, 29, Irish-born American gangster and recently retired leader of New York's White Hand Gang, was murdered while sleeping in an abandoned store at 25 Bridge Street in Brooklyn, after a night of drinking at Sand's Saloon.[6][7]
November 2, 1923 (Friday)
Silent film star Margaret Gibson was arrested at her home in Los Angeles on federal charges of operating a blackmail and extortion ring,[citation needed] charges that were later dropped. She performed under her own name from 1913 to 1917, and later as Patricia Palmer from 1918 to 1929.
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Harold J. Brow set a new flight airspeed record at the Mineola airfield on New York's Long Island, becoming the first person to fly faster than 400 kilometers per hour and the first of more than 250 miles per hour. Brow, competing against Navy Lieutenant Alford J. Williams, averaged 417.07 kilometres per hour (259.16 mph) over a three-kilometer course.[8]
Three Socialist members of the Gustav Stresemann cabinet resigned in protest of the government's refusal to curb the powers of the dictatorial regime in Bavaria.[9][10]
David Lloyd George gave a final speech at the Metropolitan Opera House as he ended his tour of North America. Lloyd George defended the Treaty of Versailles as "the best treaty that could have been negotiated under the circumstances at that time" and said it was not the treaty that was responsible for the present problems of Europe, but "the completeness of the victory. It was the most complete victory that has almost ever been won in wars between great nations. Germany-Austria were shattered, demoralized, disarmed, prostrated; we left them like broken backed creatures on the road for any chariot to run over." He added that Europe must be given "the conviction that right is supreme over force. Who is to do it? There are only two countries on Earth which can establish that conviction, and those are the United States of America and the British Empire. Unless it is done, I do not know what is going to happen."[12][13][14]
Born:
Cesare Rubini, Italian basketball coach who won 15 national championships from 1950 to 1972 as coach of Olimpia Milano; in Trieste (d. 2011)
U.S. Army Captain Harold Kullberg performed the first arrest in the United States for violation of air traffic rules. While flying, Kullberg noticed a plane that was stunt flying over Akron, Ohio. When the plane landed at Stowe airfield, Kullberg did as well and arrested pilot Howard Calvert and passenger Frank O'Neill.[16]
The New York Renaissance the first all-black professional basketball team, commonly called "The Rens", played its first game, defeating the "Collegiate Five", a group of white former college basketball players, 28 to 22. The game took place at the Renaissance Casino and Ballroom in the Harlem section of New York City.[17]
Nationalist groups including monarchists and Nazis paraded in Munich during a memorial ceremony for war dead in which a corner stone was laid for a new monument. Crown Prince Rupprecht, Otto von Lossow and Eugen von Knilling were among those in attendance.[19]Adolf Hitler plotted to use this occasion to launch a putsch by kidnapping the Bavarian leaders and declaring a revolution from the reviewing stand, but he abandoned the plan after seeing the large police presence on the scene.[20]
The Australian government issued an appeal to fit men of military age to enroll as special constables as the Victorian Police strike entered its fourth full day.[18] The strike gradually petered out with the hiring of these Specials.[21]
United States Navy Lieutenant Alford J. Williams broke the flight airspeed record just two days after it has been set, flying at 429.02 kilometres per hour (266.58 mph) at Mineola.[22]
Eugene Sledge, U.S. Marine and later a historian whose combat experiences were chronicled in the PBS documentary The War, and the HBO drama series The Pacific; in Mobile, Alabama (d. 2001)
Voters in the Scottish town of Falkirk, Stirlingshire, opted overwhelmingly in favor of the local sale of liquor as the first of 26 Scot towns to vote on the issue.[24]
Prominent Ku Klux Klan figure William S. Coburn was shot dead in his office in Atlanta by a member of a rival Klan faction.[28]
November 6, 1923 (Tuesday)
A coal mine explosion killed 27 miners of the Raleigh-Wyoming Coal Company in Glen Rogers, West Virginia. Another 36 survived because the mine had been equipped with the most modern ventilation system available at that time.[29]
A least 18 striking workers, and 14 soldiers, were killed in a riot in Kraków in Poland. The uprising started when a policeman fired into a crowd of demonstrators as they entered Main Market Square.[30]
Born:
Nizoramo Zaripova, Soviet Tajik feminist and acting head of state of the Tadzhik SSR in 1984; in Pusheni, Uzbek SSR (living in 2023)
The Imperial Conference also accepted, in modified form, an American plan to thwart rum-running by British vessels. It would give the United States authority to search and seize British ships suspected of containing contraband alcohol within a certain proximity to American shores, while British ships in return would be allowed to bring liquor to American ports under seal when intended for outbound consumption.[32]
Heavyweight boxer Billy Miske, despite being terminally ill with kidney disease, fought his final bout, ending in an upset of Bill Brennan with a fourth round knockout. Both Miske and Brennan had fought championship bouts with Jack Dempsey in 1920. Miske died less than eight weeks after his retirement from the ring.
Józef Hen (pen name for Józef Henryk Cukier), Polish novelist, playwright and screenwriter; in Warsaw (living in 2023)
Died:
John Davey, 77, English-born American agriculture specialist, environmentalist and pioneer of tree surgery
Fusakichi Omori, 55, Japanese seismologist who formulated Omori's law for the prediction of the timing of aftershocks following an initial earthquake, died of a brain tumor.[38]
November 9, 1923 (Friday)
Gustav Ritter von Kahr revoked his support of Hitler, issuing a statement at 7:45 a.m. on behalf of himself, Lossow and von Seisser that their pledges the day before had been extorted under duress and were "null and void".[34][39] With the putsch having stalled, Ludendorff led a hastily arranged 11:00 a.m. march with 2,000 men on the center of Munich, until police fired on the putschists and dispersed them. Four police officers, 15 Nazis, and one bystander were killed in the gun battle. Ludendorff was arrested, but Hermann Göring and Hitler were among those who escaped.[34][35][40]
The Nazi Party was banned throughout Germany after its members had attempted the coup d'etat.[41]
Alice Coachman, American high jump athlete and the (in 1948) first African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal; in Albany, Georgia (d. 2014)
Sugiura Shigemine, Japanese fighter pilot celebrated since his death in 1944 as a supernatural figure in Taiwan as Feihu Jiangjun; in Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture (killed in plane crash, 1944)
Katarina Josipi (stage name for Katë Dulaj), Albanian-Yugoslavian stage, film and TV actress; in Zym, Yugoslavia (d. 1969)
John Koren, 62, U.S. International Prison Commissioner, jumped overboard from the liner Nieuw Amsterdam while the ship was sailing to New York. According to witnesses, Koren was on the promenade of the ship with other passengers during the tea hour when he leaped into the ocean and disappeared quickly.[44]
November 10, 1923 (Saturday)
In a radio broadcast, former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called the U.S. isolationist policy after the war "cowardly and dishonorable."[45]
Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany ended his exile in the Netherlands and crossed back onto German soil. Dutch authorities had informed him that he would not be allowed to return to Holland as a refugee again. Wilhelm went straight to Hanover and visited retired Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg.[46]
Erich Ludendorff was released on parole when he gave his word that he would not participate in any more revolutionary activities.[47]
Hachikō, Japanese Akita dog known for his nine year loyalty to his deceased owner (d. 1935)
November 11, 1923 (Sunday)
Three days after the attempted Beer Hall Putsch, Bavarian police found Adolf Hitler hiding in the attic of the country home of his friend Ernst Hanfstaengl and arrested him on charges of high treason. Hitler, who would be incarcerated for 13 months, appointed his colleague Alfred Rosenberg to be the temporary leader of the Nazi Party.[34][35][36]
Born: Alfred Schreiber, German Luftwaffe fighter pilot who became, on July 26, 1944, the first jet pilot to claim an aerial victory in combat, and prior to his death four months later, the first jet fighter ace in history; in Neplachowitz (d. 1944)
Tom Butler, English footballer for Port Vale F.C., died of tetanus from a game injury sustained on November 3 in Port Vale's 1-1 draw against Clapton Orient.
The new flag of the Soviet Union was adopted. Its design of a solid red field with a gold hammer, sickle and star in the upper hoist corner would be used with only a couple of minor variations until the USSR's dissolution in 1991.[48]
The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of U.S. states to ban non-U.S. citizens from owning or leasing agricultural land, in its decision in Terrace v. Thompson. The case had arisen from a challenge to California's Alien Land Law of 1913 and to a similar law in the state of Washington, both passed to discourage Japanese immigration.[49]
General Hans von Seeckt ordered that all Berlin cafés, halls and cabarets must freely admit the city's poor and cold in order to warm themselves. Failure to comply would mean the government would use the establishments exclusively as warming halls.[54]
Died:Ernst Augustus of Hanover, 78, Crown Prince of Hanover from 1851 until the kingdom's 1866 annexation by Prussia. He had been the British Duke of Cumberland until he sided with Germany in World War I. Ernst, a great-grandson of Britain's King George III, had served as the head of the House of Hanover since 1878 after the death of the former King George V.
Germany stopped printing the essentially worthless "papiermark", which had been trading at the rate of 4,200,000,000,000 (4.2 trillion) marks to one U.S. dollar by mid-November[57] and issued the new Rentenmark, backed by the value of semi-annual property taxes and tied to the U.S. dollar with a 4.2 RM to US$1. The old marks were exchangeable at the rate of one new mark for every one trillion old marks.[citation needed]
California U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson announced that he would challenge President Calvin Coolidge for the 1924 Republican nomination for U.S. president. Johnson, unlike Coolidge, was staunchly opposed to U.S. entry into the World Court.[58]
The Soviet Union's Presidium approved the creation of OGPU (Obyedinyonnoye Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravleniye or Joint State Political Directorate), taking direct control of the Soviet domestic and foreign intelligence services from the NKVD and its GPU agency.[citation needed]
Wealthy arms manufacturer Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, incarcerated by France during the occupation of the Ruhr, was released from prison after seven months confinement.[52]
The first census of Albania was taken, limited to a numerical count without individual household details, was taken and showed that the Balkan kingdom had 814,380 residents, almost 52 percent of whom (421,618) were male.[citation needed]
A Swiss jury acquitted Maurice Conradi on charges arising from the assassination of Vatslav Vorovsky. The verdict angered the Soviet Union.[3]
Benito Mussolini said in a Senate speech that "The Italian government cannot give its approval to any further occupation of German territory. One must have the courage to say that the German people cannot be destroyed. They are a people which has known civilization and which may tomorrow be an integral part of European civilization."[61]
Zev was awarded a controversial win over In Memoriam in a $30,000 horse race at Churchill Downs. Photographs and newsreel footage of the extremely close finish suggest that In Memoriam actually won by a nose.[63][64]
France's Compagnie générale transsaharienne (CGT), charged with determining the best routes for travel across the Sahara desert in North Africa, began its first expedition, traveling from Adrar in French Algeria, to Tessalit in the French Sudan (in what is now Mali, a distance of 550 miles (890 km). Led by Lieutenant Georges Estienne for the French Foreign Legion, the group of 11 reached its destination on November 30.
Franz Kurowski, prolific German author of histories and novels about World War II under at least 12 different pen names, including Karl Kollatz, Volkmar Kühn, Karl Alman, and Johanna Schulz; in Hombruch, Dortmund (d. 2011)
The Parliament of Italy passed the Acerbo Law, automatically giving the first-place party in an election a two-thirds majority of seats as long as it received at least 25 percent of the vote. The remaining one-third of seats were to be shared among the other parties proportionally.[66]
All 14 of the crew of the American schooner Grace N. Pendleton were killed when the ship broke up in a gale in the North Sea after departing Hamburg. Rescue boats were unable to reach crewmembers whom they saw clinging to the remains of the ship.[67]
Died: John Wesley Gilbert, 60, African-American archaeologist and Methodist missionary, died after a long illness.
November 19, 1923 (Monday)
Oklahoma's Governor Walton convicted, succeeded by Trapp
In the U.S., Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton was convicted by the state senate on eleven charges of corruption and abuse of power and removed from office.[68][69]Martin E. Trapp, who had been acting governor while the trial had been conducted, was sworn in to fill the remainder of Walton's term.
U.S. patent no. 1,475,024 was granted to African-American inventor Garrett Morgan for the first three-position traffic light (with a red-amber-green signal for stop, caution and go respectively) still in use a century later. Morgan had applied for the patent on February 27, 1922.[70]
Claude Lebey, French food critic who published the annual Guide Lebey of restaurants and bistros in Paris; in Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendée département (d. 2017)
Arthur Hiller, Canadian television and film director known for Love Story (1970), Silver Streak (1976) and Outrageous Fortune (1987); in Edmonton (d. 2016)
Hanna Maron, German-born Israeli actress and comedian who had the longest career in acting, working for 87 years between 1927 and 2014; in Berlin (d. 2014)
Victor Papanek, Austrian-born American designer, author of the influential Design for the Real World; in Vienna (d. 1998)
Died: Andy O'Sullivan, Irish Republican Army intelligence officer, became the third, and last prisoner to die after participating in the hunger strikes in Irish prisons. O'Sullivan's death at Mountjoy Prison, after 40 days of not eating, followed those of Joseph Whitty at Mountjoy on September 2 and Denny Barry on November 21 at Curragh Camp. The strike was called off the next day and the 22 survivors received medical attention.
November 23, 1923 (Friday)
Regular radio broadcasting began in Australia as the station 2SB launched its services at 8:00 in the evening in Sydney.[73] The station, now with the call letters 2BL, is now branded as ABC Radio Sydney and is the flagship station of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's radio network.
The 1923 college football season came to an end in the United States as two teams from the Big Nine Conference (now the Big Ten) both finishing unbeaten, untied, and later to be recognized retroactively by the NCAA as national champions. The Fighting Illini of the University of Illinois, with star halfback Red Grange, defeated Ohio State University, 9 to 0, at Columbus, Ohio to finish with a record of 8-0-0. The Wolverines of the University of Michigan, who had beaten Ohio State 23-0 earlier in the season, beat Minnesota at home, 10 to 0 to finish 8-0-0 as well. Michigan and Illinois, despite being in the same conference, had not been scheduled to play each other. Illinois would later be recognized retroactively (in 1943) by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the best team of 1923, while the National Championship Foundation would select Illinois and Michigan together in 1980.
The Army–Navy Game ended in a 0–0 tie before 66,000 fans came out to watch the game which was played under muddy conditions at the Polo Grounds in New York City.[79]
German President Friedrich Ebert asked Heinrich Albert to become chancellor and form a cabinet.[81] Nationalist members of the Reichstag responded by announcing that they would not approve him as Chancellor.[82]
The first, and only NFL game in which a team finished with exactly four points was played, as the Racine Legion of Racine, Wisconsin) defeated the Chicago Cardinals, 10 to 4. The Cardinals' scoring came on two safeties, and they had a 2 to 0 lead at half time.[83]
George H. Greenhalgh filed the patent application for the first automotive oil filter. Greehalgh said in his application, "This invention relates to filters and particularly to filters adapted to be used for removing deleterious matter from oil or other liquids, as for example from lubricants in the lubricating systems of internal combustion engines or other devices." Ernest J. Sweetland, the patent assignee, would market the device as the Purolator (a trademark based on the phrase pure oil later), d. U.S. patent No. 1,721,250 would be awarded on July 16, 1929.[84]
The Rhine Republic came to an end as Josef Friedrich Matthes announced that he had dissolved the separatist government that had first been proclaimed in the occupied Rhineland on October 21.[86]
Warren T. McCray, Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana, was indicted on 192 charges of corruption by a grand jury in Indianapolis.[92]
Two committees were established to examine Germany's capability to pay reparations.[3]
Died:
Martha Mansfield, 24, American stage and silent film actress, died one day after suffering third-degree burns after her costume caught fire.[93][94][95]
John Maclean, 44, Scottish nationalist and socialist, collapsed while giving a speech outdoors in Glasgow and died of pneumonia
^Patrick Downey, Gangster City: The History of the New York Underworld 1900–1935 (Barricade Books, 2004) pp. 128-130
^"Reformed Gunman Slain in His Sleep by Old-time Pals; Back in Old Haunts for 'Fling', 'Wild Bill' Lovett Dies", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 2, 1923, p.1
^"Navy Flier Goes Faster Than Man Ever Did Before", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 3, 1923, p.1
^Clayton, John (November 3, 1923). "Socialist Bolt Speeds Nation to a Monarchy". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Lloyd George Utters Eloquent Goodbye To Thousands Who Hear His Parting Address Prior to Sailing for Home". Bakersfield Morning Echo. Bakersfield, California. November 3, 1923. pp. 1, 7.
^"Final Plea by Lloyd George: U.S. Must Help". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1–2. November 3, 1923.
^Lindgren, Homer (1930). Modern Speeches. New York: F.S. Crofts & Co.
^Craig, Elizabeth (November 4, 1923). "Swedish Prince Marries Cousin of King George". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"First Arrest of Violator of Air Traffic Rules", Lowell (MA) Sun, November 3, 1923, p. 1
^ ab"Police Strike in Melbourne, Take 2 Lives". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 5, 1923. p. 3.
^Rue, Larry (November 5, 1923). "Bavaria Takes Monarchy Out of Moth Balls". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
^Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 22. ISBN978-0-7864-0372-1.
^Walker, Bertha. "The Police Strike 1923". Solidarity Forever! The Life & Times of Percy Laidler. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^"Navy Aviators Smash Records in Speed Duel", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 5, 1923, p.1
^"ALBERTA VOTES WET DECISIVELY— Expect that Majority Against Prohibition Will Total 30,000 When All the Returns Received", Ottawa Evening Journal, November 6, 1923, p.1
^"Scots Celebrate Victory of 'Wets'; Prohibition Badly Beaten in Falkirk, First of 26 Towns to Decide Issue", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 6, 1923, p.3
^League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 26, pp. 388–394.
^Clayton, John (November 6, 1923). "Storm Berlin Bourse; Raid Jews' Homes". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Swiss Slayer of Soviet Leader on Trial Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 5, 1923. p. 4.
^"Bodies of 25 Miners Found; 2 Yet Missing", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 7, 1923, p.1
^"21 Persons Killed in Warsaw Strike", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 8, 1923, p.3 ("The most serious riot was at Cracow, where a crowd surrounded and disarmed a company of infantry. The men were rescued by a cavalry charge in which twenty persons were killed.")
^Steele, John (November 8, 1923). "Britain Plans Tariff on U.S.". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Steele, John (November 8, 1923). "U.S. Can Board Rum Smugglers Beyond 12 Miles". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Bavarian Government Overthrown; Ludendorf Dictator— Adolph Hitler, with 600 Soldiers, Enters Patriotic Gathering in Munich, Declares Cabinet Deposed and Arrests Prime Minister", St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 9, 1923, p.1
^ abMercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 311. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^Charles Davison, "Fusakichi Omori and his work on Earthquakes", in Bulletin of the Seismic Society of America (1924) pp. 240–255
^Jablonsky, David (1989). The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit 1923–25. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN978-1-135-17822-2.
^"'Putsch' a Fiasco, 'Ludy' Jailed and Hitler Wounded", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 10, 1923, p. 1
^Mühlberger, Detlef (2003). The Social Bases of Nazism, 1919–1933. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN978-0-521-00372-8.
^Steele, John (November 10, 1923). "London Roars Big Welcome to Lloyd George". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
^John Toland, Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography (Anchor Books, 1976) p. 170
^"Koren, Prison Official, Leaps to Death at Sea— U.S. Commissioner, Apparently Nervous, Jumps Off Nieuw Amsterdam", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 18, 1923, p.1
^Clayton, John (November 11, 1923). "Crown Prince Returns; Eyes German Throne". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Ludendorff is Free on Parole". Laredo Weekly Times. Laredo, Texas. November 11, 1923. p. 1.
^"Soviet Flag to Bear Sickle and Hammer— Five-pointed Star Also Adorns Red Cloth Emblem Adopted", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 14, 1923, p. 1
^"Anti-Japanese Land Law Declared Valid", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 13, 1923, p.1
^Wales, Henry (November 14, 1923). "British Hint at Bolt as France Asks New Quiz". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Pact Repudiated, Payments at End Is Berlin Report— Breach of Versailles Treaty by France Alleged as Grounds for Move by Government of Reich", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 15, 1923, p.1
^Brown, Parke (November 16, 1923). "Johnson to Race Coolidge". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
^Seaman, L.C.B. (2005). Post Victorian Britain 1902–1951. Methuen & Co. p. 128. ISBN978-1-134-95491-9.
^"Election Battles Start in England— King Dissolves Parliament to Reassemble, After Balloting, on January 8", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 17, 1923, p.3
^"Britain Backed By Italy, Tells France Go Slow". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 17, 1923. pp. 1–2.
^"German Steamer Sunk by Mine in Baltic Sea— Seventeen Bodies Washed Ashore After Vessel Goes Down", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 21, 1923, p. 1
^"Zev Conquers In Memoriam by Nose Finish". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 18, 1923. p. Part 2 p. 1.
^Gamache, Ray (2010). A History of Sports Highlights: Replayed Plays from Edison to ESPN. McFarland. p. 217. ISBN978-0-7864-5664-2.
^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver, Elections in Europe: A data handbook (Nomos, 2010) p.368
^"Stresemann Falls; Red and Nationalist Parties Suspended", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 24, 1923, p.1
^"German Communist, Nationalist and Nationalist-Socialist Groups Ordered to Disband", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 24, 1923, p.1
^Owen, Bernard; Rodriguez-McKey, Maria (2013). Proportional Western Europe: The Failure of Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 206. ISBN978-1-137-37437-0.
^Lane, A.T. (1995). Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders, Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 158. ISBN978-0-313-26456-6.
^"Oscar B. Marx Dies; ex-Detroit Mayor", AP report in Ludington (MI) Daily News, November 23, 1923, p. 1
^"66,000 Watch Army and Navy Battle 0 to 0". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 25, 1923. p. Part 2, p. 1.
^"Successor to Walton Wants Law for Klan". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 25, 1923. p. 4.
^Clayton, John (November 26, 1923). "Dr. Albert Heads German Cabinet; Reichstag to Go". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Nationalists Block Albert's Ministry— New German Chancellor Meets Tremendous Obstacles in Filing Positions", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 27, 1923, p. 3
^Clayton, John (November 28, 1923). "Snuff Reds as Nationalists Rule Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Separatists Split; Matthes in Flight; Head of Rhineland Republic Announces Dissolution of Cabinet, Charging Military Coup", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 29, 1923, p. 3
^Clayton, John (November 30, 1923). "Wilhelm Marx Tries to Form Berlin Cabinet". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Marx to Demand Dictatorial Power— New Chancellor to Face Reichstag With Programme Similar to Stresemann's", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 1923, p. 3
^"Indiana Governor Waits for Arrest on Eight Charges— McCray Will Give Bond in Indictment of 192 Counts", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 1923, p. 1
^"Screen Actress Dies as Result of Burns— Martha Mansfield Fatally Injured When Flimsy Dress Ignites", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 1923, p. 3
.svg)
.svg)
.jpg)
.jpg)