Saffron finch

Saffron finch
	Male, Brazil
	Female; Song
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thraupidae
Genus:	Sicalis
Species:	S. flaveola
Binomial name
	Sicalis flaveola; (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms
	Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus, 1766

The saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) is a tanager from South America that is common in open and semi-open areas in lowlands outside the Amazon Basin. They have a wide distribution in Colombia, northern Venezuela (where it is called "canario de tejado" or "roof canary"), western Ecuador, western Peru, eastern and southern Brazil (where it is called "canário-da-terra" or "native canary"), Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and Trinidad and Tobago. It has also been introduced to Hawaii, Panama, Puerto Rico and elsewhere. Although commonly regarded as a canary, it is not related to the Atlantic canary. Formerly, it was placed in the Emberizidae but it is close to the seedeaters.

Taxonomy

The saffron finch was formally described in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Fringilla flaveola.^[2] The specific epithet is a diminutive of the Latin flavus meaning "golden" or "yellow".^[3] The type locality is Suriname.^[4] The saffron finch is now placed in the genus Sicalis that was introduced in 1828 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.^[5]^[6]

Five subspecies are recognised:^[6]

S. f. flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766) – Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
S. f. valida Bangs & Penard, TE, 1921 – Ecuador and northwest Peru
S. f. brasiliensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – east Brazil
S. f. pelzelni Sclater, PL, 1872 – east Bolivia, Paraguay, southeast Brazil, north Argentina and Uruguay
S. f. koenigi Hoy, G, 1978 – northwest Argentina

Description

The male is bright yellow with an orange crown which distinguishes it from most other yellow finches (the exception being the orange-fronted yellow finch). The females are more difficult to identify and are usually just a slightly duller version of the male, but in the southern subspecies S. f. pelzelni they are olive-brown with heavy dark streaks.

Breeding

Typically nesting in cavities, the saffron finch makes use of sites such as abandoned rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus) nests, bamboo branches and under house roofs - this species is tolerant of human proximity, appearing at suburban areas and frequenting bird tables. They have a pleasant but repetitious song which, combined with their appearance, has led to them being kept as caged birds in many areas. Males are polygamous, mating with two females during the nesting season, and territorial, which has led to the species being used for blood sporting with two males put in a cage in order to fight.^[7]^[8]

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sicalis flaveola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22723346A132162254. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723346A132162254.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 321.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 126.
^ Boie, Friedrich (1828). "Bemerkungen über mehrere neue Vogelgattungen". Isis von Oken (in German). 21. Cols 312–328 [324].
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ Cf. José Felipe Monteiro Pereira, Aves e Pássaros comuns do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Technical Books, 2008, ISBN 978-85-61368-00-5, page 134
^ Peters, Sharon (9 March 2010). "Authorities crack down on finch-fighting rings". USA Today. Retrieved 26 April 2017.