Stridsvagn 122

Stridsvagn 122
Type	Main battle tank
Place of origin	Sweden and Germany[1]
Service history
In service	1997–present[2]
Used by	Swedish Army Ukrainian Ground Forces
Wars	Russo-Ukrainian War Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Manufacturer	Krauss-Maffei Wegmann: 29 chassis[1] Land Systems Hägglunds AB: 91 chassis[1]
Unit cost	US$5.74 million (FY 1994) (~$11.9 million FY 2023)
Produced	1994–2002
No. built	120
Variants	Strv 122A (110 chassis) Strv 122B (10 chassis)
Specifications
Mass	62.5 tonnes (61.5 long tons; 68.9 short tons)[2][3]
Length	9.97 m (32 ft 9 in) (gun forward)
Width	3.75 m (12 ft 4 in)
Height	3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
Crew	4
Armour	3rd generation composite; including high-hardness steel, tungsten and plastic filler with ceramic component.
Main armament	1 x 120 mm Rheinmetall L44 smoothbore tank gun 42 rounds
Secondary armament	2 x 7.62×51mm NATO Ksp m/94 machine gun 4,750 rounds 4 x 2 GALIX smoke grenade launchers[3]
Engine	MTU MB 873 Ka-501 liquid-cooled V-12 Twin-turbo diesel engine 1,500 PS (1,479 hp, 1,103 kW) at 2,600 rpm
Power/weight	24.19 PS/t (17.79 kW/t)
Transmission	Renk HSWL 354
Suspension	Torsion-bar suspension
Ground clearance	540 mm
Fuel capacity	1,200 liters (317 US gallons; 264 imp. gal)
Operational range	550 km (340 mi) (internal fuel)[2][3]
Maximum speed	68 km/h (42 mph)[2][3]

Stridsvagn 122 (strv 122, IPA: [ˈstrɪ̂tːsvaŋn] ^ⓘ)^[a] is a Swedish main battle tank that, like the German Leopard 2A5, is based on the German Leopard 2 Improved variant utilizing such newer technology as command, control, and fire-control systems, reinforced armour, and long-term combat capacity. Externally, the vehicle is distinguished from the Leopard 2A5 by the French GALIX smoke dispensers, different storage bins, and the thicker crew hatches.^[4]

After the strv 2000 project for a new Swedish main battle tank was cancelled,^[5] the Swedish government decided in 1991 that a foreign main battle tank was to be procured to replace the Strv 101, 102, 103 and 104 in service at the time. During the project "Strv Ny", three tank models were sent to Sweden to participate in trials: the American M1A2 Abrams, the German Leopard 2 Improved, and a prototype variant of the French Leclerc.

The trials concluded with the Leopard 2 approved as the winner and the M1A2 in second place. The shortcomings of the Leclerc were partly attributed to it still being in the development phase and not yet mature for service. In 1994 the Swedish government decided to acquire 120 new production tanks and 160 older Leopard 2A4s as a stopgap before the newer tanks were finished. The Leopard 2A4 in Swedish service became designated strv 121 while the new production became the strv 122. Of the 120 strv 122, 29 were manufactured by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann while the other 91 were manufactured by Bofors and Hägglunds.^[6]

The Leopard PT A's width of 3.75 meters^[3] was maintained and the weight increased by 350 kilograms (770 lb).^[7]

The strv 122 was designed to fight in Swedish conditions including heavily forested areas as well as urban terrain. The designation derives from the 12 cm gun; it was the second tank in Swedish service featuring this calibre (the first being the strv 121 — a Leopard 2A4 fitted with Swedish lights and radios and painted in Swedish camouflage). The Swedish strv 122 features:^[8]

• Heavily reinforced armour to protect against man-portable anti-tank weapons.
• An advanced CBRN defence system for protection against chemical, biological, and radioactive weapons.
• Wading capability to pass through water up to 1.4 meters deep.
• Quick ability to discover, identify, and lock-on a target with the assistance of a laser rangefinder, thermographic camera, and a speed/distance/accuracy calculator for maximum accuracy.
• Ability to lock-on to numerous targets at once, enabling the tank to fight numerous enemy vehicles without having to manually re-aim the gun after every shot.
• Active communication for improved cooperation between units.
• Tank Command & Control System (TCCS) by Celsius Tech Systems AB.^[3]

Only 42 strv 122 tanks were in active service as of 2013,^[9] with each tank being rotated with those kept in storage to minimise wear. They were divided between three companies, two under the Skaraborg Regiment, P 4 at Skövde and one under Norrbottens Regiment, I 19 at Boden.^[10] In August the same year, the Swedish government announced that it would be upgrading its strv 122 tanks to extend their operational lifespan to 2030. Initial reports stated that 56 tanks were set to be upgraded but this figure was revised to 42 later on.^[11][12] In 2016, upgrades for 88 tanks were ordered. The tanks would receive a Stridsledningssystem Bataljon (a tactical battalion command system from SAAB), a new observation/gun sight (TIM) for the commander, and new communication systems for international missions. A modular 360° ballistic protection system had been planned but not implemented. Krauss-Maffei Wegmann was contracted to do the upgrades for 46 tanks, while the remainder were handled by the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) with upgrade kits procured from Krauss-Maffei Wegmann. Planned delivery between 2018 and 2023.^{[13][14][15][16]}

In 2015, the Swedish government decided that an additional tank company should be established on the island of Gotland. This company was to be trained at P 4 and transferred to the re-established Gotland Regiment, P 18 in 2019.^[17][18]

On 24 February 2023 the Swedish government announced that it would send 10 strv 122A to the Armed Forces of Ukraine.^[19]

In October 2023 the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) announced that a total of 44 strv 122 will be upgraded to the strv 123A standard. Modifications include the more powerful L/55 gun, new tracks, improved optics for the commander and gunner, and a night sight for the driver. Most of the electronics will also be replaced which will bring the tanks closer in line with more modern Leopard 2 variants. The first strv 123A tank is to be delivered in 2026.^[20][21]

The contract also includes the option of modernising all of the Swedish army's strv 122 main battle tanks.^[22]

• strv 122A – Baseline variant. Entered service in 1997.^[15]
• strv 122B – Variant with improved mine protection; 10 were upgraded from existing strv 122A models in 2002.^[15]
• strv 122B Int. – Variant for international deployments in warmer climates with NATO-compatible command and control systems as well as infrared signature damping Barracuda camouflage nets; four were converted from strv 122A models in 2011^[15][23]
• strv 122C – Renovated strv 122A with updated command and control systems by FMV's FSV Mv division and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann.^[15]
• strv 122D – Renovated strv 122B with updated command and control systems by FMV's FSV Mv division and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann.^[15]
• strv 122B+ Evolution – Prototype made by IBD and Åkers Krutbruk Protection AB in 2010. Increased protection levels using more advanced composite materials.^[24]
• strv 123A – Upgraded variant with L/55 gun, programmable ammunition, new driver's night sight and improved optics. First delivery expected in 2026.^[21]

On 24 September 2023, during the Zaporizhzhia counteroffensive in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, two Ukrainian Strv 122 tanks were lost in combat.^[25] However, one of them was recovered shortly after, repaired, and later inspected by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.^[26]

On 30 October 2023, a strv 122 tank was knocked out by a Russian heavy anti-tank missile. The four crew of the tank were reported to have been seen escaping.^[27]

According to the Oryx blog as 19 September 2024, seven out of ten strv 122, had been destroyed, damaged, or abandoned during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[28][29]

Comparison of some main battle tanks of the same generation

	strv 122	M1A2	T-90	Leopard 2A5	Challenger 2
Unit cost	US$5.74 million (second-hand, FY 2007)[30]	US$6.21 million (domestic cost, FY 1999)[31]	US$4.25 million (export cost, FY 2011)[32]	US$6.86 million (domestic cost, FY 1999)[33]	US$6.53 million (domestic cost, FY 1999)[34]
Weight	62.5 t[2][3]	63.09 t[35]	46 t[36]	62.3 t[37]	74.9 t[38]
Length	9.97 meters[39]	9.77 meters[35]	9.63 meters[36]	9.97 meters[37]	11.50 meters[38]
Width	3.75 meters[39]	3.7 meters[35]	3.78 meters[36]	3.75 meters[37]	3.5 meters[38]
Height	3 meters[39]	2.4 meters[35]	2.22 meters[36]	3 meters[37]	2.49 meters[38]
Crew	4[39]	4[35]	3[36]	4[37]	4[38]
Armor	3rd generation composite[39]	Depleted Uranium composite[35]	Composite/reactive[36]	3rd generation composite[37]	Dorchester Level 2 (classified)[38]
Main armament	1x 120 mm Rheinmetall L/44 smoothbore gun[39]	1x M256 120 mm L/44 smoothbore gun[35]	1x 125 mm L/48 smoothbore gun[36]	1x 120 mm Rheinmetall L/44 smoothbore gun[37]	1x 120 mm L30 L/55 rifled gun[38]
Main ammunition	42 rounds[39]	42 rounds[35]	42 rounds[36]	42 rounds[37]	50 rounds[38]
Secondary armament	2x 7.62mm machine guns[39]	1x 12.7mm heavy machine gun 2x 7.62mm machine guns[35]	1x 12.7mm heavy machine gun 1x 7.62mm machine gun[36]	2x 7.62mm machine guns[37]	Coaxial 7.62×51mm L94A1 EX-34 (chain gun), 7.62×51mm L7A2 (GPMG) Loader's Pintle Mounted Machine Gun[38]
Secondary ammunition	4,750 rounds[39]	900 rounds 10,000 rounds[35]	7,000 rounds[36]	4,750 rounds[37]	4,000 rounds[40]
Engine power	1,500 hp[39]	1,500 hp[35]	1,000 hp[36]	1,500 hp[37]	1,200 bhp
Power/weight	24.00 hp/t[39]	23.54 hp/t[35]	21.74 hp/t[36]	24.07 hp/t[37]	19.2 hp/t[38]
Suspension	Torsion-bar suspension[39]	Torsion-bar suspension[35]	Torsion-bar suspension[36]	Torsion-bar suspension[37]	Hydropneumatic[38]
Fuel capacity	1,200 liters[39]	1,900 liters[35]	1,600 liters (with auxiliary drums)[41]	1,200 liters[37]	1,592 liters[38]
Operational range	550 km[2][3]	425 km[35]	550 km[36]	550 km[37]	450 km[38]
Speed	68 km/h[2][3]	68 km/h[35]	65 km/h[36]	72 km/h[37]	59 km/h[38]

Current operators

•  Sweden - 120 units built in Germany and Sweden, 10 were sent to Ukraine.^[19] 110 remained in Sweden.^[42]
•  Ukraine - 10 units delivered.^[19] 7 destroyed, damaged or captured.^[28]

• Foss, Christopher F. (2002). Jane's Armour and Artillery. Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7106-0964-9.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stridsvagn 122.

• Stridsvagn 122 – Strv122