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presocratic philosopher Parmenides – is commonly referred to as a retroactive refutation. An inference objection is an objection to an argument based not on any...

Refutation of Helvetius (French: Refutation de l'ouvrage d'Helvetius intitule L'Homme) was composed in 1773 by Denis Diderot. It contains a rebuttal to...

Sophistical Refutations (Greek: Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι, romanized: Sophistikoi Elenchoi; Latin: De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text in Aristotle's Organon...

can take a range of forms, as can be seen in the following examples of refutation by contradiction: The Earth cannot be flat; otherwise, since the Earth...

Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space) is the debut studio album by alternative hip hop group Digable Planets released on February 9, 1993, by Pendulum/Elektra...

Danganronpa: 2x2 (pronounced "two by two") is an upcoming visual novel game developed by Gemdrops and Too Kyo Games and published by Spike Chunsoft. It...

Danganronpa (Japanese: ダンガンロンパ; lit. "Bullet Refutation") is a Japanese video game franchise created by Kazutaka Kodaka and developed and owned by Spike...

for biological evolution. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more "fit"—in other words, more applicable...

"A Refutation of Deism: In a Dialogue" is a pamphlet on religion and philosophy by Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley printed privately in 1814 in London...

Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery is a 1976 book by philosopher Imre Lakatos expounding his view of the progress of mathematics...

Danganronpa: The Animation is an anime television series produced by Lerche, based on Spike Chunsoft's 2010 visual novel Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc...

In inoculation theory, refutational preemption consists of “specific content that receivers can employ to strengthen attitudes against subsequent change...

Danganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School is a mystery horror anime television series produced by Lerche, directed by Daiki Fukuoka, and supervised...

Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair is a 2012 visual novel developed by Spike Chunsoft. It is the second game in the Danganronpa franchise following Danganronpa:...

irrelevant conclusion, also known as ignoratio elenchi (Latin for 'ignoring refutation') and under other names, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument...

Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So-Called. The Refutation and Overthrowal of Knowledge falsely so-called, and Refutation and Overthrowal of Knowledge falsely so-called...

Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony is a visual novel developed and published by Spike Chunsoft. The game was released in Japan in January 2017 for PlayStation...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

\implies \ \Gamma \vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\varphi .} A formal system S is refutation complete if it is able to derive false from every unsatisfiable set of...

Danganronpa Zero is a Japanese light novel written by Kazutaka Kodaka and illustrated by Rui Komatsuzaki. It was published by Seikaisha from September...

The Refutation of All Heresies (Ancient Greek: Φιλοσοφούμενα ή κατὰ πασῶν αἱρέσεων ἔλεγχος, romanized: Philosophoumena hē kata pasōn haireseōn elenchos;...

neo-Darwinism. In 1987, Løvtrup published his controversial book Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth which challenged Charles Darwin's role as the intellectual founder...

on it, and confirmed the falsehood. Reeves 1993, p. 348; for further refutation, see O'Brien 2005, p. 706. Smith, Sally Bedell (2004). Grace and Power:...

Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc is a visual novel adventure game developed and published by Spike. The first installment in the Danganronpa series, it...

 140–146 Dehsen 2013, p. 75 Griffel 2020, Lead Section, 3. Al-Ghazâlî's "Refutations" of Falsafa and Ismâ'îlism, 4. The Place of Falsafa in Islam Grayling...

"A New Refutation of Time" (original Spanish title: "Nueva refutación del tiempo") is an essay by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges (written between 1944...

ISBN 978-0-393-32112-8. ——— (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78960-165-7. ——— (2023). Three Worlds. Oneworld...

philosophical problem. It is often attributed to Saint Augustine in a refutation of Zeno's paradoxes of motion. Zeno's paradoxes state that if one were...

Danganronpa: Unlimited Battle is a 2015 action video game developed and published by Spike Chunsoft. A part of the Danganronpa series, it was released...

منهاج السنة النبوية) is a work by Ibn Taymiyyah. It was written as a refutation of a book by the Shi'ite Twelver theologian Al-Hilli titled Minhaj al-Karamah...

Shōjo: Danganronpa Anazā Episōdo; lit. 'Absolute Despair Girls: Bullet Refutation Another Episode') Zettai Zetsumei Shōjo (Japanese: 絶体絶命少女) Danganronpa...

sophisticated pawn evaluations because they are reused many times. A refutation table can be used to store sequences of moves from the root node to leaf...

underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957, overseen by defence lawyer Vernon Berrangé, and...

masterminds of the conspiracy "long... discredited and requires no further refutation". Morstein-Marx 2021, pp. 85–86, 90. Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 92. Earlier...

Danganronpa Kirigiri (Japanese: ダンガンロンパ霧切) is a Japanese detective mystery light novel series written by Takekuni Kitayama and illustrated by Rui Komatsuzaki...

Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend is a 1983 book by the political theorist Norman Geras, in which the author discusses the philosopher Karl...

members moved to Brooklyn, New York. Their debut album Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space) was released in 1993 and certified gold by the Recording...

Proofs & Refutations is a compilation album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released in 2023. It reissues Double 78 alongside...

Danganronpa Gaiden: Killer Killer (ダンガンロンパ 害伝キラーキラー, Danganronpa Gaiden Kirā Kirā), originally known simply as Killer Killer for its first volume, is a...

Most records of its early use show that, contrary to the now-popular refutation, the phrase did in fact carry criticism until it was reclaimed as possible...

Responses to the problem of evil have traditionally been in three types: refutations, defenses, and theodicies. The problem of evil is generally formulated...

destined for ultimate annihilation. This strict monotheistic vision and the refutation of dualistic ideas were clearly reflected in the Zend Texts and the commentaries...

This is a list of notable mathematical conjectures. The following conjectures remain open. The (incomplete) column "cites" lists the number of results...

counterarguments (e.g., counterarguments that have been paired with refutations), the receiver will then seek out supporting information to further strengthen...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Mādhava Sarasvatī. Madhusūdana composed Advaitasiddhi, a line-by-line refutation of Nyayamṛta. In response to Advaitasiddhi, the Dvaita scholars, Vyasa...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics On Sophistical Refutations The order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed)...

true in a literal sense). His text, also known as the Refutation of the Allegorisers (or Refutation of the Allegorists) was aimed at refuting the arguments...

Truth-conditional semantics is an approach to semantics of natural language that sees meaning (or at least the meaning of assertions) as being the same...

Emission theory or extramission theory (variants: extromission) or extromissionism is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams...

arguing that Marxism relies on vague or unfalsifiable theories, resists refutation through dialectical reinterpretation, and has failed key predictions about...

the Bible and Talmud, it may have been a collection of folk-tales, a refutation of Christian, Karaite, or other separatist movements; its content seems...

The Baskerville effect, or the Hound of the Baskervilles effect, is the alleged self-fulfilling prophecy that there is an increase in rate of mortality...

Paul-Michel Foucault, known as Michel Foucault, (UK: /ˈfuːkoʊ/ FOO-koh, US: /fuːˈkoʊ/ foo-KOH; French: [pɔl miʃɛl fuko]; 15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984)...

Islamic terrorism is a form of religious terrorism carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists with the aim of achieving various...

The Council of Jamnia (the Synode zu Jamnia in German) was the name given by 19th century Jewish exegete Heinrich Graetz to a council he hypothesized had...

different proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man"), instead of the opponent's...

Nahar Muhammed (2018). "Iraq is not Artificial: Iraqi Trends and the Refutation of the Artificial State Hypothesis". AlMuntaqa. 1 (3). Arab Center for...

The Krishna Mandir is a Hindu temple (mandir) dedicated to the Hindu deity Krishna located in Ravi Road, opposite of Timber Market in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan...

The Great Replacement (French: grand remplacement), also known as replacement theory or great replacement theory, is a debunked white nationalist far-right...

in the 1857 rebellion. He wrote Tahqeeq al-Fatwa Fi Abtal al-Taghwa in refutation of Ismail Dehlvi's Taqwiyat al-Iman and authored books such as al-Thawra...

The Mierscheid law is a satirical forecast hypothesis based on a spurious relationship, published in the German magazine Vorwärts on 14 July 1983 and attributed...

Saved by the Light: The True Story of a Man Who Died Twice and the Profound Revelations He Received is a 1994 nonfiction book by Dannion Brinkley describing...

programming. It is a refinement of resolution that is both sound and refutation complete for Horn clauses. Given a goal clause, represented as the negation...

Betrayal of the Left (full title: Betrayal of the Left: an Examination & Refutation of Communist Policy from October 1939 to January 1941: with Suggestions...

there can be no non-existent (abhāva). An important element of Madhyamaka refutation is that the classical Buddhist doctrine of dependent arising (the idea...

theorem proving, resolution is a rule of inference leading to a sound and refutation-complete theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic...

The Cox–Forbes theory is a long-debunked theory on the evolution of chess put forward by Captain Hiram Cox (1760–1799) and extended by Professor Duncan...

Adversus Valentinianos, or Against the Valentinians, is a famous refutation of Valentinianism by Tertullian, an orthodox contemporary of the Gnostics and...

best known work is al-Naqd 'ala al-Marisi al-Jahmi al-Anid, a detailed refutation against one of his contemporaries, Bishr al-Marisi. Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Darimi...

been often interpreted as promoting Advaita Vedānta in his Sweets of Refutation (Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya), however, this interpretation remains controversial...

The phantom time conspiracy theory is a pseudohistorical conspiracy theory first asserted by Heribert Illig in 1991. It hypothesizes a conspiracy by the...

further argues that: "the truth of the matter surely is that no rational refutation is possible of the essential humanist position that killing is wrong....

Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air...

released as the first single from their debut album, Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space), in November 1992. The black-and-white music video...

136 Henrique Leitão (2000). "Reseña de 'La Supercherie Dévoilée. Une Réfutation du Catholicisme au Japon au XVIIe Siécle' de Jacques Proust," Archived...

First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of the late Robert Filmer's (c. 1588–1653) Patriarcha, which argues for...

happens to people is determined by fate. The Stoic philosopher Chrysippus' refutation of the lazy argument is given in Cicero's On Fate and in Eusebius' Preparation...

Brettanikai legomenai, Albiôn kai Iernê, ...", Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b, pages 360–361...

Vol. XIV (2nd ed.). Hogarth Press, 1955. Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1963, pp. 33–39; from Theodore Schick...

of the fallibility of mathematics and its "methodology of proofs and refutations" in its pre-axiomatic stages of development, and also for introducing...

In philosophy of mind, the knowledge argument (also known as Mary's Room, Mary the Colour Scientist, or Mary the super-scientist) is a thought experiment...

Qadri Language Urdu, English, Bangla, Hindi Series Deobandi Fitna Ka Radd Genre Refutation Published 1974 Publication date 1974 Publication place India...

concept of Church invisible was advocated by Augustine as part of his refutation of the Donatist sect, though he, as other Church Fathers before him, saw...

In discrete geometry, Tverberg's theorem, first stated by Helge Tverberg in 1966, is the result that sufficiently many points in Euclidean space can be...

island than which none greater is possible does not exist." Gaunilo's refutation is also criticized on the grounds that it misinterprets the argument set...

Mirror Go is an opening strategy in the board game Go. In Mirror Go, one player plays moves that are diagonally opposite those of this opponent, making...

Claim Refutation Increased sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk. Some forms of birth control, namely condoms and dental dams, can prevent the transmission...

being written in part or whole by AI. In May 2026, OpenAI announced a refutation constructed by a generative AI model of the unit distance problem, an...

Theodotion (/ˌθiːəˈdoʊʃən/; Ancient Greek: Θεοδοτίων/Theodotiōn) is traditionally identified as one of three major Jewish translators of the Hebrew Bible...

Emission theory, also called emitter theory or ballistic theory of light, was a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results...

written between 1293 and 1321 CE, by Ibn Taymiyyah. The work is a detailed refutation of Christian doctrine. It was occasioned by Ibn Taymiyyah's receipt of...

brother's doctrine in his alleged treatise The Unmistakable Judgment in the Refutation of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. The dispute between them reached the point...

The Philippine drug war, also referred to as the Philippine war on drugs, is the intensified anti-drug campaign initiated during the administration of...

various religious and philosophical ideas. Scholars refer to this work as Refutation of the Sects or On God. Travelling to Edessa and Constantinople, Eznik...

exf4 3.Nf3 d6, which has since become known as the Fischer Defense, as a refutation to the King's Gambit. Fischer later played the King's Gambit as White...

set of first-order clauses, i.e. it performs proofs by refutation. Superposition is refutation complete—given unlimited resources and a fair derivation...

Schoenbaum 2015, p. 181 Griffel 2020, Lead section, § 3. Al-Ghazâlî's 'Refutations' of Falsafa and Ismâ'îlism Vassilopoulou & Clark 2009, p. 303 Wolenski...

(transl. Caliphate and Kingship) is a 1966 book by Abul Ala Maududi as a refutation of the book, The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah and Yazid by Pakistani scholar...

The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a 1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard, dedicated...

of Works in Refutation of Methodism: from its Origin in 1729, to the Present Time (often referred to as Catalogue of Works in Refutation of Methodism)...

for others to openly critique Salafi beliefs. He is also known for his refutations of the Sufi master Ibn Arabi (in particular, wahdat al-wujud) and Aristotelian...

generative grammar. In an article, published in Lingua, Lin tries to provide a refutation of universal grammar based on methodological grounds. He points out that...

amongst music critics and writers than the group's debut Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space). It has been noted for its seamless production and...

Betrayal: Power, Deceit and the Fight for the Future of the Royal Family is a 2026 biography by Tom Bower about the British royal family. Excerpts from...

Introduction. Putnam, H., 1987, "Truth and Convention: On Davidson's Refutation of Conceptual Relativism", Dialectica, 41: 69–77 Hirsch, E., 1982, The...

Refutation of religious apologetics...

Λόγος Ἀληθής) survives exclusively via quotations in Contra Celsum, a refutation written in 248 by Origen of Alexandria. The True Word is the earliest...

Lexington Book Frederick II of Prussia (1980) [1740]. Anti-Machiavel: The Refutation of Machiavelli s Prince. Translated by Sonnino, Paul. Athens, OH: Ohio...

work? A 2500 years old philosophy of Buddhism! These are some of the “refutations” of Marxism by Ambedkar!" .... "Ambedkar did not have any understanding...

Letter to Lord Ellenborough (1812) A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) A Refutation of Deism (1814) Speculations on Metaphysics (1814) On the Vegetable System...

reasoning, explanations, refutations, and conclusions; and shapes which represent facts, claims, explanations, and refutations. Although Wigmore taught...

President been so renowned for his rectitude." But the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by the sermons of Reverend George H...

Warschau (see other names) was a Nazi concentration camp in German-occupied Poland during World War II. It was formed on the base of the since-demolished...

"Those among us who are unwilling to expose their ideas to the hazard of refutation do not take part in the game of science." — Karl Popper, The Logic of...

2012. Everett, Derrick (18 April 2020). "Parsifal and Race – claims and refutations: Wagner, Gobineau and Parsifal – Gobineau as the inspiration for Parsifal"...

The lost Arles sketchbook is a purported sketchbook of drawings by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh. The attribution of the drawings by the art historian...

The Lotharian legend (German: Lotharische Legende) was a German 16th-century theory which purported to explain why Roman law as outlined in the Byzantine...

knowledge of the events there. In his report, Powell wrote, "In direct refutation of this portrayal is the fact that relations between Americal Division...

his military reputation. Selected works in English Anti-Machiavel: The Refutation of Machiavelli s Prince. Translated by Sonnino, Paul. Athens, OH: Ohio...

claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic...

Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all. This refutation was claimed to be supported by the majority of longitudinal data and cross-sectional...

Young Earth creationism (YEC) is a form of creationism. Its central belief is that the Earth and the biosphere were created by various supernatural acts...

Pauranic and Other Hindu Epic literature. Kya Sambhog se Samadhi: A Simple Refutation of Osho's interpretation of Samadhi. Capitalism, Socialism and Ramrajya:...

Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2021. Versteegh, Kees (1997). "Ibn Maḍâ' and the refutation of the grammarians". Landmarks in linguistic thought III. Abingdon, UK:...

Digital Library. V. 3, Ch. 10. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, i. 6. Anaximander. Fairbanks, Arthur (ed.). "Fragments...

Calletano, still working on his promotion prospects, draws up a list of refutations of possible criticisms of himself (none of which have actually been made)...

attacks. Several respected Muslim scholars have provided scholastic refutations of suicide bombings, condemning them as terrorism prohibited in Islam...

Levi ben Gershon (1288 – 20 April 1344), better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides, or by his Latinized name Magister Leo Hebraeus, or in Hebrew...

wa l-Jamāʿah, to which the Mutazilite Abu al-Qasim al-Balchi wrote a refutation later. Al-Jubba'i (died 916) tells in his Kitāb al-Maqālāt, that Ahmad...

meal) Mathematical fallacy – Certain type of mistaken proof Sophistical Refutations – Text by Aristotle on logical fallacies, in which Aristotle presented...

completed a response to the Augsburg Confession, called Confutatio ('refutation'). Charles ordered the Evangelical theologians to admit that their argumentation...

Perception c. Analogies of Experience d. Postulates of Empirical Thought (Refutation of Idealism) iii. Ground of Distinction of Objects into Phenomena and...

and doctrines of the Latin Church, but modern scholarship regards his Refutation of the neoplatonist philosopher Proclus as his greatest work. Nicholas...

proposition P {\displaystyle P} is the proposition whose proofs are the refutations of P {\displaystyle P} . Classical negation is an operation on one logical...

the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009. A Refutation of the Claimed Refutation of the Non-linguistic Nature of Indus Symbols: Invented Data...

Abraham is magnificently bonkers/Monckton fails to provide a convincing refutation of Abraham's criticisms but does throw a great deal of dust into the air"...

Adnyapatra, also pronounced as ‘Ajnapatra’, is a royal edict on the principles of Maratha policy written in Modi script by Ramchandra Pant Amatya, who...

pp. 11–32. Croom, Adam M. (January 2014). "The Semantics of Slurs: A Refutation of Pure Expressivism". Language Sciences. 41, Part B: 227–242. doi:10...

disputed. In his books, The Poverty of Historicism and Conjectures and Refutations, philosopher of science Karl Popper criticised the explanatory power...

Denis Fortin, King and Morgan, and Morgan, among others, undertook the refutation of the accusations of plagiarism. At the conclusion of his report, Ramik...

world of Tlön in "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" and in his essay "A New Refutation of Time". Like his contemporary Vladimir Nabokov and the slightly older...

of Illinois Press, 1986. ISBN 0-252-01263-1. Chapter 15 is a detailed refutation of Radosh and Milton's scholarship. Meeropol, Robert. An Execution in...

1993. It is referenced several times in Imre Lakatos's book Proofs and Refutations, where it is described as "outstandingly good within the deductivist...

Josel of Rosheim (alternatively: Joselin, Joselmann, Yoselmann, German: Josel von Rosheim, Hebrew: יוסף בן גרשון מרוסהים Joseph ben Gershon mi-Rosheim...

Criticism of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein was mainly expressed in the early years after its publication in the early twentieth century,...

philosophers "need to treat the Ayn Rand phenomenon seriously" and provide refutations rather than ignoring her. In 2020, media critic Eric Burns said that...

years after the uprising, in 1829, Juan Martín de Pueyrredón explained in Refutation of an Atrocious Calumny that, as the leading official of the self-proclaimed...

contemporaneous Gnostic sects. Hippolytus (170–235) wrote the ten-volume Refutation Against all Heresies, of which eight have been found. It also focuses...

as the backbone of revolutionary Marxism. According to this view, its refutation or removal would lead to reformism in theory and practice". Stephen Cullenberg...

references. According to Stephan Bodecker, Bishop of Brandenburg, who wrote a refutation of Lipmann's Sefer Nitzachon, Lipmann lived at Kraków. Naphtali Hirsch...

characteristic of Plato's Socrates is the Socratic method, or the method of refutation (elenchus). It is most prominent in the early works of Plato, such as...

The Kuzari, full title Book of Refutation and Proof on Behalf of the Despised Religion (Judeo-Arabic: כתאב אלרד ואלדליל פי אלדין אלדׄליל; Arabic: كتاب...

procedural fairness (the use of fair decision-making procedures). Methods of refutation which have shown effectiveness in various circumstances include: providing...

Actor–observer asymmetry (also actor–observer bias or actor–observer difference) is a bias one exhibits when forming attributions about the behavior of...

Wayland's Discourse, a Vindication of the Sovereignty of the People, and a Refutation of the Doctrines and Doctors of Despotism. Boston: B.T. Albro. Archived...

Père de famille Conversation with the Marèchale de *** Sur les femmes Refutation of Helvetius La Religieuse Rameau's Nephew D'Alembert's Dream Jacques...

rotating Earth. These all explained the phases of Venus without the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism's prediction of stellar parallax. In 1610, Galileo...

Slick (Cool Like Dat)" (Digable Planets) Digable Planets Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space) 4:21 6. "The Choice Is Yours" (Black Sheep) Dres and...

da'wah efforts. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's brother allegedly wrote a book in refutation of his brother's new teachings, called: "The Final Word from the Qur'an...

valid ones, part of a Stoic's logical training was the enumeration and refutation of false arguments, including the identification of paradoxes, which represented...

Adolf Gasser (1903–1985) was a Swiss historian. Gasser completed his studies in Heidelberg and Zurich with doctorates in history and classical philology...

The "Passerae" were a proposed "parvclass" of birds in the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy. This taxon is a variation on the theme of "near passerines", birds...

Habitable? by British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace was a reply to, and refutation of, Lowell's Mars and Its Canals. Wallace's book concluded that Mars "is...

studies of mathematics. The philosopher Imre Lakatos in his Proofs and Refutations aimed to sharpen the formulation of informal mathematics, by reconstructing...

is a conspiracy theory, antisemitic canard, or urban legend. Common refutations include that consumers who prefer kosher foods include not only Jews...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. "The Arabic Origin of the Summa and Geber Latin Works: A Refutation of Berthelot, Ruska, and Newman Based on Arabic Sources", in: Ahmad Y...

has been called a faster, meaner genre of punk rock, that was a stern refutation against it, being more primal and immediate, with speed and aggression...

author of On Nozick, Philosophy of Mind, Locke, The Last Superstition: A Refutation of the New Atheism, Aquinas, Scholastic Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction...

Irenaeus wrote his best-known work Against Heresies around 180 as a refutation of gnosticism, in particular that of Valentinus. To counter the doctrines...

The concept of race as a categorization of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) has an extensive history in Europe and the Americas. The contemporary...

The end of Sophistical Refutations and beginning of Physics on page 184 of Bekker's 1831 edition....

astrological prognostication, which he criticises. In a later work, he wrote a refutation of astrology, in contradistinction to the legitimate science of astronomy...

of God's attributes. Refutation of their statement: "the essence of the First is not divisible into genus and species". Refutation of their statement:...

historical negation. Marx's critique of political economy is not simply a refutation of previous theories but a critique of the very categories and presuppositions...

thirteen fallacies originally identified by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations. For example: People who commit crimes are criminals. Cutting people...

novel was to have ended with a critical examination of Sainte-Beuve and a refutation of his theory that biography was the most important tool for understanding...

biography, history of ideas, human rights and ethics, including The Refutation of Scepticism (1985), The Future of Moral Values (1997), Wittgenstein...

spread through most of Europe during the 13th century, with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century. Mathematical techniques...

Larson, Rebecca L.; Papovich, Casey (26 October 2023). "Confirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early Universe". Nature. 622 (7984):...

Pradesh, India. His best-known work is "Imad-ul-Islâm", in Arabic, a refutation of the anti-Shia arguments used by the famous Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. The...

shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus, in which he expounded the principle of justification...

Père de famille Conversation with the Marèchale de *** Sur les femmes Refutation of Helvetius La Religieuse Rameau's Nephew D'Alembert's Dream Jacques...

sources, including Al-Biruni's Kitab al-Hind and Ephrem the Syrian's Refutations of Mani, the myth included only one being (the Maiden of Light) with...

schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly...

The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (Sanskrit: अभिधर्मकोशभास्य, lit. Commentary on the Treasury of Abhidharma), Abhidharmakośa (Sanskrit: अभिधर्मकोश) for short (or...

about his attempt to live the American Dream. It was conceived as a refutation of the books Nickel and Dimed and Bait and Switch by Barbara Ehrenreich...

unsuitable, or inexpedient. The confirmation exercise is the opposite of refutation. The student was asked to reason in favor of something drawn from legends...

lemma for regular languages. The pumping lemma can be used to construct a refutation by contradiction that a specific language is not context-free. Conversely...

10700 e (a.k.a. tau Cet e) to False Positive Planet based on a published refutation. "Two Nearby Habitable Worlds?". Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR...

Malthus. In An Inquiry Concerning the Population of Nations containing a Refutation of Mr. Malthus's Essay on Population (1818), Ensor dismissed what has...

al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun. In particular, they wrote refutations against the idea of the transmutation of metals. From the 14th century...

Muslim scholar from Damascus, Syria. Al-Kilabi is known to have written a refutation of Ibn Taymiyyah, inspired by Al-Ghazali, which is copied into Taj al-Din...

team. For him this was the realisation of a long-held ambition and a refutation of the careers advisor at school who told him that he would never be a...

face of "coordinated efforts to silence dissent rather than scholarly refutation"; Grokipedia's entry adds: "Despite mainstream dismissals from sources...

on the Mimamsa elements in Tatparya Chandrika Appayya Kapola Chapetika Refutation of the works of Appayya Dikshita Madhva Kantako Dhara Rebuttal to...

Sarup & Sons. pp. 369–375. ISBN 9788176252225. L.Stafford Betty (1978). Refutation of Sankara's Non-dualism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 110–113. ISBN 9788120831582...

University Press. Vergara, Francisco (1998). "A Critique of Elie Halévy: refutation of an important distortion of British moral philosophy" (PDF). Philosophy...

the Will of God can be known and predicted. For example, Avicenna's 'Refutation against astrology', Risāla fī ibṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm, argues against the...

establishes a central feature of the work: the systematic and logical refutation of philosophical and theological groups that deviated from the mainstream...

later discussed by Porphyry and the scholastic logicians. On Sophistical Refutations (Latin: De Sophisticis Elenchis) gives a treatment of logical fallacies...

historical review of abortion restrictions and a tidy but irrelevant refutation of the straw-man argument that a fetus is a constitutional 'person' entitled...

Glanvill's book was in Mather's library when he died. Robert Calef published a refutation of Mather's book in 1700. Cotton Mather was born in 1663. After graduating...

Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) and also later in Conjectures and Refutations (1963), Unended Quest (1976), and The Myth of the Framework (1994). Popper...

PNAS using a nonstandard review system, according to a comprehensive refutation by Holliday et al (2023). According to this 2023 review, "Claiming evidence...

U.S. Air Force pilot and skeptic, actively promotes science and the refutation of pseudoscience. JPL · 10036 10037 Raypickard 1984 BQ Ray Pickard (born...

Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (December 2023). "Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)". Earth-Science Reviews...

major work The Logic of Scientific Discovery. In his Conjectures and Refutations, he wrote that he "approached the problem of induction through Hume"...

independent treatises dealing with the epistemology of Dvaita philosophy and refutation of the ontological aspects of Advaita. His precise and lucid style of...

In the Victorian era, scholars claimed his principal work to be the Refutation of all Heresies. Of its ten books, Book I was the most important. It was...

Death of Christ. 5. The Resurrection. 6. Refutation of the Jews. 7. Refutation of the Gentiles. 8. Refutation of the Gentiles - Continued 9. Conclusion...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

The theory of facilitated variation demonstrates how seemingly complex biological systems can arise through a limited number of regulatory genetic changes...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

Church, and a Jesuit, by name Jean-François Baltus, published a ponderous refutation of it; but the peace-loving disposition of its author impelled him to...

2020s critical race theory controversies, simultaneously serving as a refutation of accusations that her work was a "European import" based on cultural...

quoted it at length while writing a refutation that was finished either between 434–437 or 439–441. Cyril's refutation, however, does not survive fully intact...

25 August 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2012. Popper, Karl. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul...

not own the painting or any rights to acquire it. In addition to the refutation issued by Shearman & Sterling, the auction expert Josh Baer indicated...

Moore's most famous works are his Principia Ethica, and his essays, "The Refutation of Idealism", "A Defence of Common Sense", and "A Proof of the External...

and informed Robinson about the award: "He waved his hand in denial and refutation. Then I showed him the Oscar and said, 'Eddie, have I ever lied to you...

stated that, "In fast-changing fields, like information technology, refutations lag nonsense production to a greater degree than in fields with less...

 368 Hancock 2006, pp. 194–195 Morris 2017, p. 15 Baldwin 2010, § 2. The Refutation of Idealism, § 6. Common Sense and Certainty Broadbent 2016, p. 145 Hylton...

official explanation—its first use of what would become its standard "rumor refutation" mechanism—deleted the original PETA post, and banned related hashtags...

simultaneously prove Fermat's Last Theorem. By contraposition, a disproof or refutation of Fermat's Last Theorem would disprove the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture...

"The Total Library" "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins" "A New Refutation of Time" Other works Historia de la eternidad Borges on Martín Fierro...

confession of his role in the scam project. This thesis was the subject of refutation in an article published on Seeker nearly half a year later. The Shining...

debate as a vote of confidence. He won over the House with a powerful refutation of Maurice's allegations. The Liberal Party was openly split for the first...

Jeans, James. 1937. The Mysterious Universe. p. 137. Kant, Immanuel. "The refutation of idealism." pp. 345–52 in Critique of Pure Reason (1st ed.), edited...

Plamenatz, Karl Marx's Philosophy of Man (1975). Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend by Norman Geras (1983) Wood, Allen (2004) [1983]. Karl Marx...

only that peace and the emperor were with the people. The emperor's refutation of divinity was not valuable as news. Critics of the Western interpretation...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

The pakol (Urdu: پکول; Shina and Khowar: پاکول) is a traditional soft, flat, rolled-up and round-topped cap originating from the Gilgit and Chitral areas...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

except some scattered references made by his opponents for the sake of refutation. Thus, due to the nature of these references, the basic framework of his...

commentaries on "heresies" by Early Church Fathers. Hippolytus of Rome (Refutation of All Heresies, IX, 8–13) records that in the time of Pope Callixtus...

Against the Galilaeans (trans. Wright, from Cyril of Alexandria's later refutation, Contra Julianum) at Tertullian.org (accessed 30 August 2009). Julian...

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria published in 2014[when?] as a theological refutation of the practices and ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria....

In physical chemistry, the Polanyi potential theory, also called Polanyi's potential theory of adsorption or Eucken–Polanyi potential theory, is a model...

By 1782, at least a dozen hostile refutations were published to Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit, and Priestley was branded an atheist....

borrowed into English from Latin, which typically means some kind of refutation or cross-examination. It may refer to: Elenchus (brachiopod) Gray, 1843...

Paris, 2011. Vergara, Francisco (1998). "A Critique of Elie Halévy: Refutation of an Important Distortion of British Moral Philosophy". Philosophy. 73...

confirms or validates the material given in the narratio and partitio. the refutation of possible opposing arguments, or confutatio. If the rhetor anticipates...

part of the population should be swept from the soil", there were early refutations. In Observations on the population and resources of Ireland (1821), Whitley...

Jecker Prize in 1861 and the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 for his experimental refutation of spontaneous generation. Though he lost elections in 1857 and 1861 for...

heartland of historical Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent as a refutation to the "conversion by the sword theory". The legacy of the Muslim conquest...

An Armenian translation of a Coptic refutation of the Council of Chalcedon, Matenadaran Institute in Yerevan, 1476...

since at least the ancient Greeks. Aristotle, in his work Sophistical Refutations, detailed the fallaciousness of putting the questioner but not the argument...

fungi or insect fecal pellets. Additional studies in 2016 replicated the refutation of the existence of the nanodiamond evidence. Purported evidentiary support...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

rumored allegations of the 1968 My Lai massacre. Powell wrote: "In direct refutation of this portrayal is the fact that relations between Americal soldiers...

Shlaim, Avi (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-366-7. Shlaim, Avi (2005). "The Balfour Declaration...

imamate; Refutation of the Ghulāt; Refutation of Ṭāṭarī, concerning the imamate; Refutation of ‘Īsā ibn Abān, about legal interpretation; Refutation of the...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

for Subverting Society as Taught in Tempter's Training School (1998) A Refutation of Moral Relativism: Interviews with an Absolutist (1999) Prayer for Beginners...

fallacies based on correlative conjunctions Cum hoc ergo propter hoc – Refutation of a logical fallacyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets...

Analytics Analytica Posteriora 100a Topics Topica 164a On Sophistical Refutations De Sophisticis Elenchis Physics (natural philosophy) 184a Physics Physica...

Bratt contacted 2K and Sid Meier once again but did not receive a direct refutation. Meier stated that he did not know the correct answer, but he thinks that...

action after "100 pages of manipulating Empedocles and Heraclitus into refutations of evolutionary biology, civilizational progress, the liberation of women...

Loeb Classical Library, 9 vol., Harvard 1914–1927, available at [9]. Refutation of Brind'Amour's theory by John Ward, Re: Intercalation in 45BC to 8AD...

expansion of the Caliphate's authority." The speech included a religious refutation of al-Qaeda for being too lenient regarding Shi'ites and their refusal...

Tortoise" "The Mirror of Enigmas" "A Note on (toward) Bernard Shaw" "A New Refutation of Time" All essays are from Otras inquisiciones (1952), except "The Argentine...

Brettanikai legomenai, Albiôn kai Iernê, ...", Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b, pages 360–361...

previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a bust. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame...

observation of one or even more black swans constitute at best a problematic refutation of the claim. Accordingly, to be rigorous, falsifiability is a logical...

Tamara; van Merriënboer, Jeroen JG; de Bruin, Anique BH (April 14, 2015). "Refutations in science texts lead to hypercorrection of misconceptions held with...

the refutation of the charge as stated in Major Eaton's Book is, though tardy, complete" considered the matter closed. Notwithstanding the refutation, the...

Prince Georges Avenue: Essential Recordings (2009) Your Past Comes Back to Haunt You: The Fonotone Years, 1958–1965 (2011) Proofs & Refutations (2023)...

confirming existing attitudes Correlation does not imply causation – Refutation of a logical fallacy Jumping to conclusions – Psychological term Magical...

on Aristotle, including the first full commentary on the Sophistical Refutations, which established the regular study of that text. Little is known about...

Barry (1974). The Reality of the Anglo-Irish War 1920–21 in West Cork. Refutations, Corrections and Comments on Liam Deasy's Towards Ireland Free (Tralee...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Japanese author notable for his book What Really Happened in Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth, which denies that the Nanjing Massacre as traditionally...

dogmatics of the belief in images, with an exhaustive discussion and refutation of all objections made in opposing writings, as well as those drawn from...

and the Search for the American Dream by Adam Shepard conceived as a refutation Moral Mazes Occupy Wall Street Undercover Boss "The 100 best books of...

Nineteenth Century presented a similar, though more deliberately nuanced, refutation of the thesis of "entrepreneurial failure" One debate concerns the performance...

except perhaps Alfred Tarski". Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

and the deterioration of his friendship with Thomas Jefferson. This refutation was countered by Dr. Eldon G. Chuinard, (physician), who argued for the...

ISBN 978-0-521-72978-9. Popper, Karl R. 1990. "Science: Conjectures and Refutations." Pp. 104–10 in Philosophy of Science and the Occult, edited by P. Grim...

Claim Refutation 5G causes cancer It is very unlikely that exposure to the 5G radiofrequency will cause cancer. 5G is non-ionizing radiation, and such...

European book market was The Assassination of Winston Churchill (1969), a refutation of allegations by David Irving (Accident. The Death of General Sikorski...

 222–235) and Origen of Alexandria (c. 233). Hippolytus wrote in his Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.20: [The Naassenes] speak [...] of a nature which...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

However, whether the existence of these structures itself constitutes a refutation of the cosmological principle is still unclear. Ho'oleilana Bubble (2023)...

refutation of the Sunni doctrine of the caliphate. In response, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his famous book, Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah, as a refutation of...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

Christianity and its decadence, a presentation of Manicheism and a philosophical refutation of Manichaeism. The work serves both as a source on the doctrines of early...

Egyptian Civilization "A Study in Historical Evaluation and Analytical Refutation in Assessing the Allegations of Afrocentrism in Ancient Egypt"". researchgate...

Al-Sunan, a 20-volume Hadith encyclopedia of Hanafi proofs, written as a refutation by the Hanafi school against the objections raised by the growing Ahl-i...

Letter to Lord Ellenborough" (1812) A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) A Refutation of Deism (1814) A Proposal for Putting Reform to the Vote Throughout the...

Great Books of the Islamic World. ISBN 978-1-871031-67-6. Avicenne: Réfutation de l'astrologie. Edition et traduction du texte arabe, introduction, notes...

create without experiencing decay, so that genesis would never stop. The Refutation attributed to Hippolytus of Rome (I, 5), and the later 6th century Byzantine...

the Truth About Their Church and God Can “Church Membership” Save? A Refutation of the Iglesia Ni Cristo Argument [Is It Wrong To Privately Interpret...

ve-Deoth (Hebrew: "beliefs and opinions"), concludes Section VI with a refutation of the doctrine of metempsychosis (reincarnation). While rebutting reincarnation...

regards of permissibility. Ibn Taymiyya was known for making scholarly refutations of religious groups such as the Sufis, Jahmites, Asha'rites, Shias, Falasifa...

Penrose's argument is generally rejected: Bringsford, S. and Xiao, H. 2000. A Refutation of Penrose's Gödelian Case Against Artificial Intelligence. Archived 24...

ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8. Phillips, Stephen H. (1995). Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "New Logic". Open Court Publishing. ISBN 978-0812692983...

ceasefire on 28 October 1994. Although, say Holland and McDonald, the group's refutation was "coloured by a rather ludicrous claim that the guns used in the murders...

or Pseudo-Aristotle (1955). "On the Cosmos, 393b12". On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos. Translated by Forster...

with Filmer that the First Treatise is almost a sentence-by-sentence refutation of Patriarcha. Reinforcing his respect for consensus, Locke argued that...

The Confession or Declaration of the Pastors which are called Remonstrants, or Remonstrant Confession, was the confession of faith of the Remonstrant brotherhood...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

proof of a quantitative result on abc, which could in principle give a refutation of the proof.[non-primary source needed] Mochizuki, Shinichi (2012a),...

McCarthy. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 10. Hippolytus of Rome. Refutation of All Heresies . Book IX, Chapter 4–5, B53 – via Wikisource. Moore, Ian...

ISBN 1-55591-539-6. Retrieved 2011-10-04. Bibliography Aristotle, On Sophistical Refutations, De Sophistici Elenchi. William of Ockham, Summa of Logic (ca. 1323)...

interlocutor who does not hesitate to express his doubts about Socrates' refutation of Thrasymachus. His speech opens with a classification of goods, which...

medieval period, Buddhist philosophers like Vasubandhu developed extensive refutations of creationism and Hindu theism. Because of this, some modern scholars...

useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. They specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. Sanjaya Belatthiputta...

idealism and defended realism in The Refutation of Idealism (1903), and A Defence of Common Sense (1925). In the Refutation, Moore argues that arguments for...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

November 2025. Phillips, Stephen H. (1998). Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of New Logic. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1488-2...

that belief in God's existence may not be amenable to demonstration or refutation, but rests on faith alone. Logical positivists such as Rudolf Carnap and...

could be trusted to transmit what is true. Al-Naẓẓām bolstered his strong refutation of the trustworthiness of ḥadīths narrated by Abu Hurayra within the larger...

James I was "concerned with the threat of Catholic assassination and refutation of the [Catholic] argument that 'faith did not need to be kept with heretics'"...

romanized: elenkhos, lit. 'argument of disproof or refutation; cross-examining, testing, scrutiny esp. for purposes of refutation') is the central technique of the Socratic...

stars." Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it. At the Maragha...

historically rejected populist movements, ideas, and leaders, citing as "a clear refutation of leader-centric populism" the original version of "The Internationale"...

September 29, 2018, Current Affairs published an "exhaustive 10,000-word refutation" by Robinson of Brett Kavanaugh's testimony before the United States Senate...

in the Mexican press that “The corpse of Bob Sheldon Harte is a tragic refutation of all the slanders and false denunciations made against him.” In his...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

 114–115 Dehsen 2013, p. 75 Griffel 2020, lead section, 3. Al-Ghazâlî’s “Refutations” of falsafa and Ismâ’îlism, 4. The Place of Falsafa in Islam Dehsen 2013...

Gauker Education Education University of Pittsburgh (PhD) Thesis The Refutation of Internalism: An Essay on Intentionality (1984) Doctoral advisor Wilfrid...

Jain, Vaisesika, and others heavily criticized Yogacara, and composed refutations of the Yogacara position. Sankara, founder of the Advaita school, which...

Bhagwanji, also known as Gumnami Baba (lit. 'Baba with no name'), was an ascetic who lived approximately the last thirty years of his life in various parts...

of Homeland Security stated that it saw no reason to question those refutations. The National Security Agency, as well as the Government Communications...

Henning: 'We have lost a local hero'". BBC News. 15 October 2014. The Killing of Alan Henning: Refutation of Abu Baraa (PDF), London: SalafiManhaj.com, UK....

known as ignoratio elenchi (Latin for "ignoring the list" or "ignoring refutation") or missing the point, follows a similar structure to appeal to the stone...

Chinese-speaking mind. Arguments of this form, according to Stevan Harnad, are "no refutation (but rather an affirmation)" of the Chinese room argument, because these...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

it was reprinted twenty times. Tetzel responded with a point-by-point refutation, citing heavily from the Bible and important theologians. His pamphlet...

macro-micro association is often cited as Félix Dujardin's 1834 C.E. refutation of naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg's popular position that microscopic...

(1964). Children: The Challenge. Popper, K.R. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. Dinkmeyer, D.C., Pew, W.L., & Dinkmeyer, D.C. Jr. (1979). Adlerian Counseling...

being listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. The work received a refutation called The Confusion of the Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau by...

troops in English pay, amounting to £280,000. Despite Marlborough's refutations (claiming ancient precedent for the first allegation, and, for the second...

Oriental languages Daniel Chwolson (St Petersburg University) published a refutation of the blood libel. 1882 Tiszaeszlár blood libel: The Jews of the village...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Lateral Inhibition Fails at Its Traditional Stronghold - A Psychophysical Refutation". PLOS ONE. 6 (10) e26062. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626062G. doi:10.1371/journal...

1997. ISBN 978-0-415-15757-5 Shawqi Daif, Introduction to Ibn Mada's Refutation of the Grammarians, p. 6. Cairo, 1947. Nakamura, Kojiro (1974). "Ibn Mada's...

Larson, Rebecca L.; Papovich, Casey (October 26, 2023). "Confirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early Universe". Nature. 622 (7984):...

Ophthalmologe. 106 (10): 913–917. doi:10.1007/s00347-008-1845-5. PMID 18830602. Refutation of classical explanation of Hermann Grid Illusion Scintillating Grid Illusion...

security bug in a critical piece of code for two years has been considered a refutation of Raymond's dictum. Larry Seltzer suspects that the availability of source...

legitimate form of refutation (473e). Polus then asks Socrates if putting forth views that no one would accept is not a refutation in itself. Socrates...

writings of Gregory of Nazianzus (Orat. xviii, 5) and Gregory of Nyssa (Refutation of Eunomius' Confession 38), about AD 374. The term has been linked to...

publication of his anti-Lutheran pamphlet A Highly Provoked Vindication and Refutation of the unspiritual soft-living flesh in Wittenberg, as well as one entitled...

Structure of Scientific Revolutions Karl Popper (1963) Conjectures and Refutations Ian Hacking (1983) Representing and Intervening Andrew Pickering (1984)...

Proceedings of the British Academy. 25 (5): 273–300. Moore, G. E. (1903). "The refutation of idealism". Mind. 12 (48): 433–453. doi:10.1093/mind/XII.4.433. Mulligan...

December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2014. The article concludes with a refutation of claims that Turkish terrorists ("Grey Wolves") are operating in Azerbaijan...

contained in the Qur'an. Sidqi's article drew a long discussion and several refutations, which were published in the journal along with his response. "What is...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

trivial and uninteresting). Aristotle discusses this in Sophistical Refutations and in Prior Analytics book II, (64b, 34–65a 9, for circular reasoning...

progressive and updated version of LaVey's Satanism, posted a fairly detailed refutation of LaVey's doctrines, accusing the CoS of fetishizing authoritarianism...

from the general body of scholarship in terms of sheer knowledge. His refutation was written toward the end of his life and demonstrated his clarity of...

Shlaim, Avi (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78960-165-7. Retrieved 6 November 2023. Short...

is worse." This seemingly sound developing move runs into a surprising refutation. After White's next move, both f7 and b7 will be under attack. Better...

(Japanese: 責任と原理) September 1, 2017 (2017-09-01) 10 "Conjectures and Refutations" Transliteration: "Suisoku to Hanbaku" (Japanese: 推測と反駁) September 8...

Year: 1884, Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT, page 93 [2] Author: Hippolytus of Rome, Refutation of All Heresies Book IV, Chapter XXXI. v t e...

first treatises refuting the Wahhabi doctrine, The Divine Thunderbolts in Refutation of Wahhabism (Al-Šawā'iq Al-Ilāhiyya fī Al-radd 'alā Al-Wahhābiyya), alleging...

2007-12-01. Specific examples include: Popper, Karl (2002). Conjectures and Refutations. London & New York: Routledge Classics. ISBN 978-0-415-28594-0First published...

adequate, but all second player responses are required to try to find a refutation), or vice versa. This advantage can switch sides many times during the...

Saddam's government. The images of the statue's destruction provided a clear refutation of Information Minister Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf's reports that Iraq had...

Quran') Kitāb Radd Awa'il al-Adilla, a refutation of a Mu'tazili book Radd al-Tahdhib fi al-Jadal, another refutation of a Mu'tazili book Kitāb Bayan Awham...

theory has been almost universally rejected. John van Ess states: "a refutation is perhaps unnecessary since the authors make no effort to prove it in...

Publishers. p. 162. ISBN 9004081143. Shawqi Daif, Introduction to Ibn Mada's Refutation of the Grammarians, pg. 5. Cairo, 1947. Kojiro Nakamura, "Ibn Mada's Criticism...

[citation needed] Blogger AA considers the page hostile and issues a refutation 2022–2023 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement 2024 Bashkortostan...

(雀躍, Jakuyaku) "Full Throttle" (全開, Zenkai) "Enforcement" (強行, Kyōkō) "Refutation" (論駁, Ronbaku) "Disregard" (不問, Fumon) "Scrutiny" (精査, Seisa) "Shudder"...

Saguntine hero Murrus. According to a Greek poetic fragment preserved in the Refutation of All Heresies, humankind sprang from the Earth, with the Libyans saying...

Bernard Green, Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries Refutation of All Heresies, XLII, ii. Bart D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities Conf. Beyschlag...

that the date of Jesus’ earthly sojourn was divinely foretold beyond refutation by the seventy weeks prophecy of Daniel 9. Athanasius was originally buried...

researchers propose that this shows how such beliefs are resistant to refutation because they are not subject only to evidence, but to ingrained attitudes...

Della Sala, Sergio (December 2022). "Skill and self-knowledge: empirical refutation of the dual-burden account of the Dunning–Kruger effect". Royal Society...

Fabularum Compendium i. 18) until a lost work of anti-heretical writings (Refutation of All Heresies, book 8, chapter V) by Hippolytus was found. He is known...

and their leader Ilyas Qadri. He wrote a book named "Iblis Ka Raqs" in refutation of Qadri and his organisation. His composition of Na`at was entitled Safina-e-Bakhshish...

advocating Salafi theology after the First World War, began writing lengthy refutations of his teachers views. In his commentary to Risalah al Tawhid, he criticized...

Capita Adversus Caium demonstrate Epiphanius drew heavily from Hippolytus' Refutation of the Thirty-two Heresies. Irenaeus writes that Cerinthus was educated...

Latin Library. Retrieved 10 September 2008. Aristotle, Sophistical Refutations, ch. 5 "Osborne Wrigley-Pimley-McKerr III", United States Heraldic Registry...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

"The Total Library" "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins" "A New Refutation of Time" Other works Historia de la eternidad Borges on Martín Fierro...

"Behold! : the grand problem no longer unsolved: the circle squared beyond refutation." Paul Halmos referred to the book as a "classic crank book." The problem...

Uluhiyyat-i-Masih (Refutation of the Divinity of Christ) Radd-i-Tanasukh (Refutation of the doctrine of Reincarnation) Radd-i-Naskh-i- Qur'an (Refutation of the doctrine...

life, while ["Eurydice"] is written by the microbe as a kind of feminine refutation about the woebegone absence of life. The two poems resemble Petrarchan...

ISBN 978-0-393-32112-8. ——— (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78960-165-7. ——— (2014). The Iron Wall: Israel...

the 9th century. Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328) wrote a famous and extensive refutation of incorporealist views in his Bayān talbīs al-jahmiyya "Explication of...

attitude and achievements in the face of his disabilities: He was a walking refutation of that dogmatic statement, Mens sana in corpore sano. His was a sound...

any countable models. By the time that Zermelo was writing his final refutation of the paradox in 1937, the community of logicians and set theorists had...

recounting how he organized his escape from Spain to Morocco, and including a refutation of Catholic opinions about Jesus. The books also included details on crypto-Muslim...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Century (3rd ed.). London: John Murray. Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, 6, 19. Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, 6, 15. (Ephesians 6:14–16) Cyril...

universalist scholars such as Pinker consider Malotki's study as a final refutation of Whorf's claim about Hopi, whereas relativist scholars such as John...

Adolf Grünbaum 1962), is that one can always protect one's theory against refutation by attributing failure to some other part of our web of belief. In his...

ISBN 0804712859. Vergara, Francisco (1998). "A Critique of Elie Halévy; refutation of an important distortion of British moral philosophy" (PDF). Philosophy...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

al-Radd 'ala Ahl al-Zaygh wa al-Bida' ("The Gleams/Illuminations on the Refutation of the People of Deviation/Perversity and Heresies")  Published for the...

almost always associated with theological contexts concerning the Buddha's refutation of Issaranimmānavāda (the erroneous view that suffering, happiness, and...

20. As quoted in Nathalie Henry, The Lily and the Thorns : Augustine’s Refutation of the Donatist Exegesis of the Song of Songs, in Revue des Études Augustiniennes...

Manrique-Vallier, Daniel; Ball, Patrick (January 2019). "Reality and risk: A refutation of S. Rendón's analysis of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's...

rally, peaceful marches Result Adjustment of the Union State treaty, refutation of the unification of Belarus and Russia into a single state Parties Presidency...

scientists conducting them were untrained in experimental geochronology. In refutation of Young Earth claims of inconstant decay-rates affecting the reliability...

into Arabic. In particular, Al-Himsi translated Aristotle's Sophistical Refutations and Physics into Arabic. It is uncertain as to whether he translated...

Bishop Victor of Cartenna sent him, during a period of peace, a sharp refutation of Arianism and suffered no punishment. Huneric, Genseric's successor...

National. Retrieved 27 December 2007. Karl Popper (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. Harper & Row. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-06-131376-9. Induction, i.e. inference...

having attained the mythic status that placed it beyond mere factual refutation." In the book, according to Hitchens, Orwell instead refers to it being...

heartland of historical Muslim empires on the Indian subcontinent as a refutation to the "conversion by the sword theory". The legacy of the Muslim conquest...

anonymously published Examen critique ou Réfutation du livre des moeurs ("Critical examination or refutation of the book of customs"). Over the next twenty...

Christian Hebraist Johann Christoph Wagenseil attempted an elaborate refutation of Abraham's arguments, Wagenseil's Latin translation of it only increased...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics Sophistical Refutations Physics Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology...

Responses"), 1 part. A refutation of Han Fei and Shang Yang. Xin (信), last name unknown Xin (信) ("Xin"), 1 part. A refutation of Li Si. Classified into...

itself, as a function of shift Correlation does not imply causation – Refutation of a logical fallacy Correlogram – Chart of correlation statistics Covariance...

or Pseudo-Aristotle (1955). "On the Cosmos, 393b12". On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos. Translated by Forster...

Claim Refutation Menstruation (or menstrual blood) is dirty or dangerous Menstruation is a natural bodily process that occurs in humans, other primates...

opponent's thesis and thus win an argument. Aristotle's Sophistical Refutations (De Sophisticis Elenchis) identifies thirteen fallacies. He divided them...

Refutation of a logical fallacy...

should compare the length of time the doomsday argument survives before refutation with the length of time the human race survives before extinction. Therefore...

the individuals directly involved have since died, a confirmation or refutation of the allegations has become impossible. An import from an early European...

ISBN 978-1-55798-187-5. Fodor, Jerry (2004). "Having Concepts: A Brief Refutation of the Twentieth Century". Mind and Language. 19 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1111/j...

which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much stronger than the refutations; in short, I soon became a thorough Deist." Like some other Deists, Franklin...

Dharmadhatugarbhavivarana, Ekaslokasastra, Isvarakartrtvanirakrtih (A refutation of God/Isvara), Sattvaradhanastava, Upayahrdaya, Astadasasunyatasastra...

urea from ammonium cyanate was only one step in a long road, not a great refutation. Maternal impression – the theory that the mother's thoughts created birth...

Theologico-Politicus, and had aided in the publication of one of the first refutations. Among other friends he made in the Netherlands were Swiss theologian...

receive theatrical distribution in Japan and was the subject of vociferous refutations by Japanese ultranationalists who denied the events ever took place....

previously mentioned sects; a description of the sect's beliefs; a lengthy refutation of its doctrine, including arguments from the scriptures and reductio...

Berto and Giorgio, on the topic of anarchy. Imre Lakatos Proofs and Refutations is a 1976 book on the logic of discovery and progress in mathematics...

August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. Lataster, Raphael (July 2021). "A Refutation of Several Muslim Apologetic Arguments and a Powerful Argument Against...

idealism, like that of the Yogachara and Advaita Vedanta, and composed refutations of the Yogacara position. Medieval realism developed out of debates over...

schoolchildren to read it. Bernstein published another and more elaborate refutation, The Truth About the 'Protocols of Zion' – A Complete Exposure. Bernstein...

had the same octopus imagery on the front cover. Among the earliest refutations of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery were a series of...

leaders who had signed the statement. Tatchell and OutRage! published a refutation of the allegations. OutRage!'s protest against Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits...

only in the second half of the 12th century, the Topics, Sophistical Refutations, and the First and Second Analytics of Aristotle. This was an advance...

Wade-Giles: Huang Yüp'ien) is best known as the author of A Detailed Refutation of Heresy (破邪詳辯 Pōxié Xiángbiàn), written in 1838. A native of Gansu province...

and lead them toward self-knowledge. Socratic dialectic was typically refutational (elenchic) and often ended in a state of perplexity, or aporia, where...

combination of both, when translated. He put forth the idea of a simple refutation to the heresy of paraphrase: that it is possible to introduce a new expression...

assures us, "there flashed across my opening mind the great truth that refutation is no necessary part of argument. Assume that your opponent is wrong,...

transcendent, not neither, nor both. One classical exposition is the Madhyamaka refutation of extremes that the philosopher-adept Nagarjuna propounded. Exponents...

Films) Réfutation de tous les judgements, tant élogieux qu'hostiles, qui ont été jusqu'ici portés sur le film " La Société du spectacle " (Refutation of All...

"come and challenge us on live UK TV" with respect to the claims and the refutations offered for them. Square One: Michael Jackson Neverland Firsthand: Investigating...

083510. ISSN 1550-7998. Feser, Edward (2008). The last superstition: a refutation of the new atheism. South Bend, Ind: St. Augustine's Press. ISBN 9781587314513...

Arthur Machen's World War I Story, the Insistent Believers, and His Refutations. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786498673. Agnes Cardinal; Dorothy Goldman;...

accept the second congregational prayer Imam's correct qiyam in Mihrab Refutation of a fatawa about Qanoot e Nazila Blessings of Salat il Asrar, research...

(evidenced in Irenaeus' account of their views and his corresponding refutation, Iren I. iii. 4), and the word retains from it the sense of totality in...

follows: The road up and the road down are the same thing. (Hippolytus, Refutations 9.10.3) This is an example of a compresent unity of opposites. For, at...

mortem usque ad ultimum iudicium dormire putant. [Psychopannychia – Or a refutation of the error entertained by some unskillful persons, who ignorantly imagine...

reliability of cruentation as a practice. Nonetheless, the first published refutation appeared in 1669, more than a century later. Yet Michael Alberti's Systema...

différens tons (in French). Paris: Mazieres & J. B. Garnier. 1737. Examen et réfutation des Elemens de la philosophie de Neuton de M. De Voltaire (in French)...

employing a rhyme scheme of AABB, with Raleigh's an almost line-for-line refutation of Marlowe's sentiments. Years later, the 20th-century poet William Carlos...

Gliese 581d really could exist, despite stellar variability, and the 2014 refutation of the existence of Gliese 581d and g was triggered by poor and inadequate...

a result irreconcilable to current theories of plate tectonics and a refutation of the plume-push hypothesis. Pérez-Díaz concludes that the accelerated...

refutation, a counter to the refutation, a second article, its refutation, a third article that includes a counter to the refutation, its refutation,...

are ephectic (engaged in suspension of judgment), aporetic (engaged in refutation) or zetetic (engaged in seeking). An ephectic merely suspends judgment...

"The refutation of conventionalism". Noûs. 8 (1): 25–40. doi:10.2307/2214643. JSTOR 2214643. Reprinted in Putnam, H. (1979). "Chapter 9: The refutation of...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

edu. Retrieved March 30, 2010. Albert J. Schütz and Tevita Nawadra, "A Refutation of the Notion 'Passive' in Fijian", Oceanic Linguistics, vol. 11, no....

F. W. (1999). "The True History of the Discovery of Penicillin, With Refutation of the Misinformation in the Literature". British Journal of Biomedical...

apparently, the author of a work, On Timon's Silloi, and of a work entitled Refutations of Diocles. Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 12, 26. v. 86, etc. Athenaeus, iv...

F. W. (1999). "The true history of the discovery of penicillin, with refutation of the misinformation in the literature". British Journal of Biomedical...

used by pseudoscientists to "immunize" a theory or belief system against refutation. Shackel, Nicholas (2005). "The Vacuity of Postmodernist Methodology"...

journey would be a mistake, and hence Handke and Wenders made the film as a refutation of Goethe's novel and German Romanticism, in which their character suffers...

"Nine-tenths of existing books are nonsense, and the clever books are the refutation of that nonsense." A similar adage appears in Rudyard Kipling's 1891 novel...

Risāla izhāq al-bāṭil fī radd al-bābiyya (The Crushing of Falsehood in Refutation of Bābism). Although he claimed to be nothing except an expositor of the...

are all that remain. Additionally, pseudo-Hippolytus mentions it in the Refutation of All Heresies, alluding to "these various changes of the soul, set forth...

Islam Naqsh-e-Hayat (Autobiography of Maulana Madni). Ash-Shihabus Saqib (Refutation of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi) Maktubat Shaykh al-Islam (over 2000 pages)...

a proposition is repeatedly restated regardless of contradiction and refutation. The proposition can sometimes be repeated until any challenges or opposition...

Jacob (1993), Are There Really Tannaitic Parallels to the Gospels? A Refutation of Morton Smith, South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism; Atlanta:...

century notions of extensio and analysis situs, and his own mathematical refutation of Aristotle's definition of topos in natural philosophy, refer to: Nader...

version found here. Gerald Harrison (2011). "Chapter 31: Frankfurt's Refutation of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities". In Michael Bruce and Steven...

cannot be proved in ZF, and few working set theorists expect to find a refutation in ZF. However ZF cannot prove that they are independent of ZF, even with...

(1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)...

refuted the ideas found in the scriptures Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy (破邪詳辯; Pōxié Xiángbiàn), which was written in 1838. This book...

entitled Confutatio fabulae Burdonum. In the opinion of Pattison, "as a refutation of Scioppius it is most complete"; but there are certainly grounds for...

He was the first Caliph to order a composition of polemical works in refutation of Freethinkers and other heretics; and for years he tried to exterminate...

Letter to Lord Ellenborough" (1812) A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) A Refutation of Deism (1814) A Proposal for Putting Reform to the Vote Throughout the...

Augustine views as the closest approximation of Christian truth, and a refutation of Apuleius' insistence of the worship of demons as mediators between...

depiction of his disciples as obtuse, fearful and uncomprehending; (2) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus' enemies that he was a magician; (3) secrecy...

787) – The definition of the pseudo-Seventh council (754) and a long refutation of the same (probably by Tarasius) were read. Seventh Session (13 October...

subject than any other thinker,—all history is indeed the experimental refutation of the theory of the so-called moral order of things,—but because of the...

chapter, leading to the book's conclusion, Tishby offers a series of refutations to some of the most common arguments made against Israel. She closes...

their 2015 album Wider Circles. Correlation does not imply causation – Refutation of a logical fallacy Ideas and delusions of reference – Phenomenon involving...

Nigari by Khan Bahadur Mirza Jafar Ali Khan Asar Lakhnawi written in refutation to the article by Mohammad Ahsan Farooqi. Poetry portal Mirza Dabeer Ustad...

King of the Day of Judgement. Ibn al-Jawzi's Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih is a refutation of the historical anthropomorphic leanings of some of the Hanbali scholars...

framework is close to Karl Popper’s idea of constant ‘conjectures and refutations’. For Bourdieu, however, neither Habermas nor Popper specifies the societal...

this view. See Philip E. Hughes, "The Blood . . .," 519:195-212, for refutation and further discussion.] bob thieme's teachings on christian living. 1978...

not as someone else, and the existence of first-personal facts, are a refutation of physicalist philosophies of consciousness. List argues that first personal...

institutional crisis, with the Nishi Honganji abbot, Ryōnyo, authoring a formal refutation. Both parties appealed to the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, who issued a...

IV (5) "John Conway's Game of Life". Karl Popper: Conjectures and rRefutations[page needed] Werndl, Charlotte (2009). "Are Deterministic Descriptions...

bead on the shambling figure of the SF tradition. It's a devastating refutation of 'scientifiction' in its guise as narrow technolatry. Bredehoft continues...

Gauthier, Peter (March–May 1990). "Does Weismann's Experiment Constitute a Refutation of the Lamarckian Hypothesis?". BIOS. 61 (1/2): 6–8. JSTOR 4608123. This...

Robert (1967), Letter to Prof. Weil Popper, Karl (2004). Conjectures and refutations : the growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28594-1...

December 2001). "Fifty Years Since Lashley's In Search of the Engram: Refutations and Conjectures". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 10 (3):...

includes an attempted proof of the existence of God. Intended also as a refutation of Manichaeism, De libero arbitrio denied God's responsibility for sin...

artifacts discovered were really part of the Iron Age. Hans Hildebrand in refutation pointed to two Bronze Ages and a transitional period in Scandinavia. John...

al-Asrar (Uncovering of Secrets), published in 1942, was a point-by-point refutation of Asrar-e Hezar Sale (Secrets of a Thousand Years), a tract written by...

Accompanying Translations of Dante Alighieri's Monarchia, Guido Vernani's Refutation of the "Monarchia" Composed by Dante, and Pope John XXII Bull Si fratrum...

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1983 Lakatos, Imre (1976), Proofs and Refutations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29038-4...

YouTube. Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man: The definitive refutation to the argument of the Bell Curve, revised and expanded. New York: Norton...

Anaximander, ap. Hippolytus of Rome, Refutation of all Heresies, i. 6 Anaximenes, ap. Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, i. 7 Clement of Alexandria...