Thelephorales

Thelephorales
	Sarcodon imbricatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Subclass:	incertae sedis
Order:	Thelephorales; Corner ex Oberw. (1976)
Families
	Bankeraceae Donk; Thelephoraceae Chevall.

The Thelephorales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes corticioid and hydnoid fungi, together with a few polypores and clavarioid species. Most fungi within the Thelephorales are ectomycorrhizal. None is of any great economic importance, though Sarcodon imbricatus is edible and commercially marketed, whilst several species have been used for craft dyeing.

Taxonomy

History

Though "the Thelephorales" were referred to in passing by E.J.H. Corner in 1968,^[1] the order was not formally published till 1976 when German mycologist Franz Oberwinkler first described it as encompassing the families Thelephoraceae and Bankeraceae. As originally conceived, species within the order had diverse basidiocarp (fruit body) forms, but shared several features in common, notably similarities in basidiospore shape (most having spiny to warted, often lobed spores) and similarities in basidiocarp colours, linked to the presence of thelephoric acid derivatives and often accompanied by blue to greenish reactions with alkalis.^[2]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has supported the morphological concept of the Thelephorales, indicating that the order forms a distinct grouping within the Agaricomycetes, close to the Polyporales.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Distribution and habitat

All fungi within the order are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with the roots of living trees.^[3] Distribution of the Thelephorales is cosmopolitan. According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 18 genera and over 250 species worldwide.^[6]

Economic importance

Sarcodon imbricatus is an edible species collected for local markets in some countries and commercially collected in China for export as a dried product.^[7] Polyozellus multiplex is also edible and collected for sale in North America.^[8] Several species within the Thelephorales have been used for dyeing wool by modern craft-dyers, including Hydnellum caeruleum in North America,^[9] Sarcodon squamosus in Scandinavia,^[10] and Thelephora palmata in Scotland.^[11]

Thelephora terrestris (Thelephoraceae)
Hydnellum ferrugineum (Bankeraceae)
Polyozellus multiplex (Thelephoraceae)

References

^ Corner EJH. (1968). "A monograph of Thelephora". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 27: 1–110.
^ Stalpers JA. (1993). "The Aphyllophoraceous fungi I. Keys to the species of the Thelephorales". Studies in Mycology. 35: 1–168. http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/publications/1035/content/txt_035.htm Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Hibbett DS. (2006). "A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina". Mycologia. 98 (6): 917–925. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.917. PMID 17486968. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Hibbett DS, et al. (2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
^ Matheny PB, et al. (2007). "Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (2): 430–451. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.024. PMID 17081773. S2CID 15093127.
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Berch SM, Cocksedge W (2003). Commercially important wild mushrooms and fungi of British Columbia: what the buyers are buying. Technical Report 006 (PDF). Victoria, British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Forests Science Program. pp. 1, 5. ISBN 978-0-7726-4932-4.
^ Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for August 2003 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/aug2003.html
^ Johannesson H, Ryman S, Lundmark H, Danell E (1999). "Sarcodon imbricatus and S. squamosus — two confused species". Mycological Research. 103 (11): 1447–1452. doi:10.1017/S0953756299008709. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Corner1968-1] Corner EJH. (1968). "A monograph of Thelephora". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 27: 1–110.

[Stalpers1993-2] Stalpers JA. (1993). "The Aphyllophoraceous fungi I. Keys to the species of the Thelephorales". Studies in Mycology. 35: 1–168. http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/publications/1035/content/txt_035.htm Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

[Hibbett2006-3] Hibbett DS. (2006). "A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina". Mycologia. 98 (6): 917–925. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.917. PMID 17486968. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Hibbettetal2007-4] Hibbett DS, et al. (2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.

[Mathenyetal2007-5] Matheny PB, et al. (2007). "Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (2): 430–451. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.024. PMID 17081773. S2CID 15093127.

[Kirk2008-6] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

[Chinaexport-7] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[BCbuying-8] Berch SM, Cocksedge W (2003). Commercially important wild mushrooms and fungi of British Columbia: what the buyers are buying. Technical Report 006 (PDF). Victoria, British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Forests Science Program. pp. 1, 5. ISBN 978-0-7726-4932-4.

[Volk2003-9] Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for August 2003 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/aug2003.html

[Johannesson1999-10] Johannesson H, Ryman S, Lundmark H, Danell E (1999). "Sarcodon imbricatus and S. squamosus — two confused species". Mycological Research. 103 (11): 1447–1452. doi:10.1017/S0953756299008709. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Scotdye-11] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2010-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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