South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)

South Mountain
South Mountain
	Northward view of South Mountain near Interstate 70 in Maryland
Highest point
Peak	Quirauk Mountain
Elevation	2,150 ft (660 m)
Coordinates	39°41′46″N 77°30′47″W / 39.696°N 77.513°W
Dimensions
Length	70 mi (110 km)
Width	12 mi (19 km)
Geography
	Appalachian Mountains
Country	United States
States	Maryland and Pennsylvania
Range coordinates	39°43.2′N 77°29.5′W / 39.7200°N 77.4917°W
Parent range	Blue Ridge Mountains
Geology
Orogeny	Grenville orogeny
Type of rock	Granite, gneiss and limestone

South Mountain is the northern extension of the Blue Ridge Mountain range in Maryland and Pennsylvania. From the Potomac River near Knoxville, Maryland in the south to Dillsburg, Pennsylvania in York County, Pennsylvania in the north, the 70-mile-long (110 km) range separates the Hagerstown and Cumberland valleys from the Piedmont regions of the two states.

The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the mountain through Maryland and a portion of Pennsylvania.

Geography

South Mountain begins at the Potomac River as a low, narrow ridge, barely one mile wide and only 1,200 feet (370 m) above sea level at its crest. South of the Potomac River in Virginia, the ridge continues as Short Hill Mountain for about 12 miles (19 km) before subsiding near the town of Hillsboro. South Mountain in Maryland gradually grows higher and wider towards the north. Near the Pennsylvania border, the mountain merges with the hills of the parallel Catoctin Mountain range to the east and becomes more like a low mountain range than a single crest. North of U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain highlands reach their greatest width, over 12 miles (19 km), and several summits top 2,000 feet (610 m). The mountain then turns more to the east and becomes a series of small rocky hills between Mount Holly Springs and the northeastern end of the mountain at Dillsburg, Pennsylvania.

Major summits

Maryland

From south to north:

Lambs Knoll, 1,758 feet (536 m) above sea level
Monument Knob, 1,540 feet (470 m)
Bartman Hill, 1,400 feet (430 m)
Pine Knob, 1,714 feet (522 m)
Buzzard Knob, 1,520 feet (460 m)
Quirauk Mountain, 2,150 feet (660 m), highest point on South Mountain in Maryland

Pennsylvania

From south to north, then east:

Mount Dunlop, 1,720 feet (520 m)
Monterey Peak, 1,663 feet (507 m)
Clermont Crag, 1,627 feet (496 m)
Wildcat Rocks, 1,772 feet (540 m)
Virginia Rock, 1,818 feet (554 m)
Buzzard Peak/Chimney Rocks, 1,946 feet (593 m)
Snowy Mountain, 2,090 feet (640 m)
Green Ridge, 1,980 feet (600 m)
Mount Newman, 1,784 feet (544 m)
Piney Mountain, 1,904 feet (580 m)
Big Pine Flat Ridge, 2,100 feet (640 m), highest point on South Mountain in Pennsylvania
Big Flat Ridge, 2,065 feet (629 m)
East Big Flat Ridge, 2,070 feet (630 m)
Mount Holly, 1,504 feet (458 m)
Long Mountain, 1,583 feet (482 m)
Center Point Knob, 1,075 feet (328 m), midpoint of the Appalachian Trail in 1935^[1]
White Rocks, 1,105 feet (337 m)^[2]

Gaps

Maryland

From south to north:

Crampton's Gap, 930 feet (280 m), between Burkittsville and Gapland
Fox's Gap, 1,070 feet (330 m), between Middletown and Boonsboro
Harman Gap (Oeiler's Gap), 1,570 feet (480 m), east of Cavetown
Turner's Gap, 1,071 feet (326 m), between Middletown and Boonsboro, traversed by U.S. Route 40 Alternate

Pennsylvania

From south to north:

Monterey Gap, 1,330 feet (410 m), at Blue Ridge Summit (see also Fairfield Gap)
Pass near Mount Newman, 1,380 feet (420 m), traversed by U.S. Route 30

State reservations

Maryland

From south to north:

South Mountain State Park, length of the ridge crest in Maryland
Gathland State Park, Crampton Gap
Washington Monument State Park, near Boonsboro
Greenbrier State Park, near Boonsboro

Pennsylvania

From south to north:

Michaux State Forest, covering most of the mountain
Caledonia State Park, east of Fayetteville
Kings Gap State Park
Pine Grove Furnace State Park, current midpoint of the Appalachian Trail^[1]

Conservation

In Pennsylvania, the region surrounding is the focus of a Conservation Landscape Initiative, led by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and the Appalachian Trail Conservancy. The initiative is organized as South Mountain Partnership, which involves other organizations, government, business, and community members.

History

The history of South Mountain defines the early history of western Maryland. It was viewed as a boundary to the Susquehannock in their original treaty granting land to Maryland. In a 1732 letter to the colonial governor of Maryland, Captain Civility (Togotolisa) chief of Conestoga warns against settlement in the valley beyond the mountain.^[3] The first Euromerican land grant west of South Mountain by Maryland was William Park's "Park Hall" in 1731 near Crampton's gap.^[4] The earliest route of the Great Wagon Road crossed South Mountain by Fox's Gap on a course between Middletown and Sharpsburg.^[5] Other important passes for migration and settlement were Turner's Gap near Boonsboro. Orr's Gap, used today by Interstate 70, and the course of "Cartledge's Old Road" generally following Maryland state route 77. Maryland finally gained clear title to the lands west of South Mountain at the 1744 Treaty of Lancaster.^[6] Following the 1859 John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry, seven of the raiders escaped from the Kennedy Farm headquarters to Pennsylvania by following (Elk ridge and) South Mountain north. The escapees traveled by night and spent the days in cold camps among the densest thickets they could find along the remote ridge top.^[7] They finally left the mountain near today's Caledonia State Park between Chambersburg and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of South Mountain was fought on the mountain at Crampton's, Fox's, and Turner's gaps during the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. In 1863, military engagements of the Gettysburg Campaign on the mountain range included the Fight at Monterey Pass near the Mason–Dixon Line.

References

^ ^a ^b "Lost and Found – The Center Point Knob Plaque". Appalachian Trail Museum.
^ U.S. Geological Survey 7½ topographic maps
^ Archives of Maryland, Vol 28, pages 10 & 11
^ MSA S1203-1697 (Maryland State Archives)
^ Older, Curtis (2009). The Braddock Expedition and Fox's Gap in Maryland. Heritage Books. ISBN 9781585493012.
^ Franklin, Benjamin (1744). A Treaty Held at the Town of Lancaster... Benjamin Franklin. p. 53.
^ Ellis, Ted (2017). Snow on the Buds. ISBN 978-0998833033.