Pembina County, North Dakota

Pembina County
Pembina County
County
	Pembina County Courthouse before 1920
	Location within the U.S. state of North Dakota
	North Dakota's location within the U.S.
	Coordinates: 48°46′N 97°33′W / 48.77°N 97.55°W
Country	United States
State	North Dakota
Founded	January 9, 1867 (created); August 12, 1867 (organized)
Named for	a Chippewa term
Seat	Cavalier
Largest city	Cavalier
Area
• Total	1,121 sq mi (2,900 km2)
• Land	1,119 sq mi (2,900 km2)
• Water	2.7 sq mi (7 km2) 0.2%
Population (2020)
• Total	6,844
• Estimate (2022)	6,763
• Density	6.1/sq mi (2.4/km2)
Time zone	UTC−6 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district	At-large
Website	www.pembinacountynd.gov

Pembina County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. At the 2020 census its population was 6,844.^[1] The county seat is Cavalier.^[2]

History

For thousands of years, various indigenous peoples inhabited the area along the Pembina and Red rivers. At the time of European contact in the 16th century, the dominant tribes were the Assiniboine and the Lakota (or Sioux, as the French colonists called them). The Ojibwe, also known as Chippewa, a branch of the Anishinaabe-speaking language group, gradually migrated west along both sides of the Great Lakes. They developed a long trading relationship with French trappers and colonists. Throughout the Red River of the North area, French trappers married Native American women, and their descendants continued to hunt and trap. A large mixed-race population developed, recognized as an ethnic First Nations group in Canada called the Métis. The Ojibwe and Métis generally supported the French forces during the Seven Years' War in the mid-eighteenth century against Great Britain.

With the British defeat of France and takeover of its colonial territory, the Chippewa learned to deal with a new trading culture. Armed with guns by trading and having adopted the horse from the Mandan and Hidatsa, by the end of the eighteenth century the Chippewa had migrated from woodlands to the Great Plains and begun to push the Lakota west before them. By the time of the War of 1812, the Ojibwe allied with the British against the United States, hoping to forestall European-American settlers' encroaching on their territory. With the settlement of the northern boundary with Canada, the Chippewa within the Dakota Territory were forced to deal with the United States. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Chippewa had continued conflicts with the Lakota along the Red River, finally pushing them into present-day western North and South Dakota.

Father George Belcourt, a Catholic Jesuit missionary who served them, described their territory in 1849 as the following

We understand here, that the district or department called Pembina, comprises all of the country or basin which is irrigated or traversed by the tributaries of the Red River, south of the line of the 49th parallel of latitude. The prairies' rivers and lakes which extend to the height of land of the Mississippi, and the immense plains which feed innumerable herds of bison to the westward and from which the Chippewa and half breeds [Métis] of this region obtain their subsistence, contains within their limits a country about 400 miles from north to south and more than five hundred miles from east to west.^[3]

The Métis used two-wheeled ox-drawn carts to transport furs to market along the Red River Trails, between what is now Winnipeg, Canada and Mendota or St. Paul, Minnesota. They also used ox-carts to transport food and shelter during extended buffalo hunts.

Over time, the Ojibwe were persuaded to cede much of their land by treaty to the US, which in turn sold it to homesteaders. They moved to relatively small Indian reservations within their earlier territory.

The precursor to Pembina County was a county of the same name in the Minnesota Territory, extending from the Upper Mississippi River to the western boundary of the territory. When Minnesota became a state in 1858, its western boundary was set at the Red River, and the land to its west was unorganized. A new Pembina County was established as part of the Dakota Territory in 1867. At the time it was a large territory, and in 1871 it was expanded to include much of the territory in what is now eastern North Dakota from Canada to the South Dakota border.

The Dakota Territory legislature created Pembina County on January 9, 1867, from previously unorganized territory. Its government was organized on August 12 of that same year. It was named for a Chippewa term for stab or stabbing.^[4] Pembina, the oldest European-American settlement in the future state, was the county seat. In 1911 the seat was relocated to Cavalier.^[5]^[6]

The county boundaries were altered in 1871, 1873, 1881, and 1887. It has retained its present boundaries since 1887. Between 1873 and 1881, eleven new counties were created from Pembina, including Cass County and Grand Forks County. Pembina took its current form in 1887, when Cavalier County was increased in size.^[7]

Icelandic State Park is located in Pembina County. The first Icelandic immigrant settlement in present-day North Dakota was in Pembina County in the late 1870s, when a colony of settlers from Iceland moved into the county from the New Iceland homesteads near Lake Winnipeg.^[8]

The first Icelandic settlements in what is now North Dakota were established in Pembina County in the late 1870s. Many of the immigrants came from New Iceland near Lake Winnipeg, along with other Icelanders who moved into the area from colonies in Wisconsin. The new settlers lived primarily in the so-called "Icelandic Townships" of Akra, Beaulieu, Gardar, and Thingwalla. The State Historical Society of North Dakota reported fewer than 3 or 4 non-Icelandic families living there in the early 1900s. Evidence of this heritage is found in several township and city names with Icelandic origins. Akra was named after the town of Akranes, near Reykjavík; Gardar was named for Gardar Svavarsson, who was reportedly the first Scandinavian to visit Iceland; and Hallsson was named for an early settler, Johann P. Hallson.^[9]

Icelandic State Park was established to preserve evidence of this early pioneer heritage.^[10]

Geography

Pembina County lies at the northeastern corner of North Dakota. Its northern boundary line abuts the southern boundary line of Canada and its eastern boundary line abuts the western boundary line of the state of Minnesota (across the Red River, which flows northward along the county's eastern boundary line). The Pembina River flows eastward through the upper portion of the county, discharging into the Red River near the northeastern county corner. The Tongue River flows northeastward through the upper portion of the county, discharging into the Pembina shortly before the Pembina joins the Red River. The county terrain consists of rolling hills, etched by river drainages. The area is devoted to agriculture.^[11] The terrain slopes to the east and north; its highest point is on the lower western boundary line, at 1,302 feet (397 m) above sea level.^[12] The county has a total area of 1,121 square miles (2,900 km²), of which 1,119 square miles (2,900 km²) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km²) (0.2%) is water.^[13] The lowest point in the state of North Dakota is located on the Red River of the North in Pembina Township in Pembina County, where it flows out of North Dakota and into the Canada–US border of Manitoba.

Major highways

Adjacent counties and rural municipalities

Rural Municipality of Stanley, Manitoba, Canada - northwest
Municipality of Rhineland, Manitoba, Canada - north
Rural Municipality of Montcalm, Manitoba, Canada - northeast
Kittson County, Minnesota - east
Marshall County, Minnesota - southeast
Walsh County - south
Cavalier County - west

Protected areas^[11]

Frost Fire Ski and Snow Board Area
Houghton National Wildlife Management Area
Icelandic State Park
Juhl National Wildlife Management Area
McDonald National Wildlife Management Area
Pembina Gorge State Recreation Area
Pembina Prairie National Wildlife Management Area
Tetrault State Forest (part)

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1870	1,213		—
1880	4,862		300.8%
1890	14,334		194.8%
1900	17,869		24.7%
1910	14,749		−17.5%
1920	15,177		2.9%
1930	14,757		−2.8%
1940	15,671		6.2%
1950	13,990		−10.7%
1960	12,946		−7.5%
1970	10,728		−17.1%
1980	10,399		−3.1%
1990	9,238		−11.2%
2000	8,585		−7.1%
2010	7,413		−13.7%
2020	6,844		−7.7%
2022 (est.)	6,763	^[14]	−1.2%
U.S. Decennial Census^[15] 1790-1960^[16] 1900-1990^[17] 1990-2000^[18] 2010-2020^[1]

2020 census

At the census of 2020, there were 6,844 people.

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 7,413 people, 3,257 households, and 2,069 families in the county. The population density was 6.62 people per square mile (2.56 people/km²). There were 3,859 housing units at an average density of 3.45 units per square mile (1.33/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 95.5% white, 1.9% American Indian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.6% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 33.8% were German, 21.3% were Norwegian, 10.6% were Irish, 9.5% were English, 8.0% were American, and 5.5% were Swedish.

Of the 3,257 households, 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.5% were non-families, and 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age was 46.7 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $48,502 and the median income for a family was $61,804. Males had a median income of $40,334 versus $29,662 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,019. About 4.0% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

Population by decade

Communities

Cities

Unincorporated communities

Townships

American Indian reservations

Ghost Town

Bowesmont

Politics

Pembina County voters have traditionally backed the Republican Party. In only one national election since 1948 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2020).

United States presidential election results for Pembina County, North Dakota^[19]
Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party
Year	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	2,460	73.85%	786	23.60%	85	2.55%
2016	2,208	70.03%	681	21.60%	264	8.37%
2012	1,899	58.34%	1,253	38.49%	103	3.16%
2008	1,722	52.07%	1,494	45.18%	91	2.75%
2004	2,466	63.95%	1,321	34.26%	69	1.79%
2000	2,430	64.30%	1,093	28.92%	256	6.77%
1996	1,678	50.94%	1,191	36.16%	425	12.90%
1992	1,917	46.45%	1,186	28.74%	1,024	24.81%
1988	2,471	59.56%	1,616	38.95%	62	1.49%
1984	2,895	65.99%	1,367	31.16%	125	2.85%
1980	3,101	65.73%	1,239	26.26%	378	8.01%
1976	2,810	53.95%	2,274	43.66%	125	2.40%
1972	3,317	63.75%	1,801	34.61%	85	1.63%
1968	2,574	56.01%	1,686	36.68%	336	7.31%
1964	1,961	37.95%	3,198	61.89%	8	0.15%
1960	3,348	57.62%	2,460	42.34%	2	0.03%
1956	3,077	61.82%	1,887	37.91%	13	0.26%
1952	4,012	67.50%	1,891	31.81%	41	0.69%
1948	2,406	46.67%	2,666	51.72%	83	1.61%
1944	2,410	44.95%	2,903	54.15%	48	0.90%
1940	2,924	43.94%	3,711	55.76%	20	0.30%
1936	2,040	31.48%	4,139	63.86%	302	4.66%
1932	1,911	34.19%	3,636	65.04%	43	0.77%
1928	3,324	60.75%	2,141	39.13%	7	0.13%
1924	2,783	59.02%	588	12.47%	1,344	28.50%
1920	3,925	73.24%	1,405	26.22%	29	0.54%
1916	1,469	50.71%	1,400	48.33%	28	0.97%
1912	615	24.75%	975	39.24%	895	36.02%
1908	1,389	52.55%	1,185	44.84%	69	2.61%
1904	1,870	70.01%	743	27.82%	58	2.17%
1900	1,732	55.34%	1,321	42.20%	77	2.46%

References

^ ^a ^b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ About US: "Move to the Plains" Archived March 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, accessed June 27, 2011
^ Ojibwe People's Dictionary^{[permanent dead link]}, University of Minnesota
^ Wick, Douglas A. (1988). North Dakota Place Names. Bismarck ND: Hedemarken Collectibles. ISBN 0-9620968-0-6. OCLC 191277027.
^ "County History". North Dakota.gov. The State of North Dakota. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
^ Long, John H. (2006). "Dakota Territory, South Dakota, and North Dakota: Individual County Chronologies". Dakota Territory Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
^ Johnson, Sveinbjorn (1906). Libby, Orin Grant (ed.). The Icelandic Settlement of Pembina County. Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota. Vol. 1. Bismarck ND: Tribune, State Printers and Binders. pp. 89–130. OCLC 01773487.
^ Williams, Mary Ann (Barnes) (1966). Origins of North Dakota Place Names. Bismarck ND: Bismarck Tribune, 1966. OCLC 431626.
^ North Dakota Secretary of State (1989). North Dakota Centennial Blue Book. Bismarck, ND: North Dakota Legislative Assembly. p. 539.
^ ^a ^b Pembina County ND Google Maps (accessed February 26, 2019)
^ ""Find an Altitude/Pembina County ND" Google Maps (accessed February 26, 2019)". Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (April 20, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 13, 2018.