Taslima Nasrin[a] (born 25 August 1962) is a Bangladeshi writer, physician, feminist, secular humanist, and activist. She is known for her writing on women's oppression and criticism of religion; some of her books are banned in Bangladesh.[2][3][4] She has also been blacklisted and banished from the Bengal region, both from Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.[5][6]
She gained global attention by the beginning of 1990s owing to her essays and novels with feminist views and criticism of what she characterizes as all "misogynistic" religions.[7][8] Nasrin has been living in exile since 1994, with multiple fatwas calling for her death.[9] After living more than a decade in Europe and the United States, she moved to India in 2004 and has been staying there on a resident permit long-term, multiple-entry or 'X' visa since.[10][11]
Early life and career
Nasrin is the daughter of Dr. Rajab Ali and Edul Ara, Bengali Muslims of Mymensingh. Her father was a physician, and a professor of Medical Jurisprudence in Mymensingh Medical College, also at Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College. After high school in 1976 (SSC) and higher secondary studies in college (HSC) in 1978, she studied medicine at the Mymensingh Medical College, an affiliated medical college of the University of Dhaka and graduated in 1984 with an MBBS degree.[12]
In college, she wrote and edited a poetry journal called Shenjuti.[13] After graduation, she worked at a family planning clinic in Mymensingh, then practised at the gynaecology department of Mitford hospital and at the anesthesia department of Dhaka Medical College hospital. While she studied and practised medicine, she saw girls who had been raped; she also heard women cry out in despair in the delivery room if their baby was a girl.[14] Born into a Muslim family, she became an atheist over time.[15] In the course of writing she took a feminist approach.[16]
Literary career
Early in her literary career, Nasrin wrote mainly poetry, and published half a dozen collections of poetry between 1982 and 1993, often with female oppression as a theme, and often containing very graphic language.[14] She started publishing prose in the late 1980s, and produced three collections of essays and four novels before the publication of her documentary novel Lajja (Bengali: লজ্জা, romanized: Lôjja, lit. 'Shame') in which a Hindu family was being attacked by Muslim fanatics and decided to leave the country. Nasrin suffered a number of physical and other attacks for her critical scrutiny of Islam and her demand for women's equality. Hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets demanding her execution by hanging. In October 1993, a radical fundamentalist group called the Council of Islamic Soldiers offered a bounty for her death.[14][17]
In May 1994, she was interviewed by the Kolkata edition of The Statesman, which quoted her as calling for a revision of the Quran; she claims she only called for abolition of the Sharia, the Islamicreligious law.[18] In August 1994 she was brought up on "charges of making inflammatory statements," and faced criticism from Islamic fundamentalists. A few hundred thousand demonstrators called her "an apostate appointed by imperial forces to vilify Islam"; a member of a "militant faction threatened to set loose thousands of poisonous snakes in the capital unless she was executed."[19] After spending two months in hiding, at the end of 1994 she escaped to Sweden, consequently ceasing her medical practice and becoming a full-time writer and activist.[20]
Life in exile
After fleeing Bangladesh in 1994, Nasrin spent the next ten years in exile in Sweden, Germany, France and the US. She returned to the East and relocated to Kolkata, India, in 2004, where she lived until 2007. After she was physically attacked by fanatics in Hyderabad, she was forced to live under house arrest in Kolkata, and finally, she was made to leave West Bengal on 22 November 2007. She then lived under house arrest in New Delhi for three months. She left India in 2008 but later returned there from the United States.[citation needed]
Leaving Bangladesh towards the end of 1994, Nasrin lived in exile in Western Europe and North America for ten years. Her Bangladeshi passport had been revoked; she was granted citizenship by the Swedish government and took refuge in Germany.[21] She allegedly had to wait for six years (1994–1999) to get a visa to visit India. In 1998, she wrote Meyebela, My Bengali Girlhood, her biographical account from birth to adolescence. She never got a Bangladeshi passport to return to the country to visit her parents, now both deceased.[21]
In 2004, she was granted a renewable temporary residential permit by India and moved to Kolkata in the state of West Bengal, which shares a common heritage and language with Bangladesh; in an interview in 2007, after she had been forced to flee, she called Kolkata her home.[22] The government of India extended her visa to stay in the country on a periodic basis, though it refused to grant her Indian citizenship. While living in Kolkata, Nasrin regularly contributed to Indian newspapers and magazines, including Anandabazar Patrika and Desh, and, for some time, wrote a weekly column in the Bengali version of The Statesman.
Again her criticism of Islam was met with opposition from religious fundamentalists: in June 2006, Syed Noorur Rehaman Barkati, the imam of Kolkata's Tipu Sultan Mosque, admitted offering money to anyone who "blackened [that is, publicly humiliated] Ms Nasreen's face."[23][24][25] Even abroad controversy followed: on the US Independence Day weekend in 2005, she criticized US foreign policy and tried to read her poem titled "America" to a large Bengali crowd at the North American Bengali Conference at Madison Square Garden in New York City, but was booed off the stage.[26] Back in India, the "All India Muslim Personal Board (Jadeed)" offered 500,000 rupees for her beheading in March 2007. The group's president, Tauqeer Raza Khan, said the only way the bounty would be lifted was if Nasrin "apologises, burns her books and leaves."[27]
In 2007, elected and serving members of All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen made threats against Taslima Nasreen,[28] pledging that the fatwa against her and Salman Rushdie were to be abided by.[29] While she was in Hyderabad releasing Telugu translations of her work, she was attacked by party members led by 3 MLAs- Mohammed Muqtada Khan, Mohammed Moazzam Khan and Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri - were then charged and arrested.[30][31][32][33]
Expulsion from Kolkata
On 9 August 2007, Nasrin was in Hyderabad to present the Telugu translation of one of her novels, Shodh, when she was allegedly attacked by a mob, led by legislators from the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, an Indian political party.[34][35] A week later, on 17 August, Muslim leaders in Kolkata revived an old fatwa against her, urging her to leave the country and offering an unlimited amount of money to anybody who would kill her.[36] On 21 November, Kolkata witnessed a protest against Nasrin. A protest organised by the "All India Minority Forum" caused chaos in the city and forced the army's deployment to restore order.[37] After the riots, Nasrin was forced to move from Kolkata, her "adopted city,"[38] to Jaipur, and to New Delhi the following day.[39][40][failed verification][failed verification][41]
The government of India kept Nasrin in an undisclosed location in New Delhi, effectively under house arrest, for more than seven months.[42] In January 2008, she was selected for the Simone de Beauvoir award in recognition of her writing on women's rights,[43] but declined to go to Paris to receive the award.[44] She explained that "I don't want to leave India at this stage and would rather fight for my freedom here,"[45] but she had to be hospitalised for three days with several complaints.[46] The house arrest quickly acquired an international dimension: in a letter to the London-based human rights organisation Amnesty International, India's former foreign secretary Muchkund Dubey urged the organisation to pressure the Indian government so Nasrin could safely return to Kolkata.[47]
From New Delhi, Nasrin commented: "I'm writing a lot, but not about Islam, It's not my subject now. This is about politics. In the last three months I have been put under severe pressure to leave [West] Bengal by the police."[48] In an email interview from the undisclosed safehouse, Nasrin talked about the stress caused by "this unendurable loneliness, this uncertainty and this deathly silence." She cancelled the publication of the sixth part of her autobiography Nei Kichu Nei ("No Entity"), and — under pressure — deleted some passages from Dwikhandito, the controversial book that was the boost for the riots in Kolkata.[49] She was forced to leave India on 19 March 2008.
Nasrin moved to Sweden in 2008 and later worked as a research scholar at New York University.[50] Since, as she claims, "her soul lived in India," she also pledged her body to the country, by awarding it for posthumous medical use to Gana Darpan, a Kolkata-based NGO, in 2005.[51] She eventually returned to India, but was forced to stay in New Delhi as the West Bengal government refused to permit her entry.[citation needed] Currently her visa received a one-year extension in 2016 and Nasreen is also seeking permanent residency in India but no decision has been taken on it by the Home Ministry.[52]
In 2015 Nasrin was threatened with death by Al Qaeda-linked extremists, and so the Center for Inquiry assisted her in travelling to the United States, where she now lives.[53] The Center for Inquiry (CFI) that helped evacuate her to the U.S. on 27 May gave an official statement in June 2015 stating that her safety "is only temporary if she cannot remain in the U.S., however, which is why CFI has established an emergency fund to help with food, housing, and the means for her to be safely settled".[54]
Literary works
Do you really think a God who created the universe, billions of galaxies, stars, billions of planets- would promise to reward some little things in a pale blue dot (i.e Earth) for repeatedly saying that he is the greatest and kindest and for fasting? Such a great creator can't be so narcissist! -Taslima Nasrin[55]
Nasrin started writing poetry when she was thirteen. While still at college in Mymensingh, she published and edited a literary magazine, SeNjuti ("Light in the dark"), from 1978 to 1983. She published her first collection of poems in 1986. Her second collection, Nirbashito Bahire Ontore ("Banished within and without") was published in 1989. She succeeded in attracting a wider readership when she started writing columns in late 1980s, and, in the early 1990s, she began writing novels, for which she has won significant acclaim.[38] In all, she has written more than thirty books of poetry, essays, novels, short stories, and memoirs, and her books have been translated into 20 different languages.
Her own experience of sexual abuse during adolescence and her work as a gynaecologist influenced her a great deal in writing about the treatment of women in Islam and against religion in general.[48] Her writing is characterised by two connected elements: her struggle with the religion of her native culture, and her feminist philosophy. She cites Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir as influences, and, when pushed to think of one closer to home, Begum Rokeya, who lived during the time of undivided Bengal.[56] Her later poetry also evidences a connection to place, to Bangladesh and India.[57]
Columns and essays
In 1989 Nasrin began to contribute to the weekly political magazine Khaborer Kagoj, edited by Nayeemul Islam Khan, and published from Dhaka. Her feminist views and anti-religion remarks articles succeeded in drawing broad attention, and she shocked the religious and conservative society of Bangladesh by her radical comments and suggestions.[citation needed] Later she collected these columns in a volume titled Nirbachita Column, which in 1992 won her first Ananda Purashkar award, a prestigious award for Bengali writers. During her life in Kolkata, she contributed a weekly essay to the Bengali version of The Statesman, called Dainik Statesman. Taslima has always advocated for an Indian Uniform civil code,[58] and said that criticism of Islam is the only way to establish secularism in Islamic countries.[59] Taslima said that Triple talaq is despicable and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board should be abolished.[60] Taslima used to write articles for online media venture The Print in India.[61]
Novels
In 1992 Nasrin produced two novellas which failed to draw attention.
Her breakthrough novel Lajja (Shame) was published in 1993, and attracted wide attention because of its controversial subject matter. It contained the struggle of a patriotic Bangladeshi Hindu family in a Muslim environment.[62][63] Initially written as a thin documentary, Lajja grew into a full-length novel as the author later revised it substantially. In six months' time, it sold 50,000 copies in Bangladesh before being banned by the government that same year.[62]
Her other famous novel is French Lover, published in year 2002.[citation needed]
Autobiography
Amar Meyebela (My Girlhood, 2002), the first volume of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladeshi government in 1999 for "reckless comments" against Islam and the prophet Mohammad.[64]Utal Hawa (Wild Wind), the second part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladesh government in 2002.[65]Ka (Speak up), the third part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladeshi High Court in 2003. Under pressure from Indian Muslim activists, the book, which was published in West Bengal as Dwikhandita, was banned there also; some 3,000 copies were seized immediately.[66] The decision to ban the book was criticized by "a host of authors" in West Bengal,[67] but the ban was not lifted until 2005.[68][69]Sei Sob Ondhokar (Those Dark Days), the fourth part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladesh government in 2004.[70][71]
To date, a total of seven parts of her autobiography have been published. "Ami bhalo nei tumi bhalo theko priyo desh", " Nei kichu nei" and "Nirbashito". All seven parts have been published by Peoples's Book Society, Kolkata.
She received her second Ananda Purashkar award in 2000, for her memoir Amar Meyebela (My Girlhood, published in English in 2002).
Nasrin's life and works in adaptation
Nasrin's life is the subject of a number of plays and songs, in the east and the west. The Swedish singer Magoria sang "Goddess in you, Taslima,"[72] and the French band Zebda composed "Don't worry, Taslima" as an homage.
Her work has been adapted for TV and even turned into music. Jhumur was a 2006 TV serial based on a story written especially for the show.[73] Bengali singers like Fakir Alamgir, Samina Nabi, Rakhi Sen sang her songs.[citation needed]Steve Lacy, the jazz soprano saxophonist, met Nasrin in 1996 and collaborated with her on an adaptation of her poetry to music. The result, a "controversial" and "compelling" work called The Cry, was performed in Europe and North America.[74] Initially, Nasrin was to recite during the performance, but these recitations were dropped after the 1996 Berlin world première because of security concerns.[75]
Writers and intellectuals for and against Nasrin
Nasrin has been criticized by writers and intellectuals in both Bangladesh and West Bengal for targeted scandalisation. Because of "obnoxious, false and ludicrous" comments in Ka, "written with the 'intention to injure the reputation of the plaintiff'", Syed Shamsul Haq, Bangladeshi poet and novelist, filed a defamation suit against Nasrin in 2003. In the book, she mentions that Haq confessed to her that he had a relationship with his sister-in-law.[76] A West Bengali poet, Hasmat Jalal, did the same; his suit led to the High Court banning the book, which was published in India as Dwikhondito.[77] Nearly 4 million dollars were claimed in defamation lawsuits against her after the book was published. The West Bengal Government, supposedly pressured by 24 literary intellectuals, decided to ban Nasrin's book in 2003.[78] Some commented that she did it to earn fame. She defended herself against the allegations, responding that she had written her life's story, not those of others.[79] She enjoyed support from Bengali writers and intellectuals like Annada Shankar Ray, Sibnarayan Ray and Amlan Dutta.[80]
Recently she was supported and defended by author Mahasweta Devi, poet Joy Goswami, and artist Paritosh Sen.[81] In India, noted writers Arundhati Roy, Girish Karnad, and others defended her when she was under house arrest in Delhi in 2007, and co-signed a statement calling on the Indian government to grant her permanent residency in India or, should she ask for it, citizenship.[82] In Bangladesh, writer and philosopher Kabir Chowdhury also supported her strongly.[83]
Controversy
When Sri Lanka banned the burqa in 2019, Nasrin took to Twitter to show her support for the decision. She described the burqa as a 'mobile prison,' a comment which was reported on by journalists.[84]
In a 2019 tweet, she stated on Twitter that "Men and women who have bad genes with genetic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer etc should not produce children. They have no right to make others suffer."[85] Some commentators cited this as support for eugenics.[86] Nasrin has denied this, stating that she is not a supporter of eugenics, and that her comment was not serious, and had been taken out of context.[87][88]
Taslima Nasrin has received international awards in recognition of her contribution towards the cause of freedom of expression. Awards and honors conferred on her include the following:
Ananda Award or Ananda Puraskar from West Bengal, India in 1992 and 2000 for "Nirbachita Kolam" and "Amar Meyebela"[90]
Sakharov Prize for freedom of thoughts from European Parliament, in 1994[91]
Hasan, Md. Mahmudul (December 2010). "Free speech, ban and "fatwa": A study of the Taslima Nasrin affair". Journal of Postcolonial Writing. 46 (5): 540–552. doi:10.1080/17449855.2010.517061. S2CID28109396.
^Devarajan, Arthi (Spring 1998). "Taslima Nasrin". Postcolonial Studies. Emory University. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^"Conventions light up July 4 weekend". India Abroad. 15 July 2005. With over 12,000 attendees ... the 2005 North American Bengali Conference ... held over the July 4 weekend ... at Madison Square Garden ... writer Taslima Nasrin was unrelenting in her assessment of US foreign policy ... 'Everybody started booing' ... her speech, which ended with an aborted attempt to recite her poem America.
^"Amnesty help on Taslima sought". The Statesman. 1 February 2008. Confinement of Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen in a supposedly safe house ... India's former foreign secretary Mr Muchkund Dubey in a personal letter to Ms Irene Khan, chairperson of London-based human rights organisation Amnesty International, has urged her to exert pressure on the Government of India, so that the Bangladeshi author's current predicament gets over and she becomes able to get back to her home in Kolkata.
^Bhattacharya, Kajari (21 January 2008). "I've lost all creative freedom: Taslima". The Statesman. As she lives in an undisclosed location in New Delhi, writer Taslima Nasreen ... In an exclusive e-mail interview she gave to The Statesman, the controversial writer said she is unable to concentrate on her writing ... She also indicated that she had deleted passages from her controversial book Dwikhandito under mental pressure ... The writer said she had no idea when she would find release from what she called this unendurable loneliness, this uncertainty and this deathly silence ... The Bangladeshi writer cancelled the publication of the sixth part of her autobiography Nei Kichu Nei (There is Nothing) ... because she said she was unable to meet the deadline.
^"A memory of home". Ibnlive.in.com. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
^"Fishing for trouble". Hinduonnet.com. 5 February 2004. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 14 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Banerjee, Sudeshna (30 April 2005). "Bitter, Taslima stays afloat". The Telegraph (Kolkata). Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
