Some former Warsaw Pact nations have passed laws banning it, seeing it as representing "a totalitarian ideology".[1] The red star has also been used in a non-communist context and before the emergence of this movement, in symbols of countries and states since the 19th century. It appears for example on the flags of New Zealand and the U.S. state of California. Red star has also been used as logo by private agencies and corporations, such as the oil giant Texaco and beer multinational Heineken.
History
The star's origins as a symbol of communist mass movements dates from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution and the Russian Civil War, but the precise first use remains unknown. The red star as a symbol of the Red Army was proposed by the Military Collegium for the organization of the Red Army and the creator of the Red Star emblem was the Bolshevik commander of the Petrograd Military District, Konstantin Eremeev.[2] On the other hand, one account of the symbol's origin traces its roots to the Moscow troop garrison toward the end of World War I. At this time, many troops were fleeing from the Austrian and German fronts, joining the local Moscow garrison upon their arrival in the city. To distinguish the Moscow troops from the influx of retreating front-liners, officers gave out tin stars to the Moscow garrison soldiers to wear on their hats. When those troops joined the Red Army and the Bolsheviks they painted their tin stars red, the color of socialism, thus creating the original red star.[3]
The red star was used in communist media as early as in 1908 with the publication of the novel Red Star by Bolshevik revolutionary Alexander Bogdanov, which describes a technologically advanced communist civilization on Mars.[4]
Another claimed origin for the red star relates to an alleged encounter between Leon Trotsky and Nikolai Krylenko. Krylenko, an Esperantist, wore a green-star lapel badge; Trotsky inquired as to its meaning and received an explanation that each arm of the star represented one of the five traditional continents. On hearing that, Trotsky specified that soldiers of the Red Army should wear a similar red star.[5]
Regardless of the star's exact origin, it was incorporated into the Red Army's uniforms and heraldry as early as 1918.[6]
The symbol became one of the most prominent of the Soviet Union, adorning nearly all official buildings, awards and insignia. Sometimes the hammer and sickle appeared inside or below the star. In 1930 the Soviet Union established the Order of the Red Star and awarded its insignia to Red Army and Soviet Navy personnel for "exceptional service in the cause of the defense of the Soviet Union in both war and peace". The Soviet and Russian Federation military newspaper bore and bears the name Red Star (Russian: Krasnaya Zvezda).[8]
Red Army cap badge (1918-1922)
Red Cavalry poster depicting a red star on a budenovka hat (1920)
During the 1930s, Soviet publications encouraged the practice of decorating a New Year's tree, known as a yolka (Russian: Ёлка). These trees were often decorated with a red star, a practice that has continued in Russia since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.[9]
The red star became a common element of the flags and heraldry of socialist states in the Eastern Bloc, appearing in heraldry for virtually all of the countries, and on the flags of Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Albania. From 1991 to 1995, Belarus dropped its Soviet-style emblem in favor of an emblem featuring the Pahonia; the Soviet-era heraldry was re-adopted in 1995,[10] and continues to be used today with minor modifications in 2012 and 2020.
In former Yugoslavia the red star served not only a communist symbol, but also as a more generic symbol of resistance against Fascism and the Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia, as well as of opposition to its associated ethnic policies. Tito's partisans wore the red star as an identification symbol during World War II.
As communist movements spread across Asia, some entities used a red star, while others used a yellow star (often on a red field) with the same symbolism. The Far Eastern Republic of 1920 to 1922 used a yellow star on its military uniforms, and the flag of the People's Republic of China has five yellow stars on a red field. The flag of Vietnam also has a yellow star on a red field. Examples of communes and villages in China named after the red star include Hongxing Village in Huilong Township, Hubei, China[11] and Kizilto in Xinjiang (named Hongxing Commune during the Cultural Revolution).[12]
Socialist countries in Africa also incorporated the red or gold stars into their heraldry. This practice was also adopted by countries that formed following anti-colonialnational liberation struggles, which often involved Marxist organizations.
By March 2010, the Russian government readopted the Soviet red star (but now with a blue outline reflecting the three colors – white, blue and red – of the Russian flag) as a military insignia.[citation needed] The Russian Air Force used this star as a roundel up to 2013, when Russia re-instated the Soviet-era red star.[13]
The Iranian Islamist-Socialist militant opposition group the Mojahedin-e-Khalq uses the red star with the rifle, sickle and the map of Iran in the background.
The Brazilian leftist Worker's Party uses a red star as its symbol with the party acronym (Portuguese: Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT) inside. Hugo Chávez and his supporters in Venezuela have used the red star in numerous symbols and logos, and have included it in the logo of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). It was also used throughout 2007 as a symbol of the "5 Engines of the Bolivarian Socialist Revolution". It is also used by the militant South African shack-dweller's movement Abahlali baseMjondolo. Like in Latin America and Africa, several European socialist parties continue to use a star as a part of their logos. The red star is also featured prominently in the independence flags of various separatist movements in Spain.
Some red stars adopted in emblems and flags have a significance that does not originally relate to socialism. Among these, the most well-known include the current state flag of California (echoing the Californian red star flag of 1836) and the flag of New Zealand (designed in 1869, officially adopted in 1902). The flag of the District of Columbia (designed in 1921, adopted in 1938) recalls George Washington's coat of arms. DC Comics' Wonder Woman also wears a 5 point red star headband with gold or yellow background.
Crescent moon and star
The crescent moon and star was a symbol used by the Ottoman Empire. Various states with Ottoman history have thus adopted this symbol into their present-day flags.
The red star was adopted as the symbol of the International Red Star Alliance, a Geneva international treaty signed in 1914 with the purpose of bringing about international cooperation on behalf of sick and wounded war animals, while securing the neutral status of the personnel engaged in such work. Besides the International Alliance, national Red Star societies were also established. Regarding animal relief, the International Red Star Alliance had an analogous role of that of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. To identify their neutral status, white brassards with red stars were worn by military veterinary personnel in World War I in a similar way medical personal worn brassards with red crosses.[14]
The red star was used by the Texaco oil company in various forms from 1909 to 1981.[16] Its overseas division Caltex also used the red star until 1996. Red Star Yeast was produced for a century in Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Oakland before its subsumption as a brand by Lesaffre.
The red star and the hammer and sickle are regarded as occupation symbols as well as symbols of totalitarianism and state terror by several countries that were formerly either members of or occupied by the Soviet Union. Accordingly, Latvia,[18]Lithuania,[19]Hungary[20] and Ukraine[21][22][23] have banned the symbol among others deemed to be symbols of totalitarian political ideologies and the Soviet Union or its republics. In Poland, the Parliament passed in 2009 a ban that referred generally to "fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbols", while not specifying any of them.[24] Following a constitutional complaint, it has been abolished by the Constitutional Tribunal as contrary to articles in the Constitution of Poland guaranteeing the freedom of speech. A similar law was considered in Estonia, but eventually failed in a parliamentary committee due to its conflict with freedoms guaranteed by the constitution of Estonia.
The European Court of Human Rights has ruled, in a similar manner, against the laws that ban political symbols, which were deemed to be in clear opposition with basic human rights, such as freedom of speech,[25][26] confirmed again in 2011 in case Fratanolo v. Hungary.[27] The decision has been compared[28] to the legislation concerning the symbols of Nazism, which continue to be banned in several European Union member states, including Germany and France.
There have been calls for an EU-wide ban on both Soviet and Nazi symbols, notably by politicians from Lithuania, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. The European Commissioner for Justice, Franco Frattini, felt it "might not be appropriate" to include communist symbols in the context of discussions on xenophobia and anti-Semitism.[29]
In 2003, Hungarian politician Attila Vajnai was arrested, handcuffed and fined for wearing a red star on his lapel during a demonstration. He appealed his sentence to the European Court of Human Rights, which decided that the ban was a violation of the freedom of expression, calling the Hungarian ban "indiscriminate" and "too broad".[30]
In Slovenia, the red star was historically associated with the resistance movement that fought against fascist occupation in World War II, but was also later a state symbol of Yugoslavia during the dictatorship of Josip Broz Tito. On 21 March 2011, Slovenia issued a two-euro commemorative coin to mark the 100th anniversary of the birth of Franc Rozman, a partisan commander, featuring a large star that represented a red star. This led to criticism from the Slovenian democratic parties without a communist history.
Non five-pointed red stars
Emblems and flags where the red stars displayed are not five-pointed are much rarer. These include the following:
^Okhlebkin, V.V (2006). Dictionary of international symbols and emblems. ZAO Tsentrpoligraf.
^Khvostov, Mikhail (1996), The Russian Civil War (1) The Red Army. Published by Men-At-Arms. ISBN1-85532-608-6.
^Możejko, Edward (December 1985). "Reviewed Work: Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia by Alexander Bogdanov". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 27 (4): 461–462. JSTOR40868523.
^The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army By Mikhail Khvostov, Andrei Karachtchouk, page 37 (there are several mentions of the use of the red star from 1918)
^"Historic Wings - Flight Stories - Chasing Pancho Villa". fly.historicwings.com. HW. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Just one day after arriving, on 16 March 1916, the first reconnaissance flight was flown by Capt. Dodd with Capt. Foulois (as an observer) on the Curtiss JN-3 S.C. No. 43. As with all of the Army's aircraft in that era, the plane carried simple markings – a red star on the tail and the large number 43 painted on the sides of the fuselage.
^1997年阿克陶县行政区划 [1997 Akto County Administrative Divisions] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 克孜勒陶乡 1966年成立克孜勒陶公社,1967年更名红星公社,1984年改设克孜勒陶乡。位于县城以南,距县城121千米。面积3882平方千米,人口0.8万,其中柯尔克孜族占99.16%,辖乌尔都隆窝孜、喀尔乌勒、塔尔开其克、托云都克、 塔木、喀普喀、其木干、阿尔帕勒克8个行政村。
^"Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism"(PDF). Ministry of Interior of Hungary. p. 97. Retrieved 21 February 2017. Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as they did not result in a more serious criminal offense.
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Trono (disambigua). I troni di pietra incaici presso il sito archeologico di Vilcas Huamán. Il trono è un seggio cerimoniale utilizzato in particolare dai monarchi.[1] Il termine deriva dal greco θρὸνος (thrònos) e dal latino thronus, col significato di ciò che sostiene, cioè seggio.[1][2] Indice 1 Caratteristiche e funzioni del trono 2 Antichità 2.1 Persia 2.2 Bibbia ebraica 3 Cristiano 3.1 Biblico…
Pelangi di Malam HariAlbum studio karya Vidi AldianoDirilis2 November 2008Direkam2008GenrePopLabelDePic Production/Suara HatiProduserLala HamidKronologi Vidi Aldiano Pelangi di Malam Hari (2008) Lelaki Pilihan (2009) Singel dalam album Pelangi di Malam Hari Nuansa Bening Status Palsu Cemburu Menguras Hati Cinta Jangan Kau Pergi Lelaki Pilihan2009 Pelangi di Malam Hari adalah album perdana dari penyanyi muda Vidi Aldiano yang berisikan 11 buah lagu, dengan lagu Nuansa Bening yang merupakan la…
Peralatan distilasi fraksi menggunakan pendingin Liebig. Sebuah labu Erlenmeyer digunakan sebagai labu penampung. Di sini kepada distilasi dan kolom fraksi digabungkan menjadi satu. Sentrifugasi diferensial. Fraksionasi adalah proses pemisahan di mana sejumlah tertentu campuran (gas, padatan, cairan, suspensi, atau isotop) dipisahkan selama transisi fasa menjadi sejumlah kecil bagian (fraksi-fraksi), yang mana komposisinya bervariasi sesuai gradiennya. Fraksi-fraksi dikumpulkan berdasarkan perbe…
AkuntansiKonsep dasarAkuntan · Pembukuan · Neraca percobaan · Buku besar · Debit dan kredit · Harga pokok · Pembukuan berpasangan · Standar praktik · Basis kas dan akrual · PABU / IFRSBidang akuntansiBiaya · Dana · Forensik · Keuangan · Manajemen · PajakLaporan keuanganNeraca · Laba rugi · Perubahan ekuitas · Ar…
The HonourableBill ShortenMPShorten pada 2016 Menteri Layanan PemerintahPetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Juni 2022Perdana MenteriAnthony Albanese PendahuluLinda ReynoldsPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Skema Asuransi Disabilitas NasionalPetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Juni 2022Perdana MenteriAnthony Albanese PendahuluLinda ReynoldsPenggantiPetahanaPemimpin OposisiMasa jabatan13 Oktober 2013 – 30 Mei 2019Perdana MenteriTony AbbottMalcolm TurnbullScott Morrison PendahuluChris BowenPenggantiAnthony Alb…
2026 FIFA World Cup qualificationTournament detailsDates7 September 2023 – March 2026TeamsMaximum of 207 (from 6 confederations)Tournament statisticsMatches played138Goals scored352 (2.55 per match)Attendance2,373,023 (17,196 per match)Top scorer(s) Ayase Ueda Almoez Ali Darwin Núñez(5 goals each)← 2022 2030 → All statistics correct as of 21 November 2023.International football competition The 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification will decide the teams that will j…
Dewan Kota Den Haag sedang berdeliberasi pada tahun 1636. Deliberasi atau musyawarah adalah proses mempertimbangkan pilihan-pilihan yang ada dengan teliti, saksama, dan melibatkan semua pihak, biasanya sebelum memberikan suara. Deliberasi menekankan pentingnya penggunaan logika dan nalar alih-alih kekuasaan, kreativitas, dan dialog. Pengambilan keputusan biasanya dilakukan setelah deliberasi melalui pemungutan suara atau konsensus di antara mereka yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut. Dalam konte…
Czech tennis player Zdeněk KolářKolář at the 2023 French OpenCountry (sports) Czech RepublicResidenceBystřice nad Pernštejnem, Czech RepublicBorn (1996-10-09) 9 October 1996 (age 27)Bystřice nad Pernštejnem, Czech RepublicHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Turned pro2014PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)CoachZdenek Kolar Sr.Prize moneyUS $984,091SinglesCareer record1–3 (25.0%)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 111 (13 June 2022)Current ra…
Setana beralih ke halaman ini, yang bukan mengenai Setan. Untuk analisis bahan bakar solar, lihat Bilangan setana. Heksadekana Nama Nama IUPAC (preferensi) Heksadekana[1] Nama lain Setanan-Heksadekana Penanda Nomor CAS 544-76-3 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} Referensi Beilstein 1736592 ChEBI CHEBI:45296 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL134994 Y ChemSpider 10540 Y Nomor EC Referensi Gmelin 103739 MeSH n-hexadecane PubChem CID 11006 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} UNII F8…
Be Still, My SoulLagu oleh Neonomoradari album WatersDirilis25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)FormatUnduhan musikDirekamDouble Deer Music (Jakarta)GenreIndie popDurasi5:27LabelFrisson EntertainmentPenciptaNeonomoraAdhe ArrioProduserAdhe Arrio Be Still, My Soul adalah lagu oleh musisi indie asal Indonesia, Neonomora. Lagu ini ditulis oleh Neonomora sendiri bersama produser lagu ini, Adhe Arrio. Lagu ini dirilis secara digital pada 25 November 2016 melalui label Frisson Entertainment.[1] R…
Ikan godam Status konservasi Risiko Rendah (IUCN 3.1) Klasifikasi ilmiah Domain: Eukaryota Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: incertae sedis Famili: Plesiopidae Genus: Calloplesiops Spesies: Calloplesiops altivelisSteindachner, 1903 Sinonim Plesiops altivelis Steindachner, 1903 Barrosia barrosi J.L.B. Smith, 1952 Cupang komet atau godam ( Calloplesiops altivelis )[1] adalah spesies ikan laut tropis yang berasosiasi dengan karang dalam keluarga Plesiopidae…
Gempa bumi Chichi 1999Kerusakan di TaipeiWaktu UTC1999-09-20 17:47:16ISC1718616USGS-ANSSComCatTanggal setempat21 September 1999; 24 tahun lalu (1999-09-21)Waktu setempat01:47:12Kekuatan7.7 Mw[1]Kedalaman33 km (20,5 mi)Episentrum23°46′19″N 120°58′55″E / 23.772°N 120.982°E / 23.772; 120.982Wilayah bencanaTaiwanIntensitas maks.X (Ekstrem)[1]Korban2,415 tewas29 hilang11,305 luka51,711 bangunan hancur53,768 bangunan rus…
GeeSingel oleh Girls' Generationdari album GeeDirilis5 Januari 2009FormatDownload digitalDirekam2008GenreK-pop, dance-pop, electropop, bubble popDurasi3:20[1]LabelS.M. EntertainmentPenciptaE-TribeProduserLee Soo-manVideo musikGee di YouTube Gee adalah salah satu lagu dari girlband asal Korea Selatan, Girls' Generation. Lagu ini dirilis pada 5 Januari 2009 di situs-situs musik online, diikuti perilisan album mininya pada 7 Januari 2009. Gee dengan cepat menduduki posisi #1 di berbagai tan…
This is a list of area codes in the Commonwealth of Virginia. 276 — Southwest corner of the state including Bristol, Galax, Martinsville, and Wytheville (September 1, 2001 as split from 540). 434 — South central area including Charlottesville and Lynchburg (June 1, 2001 as split from 804). 540/826 — Central and North including Fredericksburg, Roanoke, Warrenton, and Winchester (July 15, 1995 as split from 703). 571/703 — Northern Virginia including the cities of Alexandri…
Domenico GhirlandaioNama dalam bahasa asli(it) Domenico Ghirlandaio BiografiKelahiran(it) Domenico di Tommaso Curradi di Doffo Bigordi 2 Juni 1448 Firenze Kematian11 Januari 1494 (45 tahun)Firenze Penyebab kematianMalaria Tempat pemakamanBasilika Santa Maria Novella Data pribadiAgamaGereja Katolik Roma KegiatanSpesialisasiSeni lukis PekerjaanPelukis AliranRenaisans Italia Murid dariAlesso Baldovinetti (en) dan Andrea del Verrocchio MuridMichaelangelo Buonarroti, Bastiano Mainardi (en), Master of…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Faye WebsterWebster, 2019Lahir25 Juni 1997 (umur 26)Atlanta, Georgia, A.S.PekerjaanPenyanyi-penulis laguTahun aktif2013–sekarangKarier musikGenreIndie folkalternative countryR&BInstrumenVokalgitarLabelAwful RecordsSecretly CanadianSitus w…
Marchirolo commune di Italia Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaLombardyProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Varese NegaraItalia Ibu kotaMarchirolo PendudukTotal3.519 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah5,49 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian500 m Berbatasan denganCuasso al Monte Cugliate-Fabiasco Valganna Cadegliano-Viconago Marzio SejarahSanto pelindungMartinus dari Tours Informasi tambahanKode pos21030 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0332 …
Dingane kaSenzangakhonaDingane.Lahir1795Meninggal1840 – 1795; umur -46–-45 tahunSebab meninggalDibunuhTempat tinggalAfrika bagian selatanNama lainDingaanGelarRajaPendahuluShakaPenggantiMpande kaSenzangakhona Kraal Dingane Dingane kaSenzangakhona (sekitar 1795-1840) adalah seorang kepala suku Zulu yang kemudian menjadi raja pada tahun 1828. Ia merebut kekuasaan setelah membunuh saudaranya, Raja Shaka, di tempat yang kini dikenal dengan nama Stanger. Perebutan kuasa ini …
FileZilla Client FileZilla 3.7.3 pada Ubuntu MATETipeFTP client (en) dan perangkat lunak bebas Versi pertama22 Juni 2001; 22 tahun lalu (2001-06-22)Versi stabil 3.66.5 (7 Februari 2024) GenreFTP clientLisensiGPL versi 2Bahasabanyak bahasa Daftar bahasa Multilingual Karakteristik teknisSistem operasiLintas platformPlatformWindows dan macOS Bahasa pemrogramanC++ Antarmuka BibliotecawxWidgets Sumber kode Kode sumberPranala Debianfilezilla Arch Linuxfilezilla Ubuntufilezilla Gentoonet-ftp/filez…