Sturnira parvidens

Sturnira parvidens
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Phyllostomidae
Genus:	Sturnira
Species:	S. parvidens
Binomial name
	Sturnira parvidens; Goldman, 1917

The little yellow-shouldered Mesoamerican bat (Sturnira parvidens) is a species of leaf-nosed bat found in Mexico and Central America.

Taxonomy

It was described as a subspecies of the little yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira lilium) in 1917 by American zoologist Edward Alphonso Goldman and given the trinomen S. lilium parvidens. The holotype had been collected in 1903 by Goldman and Edward William Nelson at "Papayo", given as 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Acapulco, Mexico.^[2] The species name "parvidens" derives from Latin parvus, meaning "small", and dens, meaning "tooth".^[3] The little yellow-shouldered bat has been recognized as a species complex, and some authors have considered S. parvidens as a separate species since 2000. In 2013, a genetic study further supported that it should be recognized as a full species.^[4] It forms a clade with Sturnira bakeri.^[5]

Description

Sturnira parvidens is a medium-sized bat, with a head-body length of 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in) and weighing 12–19 g (0.42–0.67 oz). Individuals have a forearm length of approximately 41 mm (1.6 in). It has a short, broad head with large eyes and relatively short, rounded ears. It has a comparatively small nose-leaf, with an oval to lanceolate tip. The lower lip bears a central pad surrounded by a semi-circular row of wart-like structures. The main part of the wing membrane extends down to the ankles; the bat has no tail and only a vestigial tail membrane.^[6] The wings have an aspect ratio of 6 and a wing loading of 12 kg/m².^[7]

It has small teeth.^[8]

The fur is thick and soft, and can be dark grey, but is more commonly reddish or yellowish, with a distinct yellow patch over the shoulders in males. The fur of its back is dark brown, with individual hairs possessing three or four color bands. Its belly fur is paler in color with tricolored hairs. Its face is brownish-gray.^[8]^[6]

Range and habitat

Sturnira parvidens is found from Sonora in the northwest and Tamaulipas in the northeast along both the eastern and western coastal slopes of central Mexico and throughout the whole of southern Mexico and Central America as far south as northern Costa Rica.^[5] Within this range it inhabits a wide variety of forest types, elevations up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.^[1]^[6] No geographic subspecies are currently recognized.

Biology and behavior

The bat is most commonly found in the sub-canopy or understory of tropical forests, close to water or agricultural land. It is more common in recently formed secondary forests,^[9] and thus can serve as a useful indicator of forest disturbance.^[10] It roosts in tree cavities or similar spaces,^[11] either alone or in small groups that usually number no more than three.^[12] It feeds on fruit, primarily from pioneer plants,^[13] and is an important seed disperser in some areas.^[14]

Females are polyestrous and can give birth to their single young at any time during the year, although there may be two or three peak reproductive periods per year in some localities, depending on the local climate.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Solari, S. (2019). "Sturnira parvidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T88154376A88154380. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T88154376A88154380.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Goldman, E. A. (1917). "New mammals from North and Middle America". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 30: 116.
^ "The etymology of 133 European genera and species names". Dragonfly Pix. 13 January 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
^ Velazco, Paúl M.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2013). "Diversification of the Yellow-shouldered bats, Genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (3): 683–698. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.016. PMID 23632030.
^ ^a ^b Hernández-Canchola, Giovani; León-Paniagua, Livia (2017). "Genetic and ecological processes promoting early diversification in the lowland Mesoamerican bat Sturnira parvidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 114: 334–345. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.015. PMID 28647618.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hernández-Canchola, G.; León-Paniagua, L. (October 2020). "Sturnira parvidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)". Mammalian Species. 52 (992): 57–70. doi:10.1093/mspecies/seaa005.
^ Garcia-Garcia, J.L.; Santos-Moreno, A.; Kraker-Casteñada, C. (September 2014). "Ecological traits of phyllostomid bats associated with sensitivity to tropical forest fragmentation in Los Chimalapas, Mexico". Tropical Conservation Science. 7 (3): 457–474. doi:10.1177/194008291400700307.
^ ^a ^b Sánchez-Hernández, Cornelio; Romero-Almaraz, María De Lourdes (2003). "Redescription of Sturnira lilium lilium and Sturnira lilium parvidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)". The Southwestern Naturalist. 48 (3): 437–441. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0437:ROSLLA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0038-4909.
^ García-Morales, R.; Chapa-Vargas, L.; E. Bardano, J. (November 2014). "Evaluating phyllostomid bat conservation potential of three forest types in the northern Neotropics of Eastern Mexico". Community Ecology. 15 (2): 158–168. doi:10.1556/comec.15.2014.2.4.
^ Schulz, M.D.; Seavy, N.E.; Whitaker, D.F. (March 2006). "A comparison of the phyllostomid bat assemblages in undisturbed neotropical forest and in forest fragments of a slash-and-burn farming mosaic in Petén, Guatemala". Biotropica. 32 (1): 174–184. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00459.x.
^ Evelyn, M.J.; Stiles, D.A. (March 2006). "Roosting requirements of two frugivorous bats (Sturnira lilium and Arbiteus intermedius) in fragmented neotropical forest". Biotropica. 35 (3): 405–418. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00594.x.
^ Fenton, M.B.; Vonhof, M.J.; et al. (March 2006). "Roosts used by Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Belize". Biotropica. 32 (4a): 729–733. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00521.x.
^ Kraker-Casteñada, C.; Cajas-Castillo, J.; Lou, S. (March 2015). "Opportunistic feeding by the little yellow-shouldered bat Sturnira lilium (Phyllostomidae, Stenodermatinae) in northern Guatemala: a comparative approach". Mammalia. 80 (3): 349–352. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2014-0139.
^ García-Morales, R.; Chapa-Vargas, L.; et al. (December 2012). "Seed dispersal among three different vegetation communities in the Huasteca region, Mexico, analyzed from bat feces". Acta Chiropterologica. 14 (2): 357–367. doi:10.3161/150811012X661675.