Otjize

Otjize is a mixture of butterfat and ochre pigment used by the Himba people of Namibia to protect themselves from the harsh desert climate. The paste is often perfumed with the aromatic resin of Commiphora multijuga (omuzumba).^[1]^[2] The Himba apply otjize to their skin and hair, which is long and plaited into intricate designs.^[3]^[4]^[5] Himba women start designing their hair from puberty using the red clay as well as adding on the hair of goats for stylistic purposes.^[3] Other documented uses of otjize include initiation ceremonies, the burial of human corpses, and as a mosquito repellent.^[5] The use of otjize by both men and women has been documented, with the decline in use by men beginning in the 1960s and attributed to "the presence of the South African Defence Force in the region and the subsequent employment of many men as trackers and soldiers".^[5]

Otjize is also used for hygienic purposes due to water scarcity. Over time, otjize flakes off, removing dirt and dead skin. Wood ash is used to wash the hair.^{[citation needed]}

In literature

In Nnedi Okorafor's Hugo Award–winning novella Binti (2015), the protagonist's use of otjize represents an "animist spirituality [that] radically decenters human exceptionality while simultaneously imbricating people thoroughly with their material world".^[6] For scholar S. R. Toliver, Binti's success in creating otjize on a planet away from her home planet "symbolizes a metaphorical rebirth of the Himba culture in a new land" and "is a lasting remnant of home and healing in a land that was initially defined by surveillance and control".^[7]

Scientific study

In 2022 a team of South African and French scientists published a study of otjize's physical properties, concluding that "such a red ochre exhibits an exceptional UV filtration and a significant IR reflectivity substantiating its effectiveness as an effective UV-blocking and solar heat IR reflector in support of the low skin cancer rate within the Namibian Himba community".^[2]

References

^ Crandall, David P. (2004). "Himba Flora Taxonomy and Herbal Medicines". Anthropos. 99 (1): 206. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40466314.
^ ^a ^b Havenga, D.; Akoba, R.; Menzi, L.; Azizi, S.; Sackey, J.; Swanepoel, N.; Gibaud, A.; Maaza, M. (December 2022). "From Himba indigenous knowledge to engineered Fe2O3 UV-blocking green nanocosmetics". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 2259. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04663-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8831563. PMID 35145113.
^ ^a ^b Barnett, Errol; Hume, Tim. "The Himba: Namibia's iconic red women". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ Wärnlöf, Christofer (2000). "The 'Discovery' of the Himba: The Politics of Ethnographic Film Making". Africa. 70 (2): 176. doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.2.175. ISSN 0001-9720.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rifkin, Riaan F. (2015). "Ethnographic and Experimental Perspectives on the Efficacy of Ochre as a Mosquito Repellent". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 70 (201): 66. ISSN 0038-1969. JSTOR 24643609.
^ Crowley, Dustin (2019). "Binti's R/evolutionary Cosmopolitan Ecologies". The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry. 6 (2): 243. doi:10.1017/pli.2018.54. ISSN 2052-2614.
^ Toliver, S. R. (2021). "Afrocarnival: Celebrating Black Bodies and Critiquing Oppressive Bodies in Afrofuturist Literature". Children's Literature in Education. 52 (1): 143. doi:10.1007/s10583-020-09403-y. ISSN 0045-6713.