Timeline of Antwerp

The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Antwerp, Belgium.

Prior to 13th century

from abt. 150 – abt. 250-270: Gallo-Roman settlement in the centre of Antwerp (at "Willem Ogierplaats").^[1]^[2]^[3]
abt 700: Oldest mention of the name Andoverpis in a written source : the Vita Eligii dated early 8th century (abt. 700).^[4]
739: death of Saint Willibrord, bishop.^[5]
978: Treaty of Margut-sur-Chiers, between France and German empire, the river Scheldt is recognised as the border between Neustria and Lotharingia^[6]
980 – the German Emperor Otto II awarded Antwerp a margraviate, and build a fortification on the wharf (de burg) with a ditch the "burchtgracht"
1100 The Roya is a small natural river that runs outside the "Burchtgracht"
1104 The fortification of the "Burcht" is reinforced by Emperor Hendrik IV. The wall's height in increased from 5 metres (16 ft) to 12 metres (39 ft) its thickness from 1.35 metres (4.4 ft) to 2 metres (6.6 ft)
1109: Antwerp starts making city canals the "ruienstelsel" From the Koolvliet in the north via, Holenrui, Minderbroedersrui to Suikerrui and Botervliet in the south

13th–15th centuries

1250 – Construction of the second Vleeshuis, city butchery and Guildhouse of the butchers^[7]
1406 – City becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant.
1442 – Guild of Saint Luke granted privileges.
1477 – Quaeye Werelt revolt
1478
- Joyous Entry of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor into the city.
- Violieren chamber of rhetoric founded.^[8]
1481 – Matt. Van der Goes sets up printing press.^[9]
1491 – One of the world's "first" illustrated advertisements printed in Antwerp.^[10]

16th century

1503 – Construction of the third Vleeshuis, current building, city butchery and guildhouse of the butchers .^[11]
1513 – Guild Hall of the Archers built.^[12]
1515 – Joyous Entry of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor into the city.
1518 – Notre Dame Cathedral built.^[13]
1520 – Het Steen fortress rebuilt.
1523 – Church of St. Andrew built.^[12]
1528 – Merten de Keyser (printer) in business (approximate date).^[14]
1531 – Opening of the Bourse of Antwerp, the first purpose-built exchange.^[12]
1533 – Lancelot II of Ursel saves the Cathedral from total ruin.
1543 – Music publisher Susato in business.^[15]
1549 – Philip II of Spain visits city.^[16]
1552 – Girls' orphanage built.^[12]
1555 – Christophe Plantin (printer) in business.^[17]
1560s – Antwerp Citadel built.^[18]
1565 – City Hall built.^[12]
1566 – August: Protestant Reformation riots.^{[citation needed]}
1567 – 13 March: Battle of Oosterweel occurs near city.
1568
- Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem, former mayor is executed..
- Maison Hanseatique built.^[12]
- Population: 125,000.^[12]
1570 – Theatrum Orbis Terrarum atlas published.
1571 – Church of St. Paul built.^[12]
1572 – Antwerp Citadel completed.
1576 – 4 November: during the Sack of Antwerp, John III van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst gets killed by the Spanish forces.^[12]
1577 – Antwerp Citadel partially dismantled.
1579
- City joins Union of Utrecht.
- Hall of the Coopers built.^[12]
1583 – 17 January: François, Duke of Anjou tries to take city.
1584 – July: Siege of Antwerp begins.
1585
Defeat of the rebels on the Kouwensteinsedijk, 26 May 1585
- August: Siege of Antwerp ends; Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma in power.^[12]
- Population: 85,000.^[12]
1589
- Church of the Capuchins built.
- Population: 55,000.^[12]
1593 – Hieronymus Verdussen (printer) in business (approximate date).
1594 – Joyous Entry of Archduke Ernest of Austria into the city.
1599 – Isabella and Albert (Habsburg Netherlands sovereigns) make their Joyous Entry into the city.^[19]

17th–18th centuries

1603 – Nicolaas II Rockox builds the Rockox House.
1609 – Twelve Years' Truce signed.
View of the Meir in Antwerp. Painting by Erasmus de Bie
1615 – Church of Augustinians built.^[12]
1621 – Carolus Borromeuskerk built.^[12]
1635 – Joyous Entry of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into the city.^[20]
1638 – 20 June: Battle of Kallo.
1644 – House of the Tailors rebuilt.^[12]
1646 – Hall of the Carpenters rebuilt.^[12]
1646 – Siege of Antwerp by Frederick Henry failed.
1648
- River Scheldt closed to navigation per Treaty of Münster.^[13]
- Joyous Entry of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria into the city.^[21]
1656 – St. James' Church built.^[12]
1663 – Royal Academy of Fine Arts founded.
1745 – Royal Residence built on the Meir.
1746 – Osterrieth House built on the Meir.
1750 – Royal Horticultural and Agricultural Society exhibitions begin (approximate date).^[22]
1755 – Royal Palace built.^[12]
1790 – Population: 40,000.^[12]
1795 – City becomes capital of French département Deux-Nèthes.

19th century

1802 – Quays built on Schelde River.^[12]
1805 – City Library opens in City Hall.^[23]
1810 – Royal Museum of Fine Arts founded.
1811 – Bonaparte Dock built.
1813 – Willem Dock built.
1815 – City becomes part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.^[13]
1816 – Jewish Community established.
1818 – Fortresses built.^[13]
1826 – Orangery built in the Botanical Garden.^{[citation needed]}
1830
- Conflict between Belgian insurgents and Dutch forces.^[13]
- Population: 73,506.^[12]
1832 – November–December: City besieged by French forces.^[12]
1834
- Medical Society founded.^[24]
- Theatre Royal built.^[12]
1843 – Zoological Garden founded.^[25]
1846 – Population: 88,487.^[13]
1848 – Jan Frans Loos becomes mayor.
1852 – Wuyts art gallery opens (approximate date).^[26]
1853
- Institut Saint-Ignace [nl] inaugurated.^[27]
- Church of St. George consecrated.^[12]
1859
- Berchem and Borgerhout become part of city (approximate date).^[13]
- Old city walls dismantled.^[12]
- Fortress construction begins.
1860 – Kattendijk built.^[13]
1864 – Museum of Antiquities opens.^[28]
1866 – Cholera epidemic.
1867 – School of Music founded.^[29]
1870 – Fort Merxem constructed.^[13]
1871 – International Geographical Congress held.
1872 – Exchange building and Flemish Theatre built.^[12]
1873 – Horsecar trams begin operating.
1874 – Demolition of Antwerp Citadel begins.^[12]
1876 – Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp [nl] founded.^[30]
1877 – Plantin-Moretus Museum opens.
1879 – Population: 173,600.^[12]
1880 – Royal Antwerp Football Club formed.
1881 – Antwerp Water Works constructed.
1883 – Library building opens.
1884 – Royal Atheneum (school) built.^[31]
1885
- Exposition Universelle d'Anvers (world's fair) held.
- Temperance conference held.^[32]
1891 – Gazet van Antwerpen newspaper begins publication.^[33]
1892 – Société Anversoise du Commerce au Congo in business.
1893
- Koninklijke Vlaamse Opera [nl] (Flemish Opera) founded.^[34]
- Hollandse Synagoge built.
1894 – Exposition Internationale d'Anvers (world's fair) and Universal Peace Congress^[35] held.
1895 – Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo in business.
1896 – National Archives' Antwerp branch founded.^[36]
1897 – De Nieuwe Gazet [nl] newspaper begins publication.^[33]
1898 – Royal Conservatory established.^[37]

20th century

1902 – Electric trams begin operating.
1903 – World Gymnastics Championships held.
1904 – Museum Mayer van den Bergh built.
1905 – Antwerpen-Centraal railway station and "America dock"^[13] open.
1906 – Fort Breendonk built.
1907 – Eisenmann Synagogue built.
1910
- Population: 361,723.^[13]
- St. Boniface Church consecrated.
1914 – September–October: Siege of Antwerp; German occupation begins.^[38]^[39]
1920
- 1920 Summer Olympics held.
- Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles headquartered in city.^[40]
- Colonial school [nl] and Société Belge des Bétons^[41] founded
1921 – Schoonselhof cemetery established.
1923 – Airport opens.
1928 – Antwerpsche Diamantkring established.
1930 – Eeuwfeestkliniek (hospital) built.
1931 – Antwerp Book Fair begins.
1932 – Boerentoren built.
1933 – Museum of Flemish Literature founded.
1940 – May: German occupation begins.
1944
- 4 September: Liberation by the British 11th Armoured Division.
- October–November: Battle of the Scheldt.
1946 – Rubens House museum opens.
1966
- Sporthal Arena built.
- Wide White Space Gallery opens.
1967 – Antwerp International School established.
1968 – De Tijd newspaper begins publication.^[33]
1969
- Jazz Middelheim festival begins.
- Kennedytunnel opens.
- Royal Ballet of Flanders established.
1970 – Chicagoblok built.
1975
- Antwerp Pre-metro begins operating.
- International Gemological Institute headquartered in city.
- Cinderella´s Ballroom opened
1977 – 't Fornuis restaurant in business.
1981 – Zeno X gallery opens.^[42]
1983 – Berchem, Borgerhout, Deurne, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem, and Wilrijk become part of the city of Antwerp.^[43]
1985 – Museum of Modern Art founded.^{[citation needed]}
1989 – Berendrecht Lock constructed.
1994
- Laus Polyphoniae festival begins.
- Switel Hotel fire
1995 – City website launched (Digitale Metropool Antwerpen).^[44]

21st century

2003
- Patrick Janssens becomes mayor.^[45]
- University of Antwerp established.
2004
- Fotomuseum Antwerp opens.
- City designated a UNESCO World Book Capital.
2006
- 0110 concert held.
- FelixArchief (city archives)^[46] and Law Courts building open.
2007
- Antwerp World Diamond Centre established.^[47]
- Stadsfeestzaal [nl] shopping center opens.^{[citation needed]}
2011
- Museum aan de Stroom opens.
- Population: 507,007.
2013 – Bart De Wever becomes mayor.

References

^ Stadsarcheologie, Tony Oost 1976-1982, site 'Stadsparking'
^ Oost, Tony: De bewoning te Antwerpen tijdens de Gallo-Romeinse periode. In: Warmenbol-feit-1987
^ Oost, T.: De opgravingen "Stadsparking" te Antwerpen: een voorlopig verslag (dec. 1974-maart 1976). In: "Antwerpen", 22 (1976), 2: 68-76. www zie: Archeoweb Antwerpen [1] Archived 7 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Verhulst-1978". Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ "warmenbol-feit-1987, p.174". Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ [prims-asia31, p.55 [2] Archived 7 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Antwerp city website, museum Vleeshuis". Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^ Arjan Van Dixhoorn; Susie Speakman Sutch, eds. (2008). The Reach of the Republic of Letters: Literary and Learned Societies in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16955-5.
^ Robert Proctor (1898). "Books Printed From Types: Belgium: Anvers". Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company. hdl:2027/uc1.c3450632 – via HathiTrust.
^ Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-60819-738-5.
^ "Antwerp city website, Museum Vleeshuis". Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac "Antwerp", Belgium and Holland (6th ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1881
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1911). "Antwerp (city)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156.
^ Frans Olthoff (1891). De boekdrukkers, boekverkoopers en uitgevers in Antwerpen (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Ruef.
^ Stephen Rose (2005). "Places and Institutions". In Tim Carter; John Butt (eds.). Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79273-8.
^ Grapheus, Cornelius. "Spectaculorum in susceptione Philippi Hispan. Princ. a. 1549 Antverpia aeditorum mirificus apparatus". Europeana. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ Theodore Low De Vinne (1888), Christopher Plantin, and the Plantin-Moretus Museum at Antwerp, New York: Printed for the Grolier Club, OL 7174501M
^ Martha Pollak (2010). "Paradigmatic Citadels: Antwerp/Turin". Cities at War in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11344-1.
^ Bochius, Johannes, 1555-1609. "Historica narratio profectionis et inavgvrationis serenissimorvm Belgii principvm Alberti et Isabellae, Avstriae archidvcvm". Europeana. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link). Margit Thøfner (1999). "Marrying the City, Mothering the Country: Gender and Visual Conventions in Johannes Bochius's Account of the Joyous Entry of the Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella into Antwerp". Oxford Art Journal. 22.
^ "Entry of Ferdinand, Infante of Spain, into Antwerp. (Antwerp: 15th May, 1635)". Treasures in Full: Renaissance Festival Books. British Library. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^ Hans Vlieghe (1976). "The Decorations for Archduke Leopold William's State Entry into Antwerp". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes.
^ "The Great Horticultural Show at Antwerp". Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener. London. 8 April 1875.
^ The Bibliographer, London, April 1883{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Annales de la Société de médecine d'Anvers (in French). 1863.
^ Promenade au jardin zoologique d'Anvers (in French). J.-E. Buschmann. 1861. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
^ The Art Journal, London, 1 May 1852{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Edouard Seve (July 1897). "L'Enseignement technique et commercial en Belgique". Journal of the Society of Arts (in French). London. Institut Supérieur de Commerce d'Anvers
^ Catalogue du Musée d'antiquités d'Anvers (in French) (3rd ed.), Buschmann, 1885, archived from the original on 26 March 2016, retrieved 18 August 2016
^ George Grove (1900), "Benoit", Dictionary of music and musicians, London: Macmillan
^ Memoires de la societe de geographie d'Anvers (in French), vol. 1, Anvers, 1879, archived from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 18 August 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Inge Bertels (2007). "Expressing Local Specificity: The Flemish Renaissance Revival in Belgium and the AntwerpCity Architect Pieter Jan Auguste Dens". Architectural History. 50.
^ G. Thomann (1886), Some thoughts on the International Temperance meeting, held at Antwerp in September, 1885, New York, OL 14042676M{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Belgium". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.
^ John Warrack; Ewan West (1996). "Antwerp". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280028-2.
^ Bulletin officiel du VIme Congrès international de la paix tenu à Anvers (Belgique) du 29 août au 1r septembre 1894, Impr. veuve de Backer, 1895, archived from the original on 29 November 2014, retrieved 23 November 2014
^ "State archives in Antwerp". State Archives in Belgium. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ "Historiek" (in Dutch). Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen - Koninklijk Conservatorium. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Ian V. Hogg (1998). "Antwerp". Historical Dictionary of World War I. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3372-2.
^ Chris Cook; John Stevenson (2003). "First World War: Chronology". Longman Handbook of Twentieth Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89224-3.
^ M. S. Vassiliou (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3.
^ "Entreprises Jacques Delens". La recherche aux Archives de l'État: Producteurs (in French). State Archives in Belgium. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ "History". Zeno X Gallery. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Karel Vroom (1991). "Antwerp: A Modern City with a Significant Historic Heritage". GeoJournal. 24 (3). doi:10.1007/bf00189028. S2CID 143213976.
^ Filip Boudrez (2002), From backup to archived website: preserving the legacy websites of the city of Antwerp, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 22 August 2015 – via Expertisecentrum David
^ "Belgian mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ "Geschiedenis stadsarchief" (in Dutch). FelixArchief. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ "History". Antwerp World Diamond Centre. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.

This article incorporates information from the Dutch Wikipedia and the French Wikipedia.

Bibliography

Published in the 18th-19th century

"Anvers". Gazetteer of the Netherlands. Attributed to Clement Cruttwell. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. 1794.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"Antwerp". Galignani's Traveller's Guide through Holland and Belgium (4th ed.). Paris: A. and W. Galignani. 1822. hdl:2027/njp.32101073846667.
"Antwerp". Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London: Charles Knight. 22 December 1832.
"Antwerp". The Traveller's Guide through Belgium. Brussels: A.D. Wahlen. 1835. OCLC 32329300.
Alexandre Ferrier de Tourette (1840). "Anvers". Belgium historical and picturesque. Translated by Addison. Brussels: Hauman.
"Wayside Pictures through France, Belgium, and Holland: the Shores of the Low Countries; Antwerp". Bentley's Miscellany. London: Richard Bentley: 624. 1849.
J. Willoughby Rosse (1858). "Antwerp". Index of Dates ... Facts in the Chronology and History of the World. London: H.G. Bohn. hdl:2027/uva.x030807786 – via Hathi Trust.
Feestalbum van Antwerpen (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Buschmann. 1864.
John Ramsay McCulloch (1869), "Antwerp", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, hdl:2027/njp.32101075979870
Visitors Universal Handybook and Guide to Antwerp, Brussels, Waterloo, Ghent, Bruges, Liege, etc. etc (5th ed.). Antwerp: John De Wit & Joris. 1884.
W. Pembroke Fetridge (1885), "Antwerp", Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East, New York: Harper & Brothers
Walter D. Welford (October 1895), "Belgium through a Hand Camera", Photographic Times
Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Antwerp", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555

Published in the 20th century

Grant Allen (1904), Belgium: its Cities, Boston: Page, OL 24136954M
"Antwerp", Belgium and Holland, including the grand-duchy of Luxembourg (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 397759
Henri Zondervan, ed. (1914), "Antwerpen", Winkler Prins' Geillustreerde Encyclopaedie (in Dutch), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Amsterdam: Uitgevers-Maatschappy „Elsevier“, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068310187
"Antwerp", Traveller's Handbook for Belgium and the Ardennes, London: T. Cook & Son, 1921

External links

Europeana. Items related to Antwerp, various dates.

[1] Stadsarcheologie, Tony Oost 1976-1982, site 'Stadsparking'

[2] Oost, Tony: De bewoning te Antwerpen tijdens de Gallo-Romeinse periode. In: Warmenbol-feit-1987

[3] Oost, T.: De opgravingen "Stadsparking" te Antwerpen: een voorlopig verslag (dec. 1974-maart 1976). In: "Antwerpen", 22 (1976), 2: 68-76. www zie: Archeoweb Antwerpen [1] Archived 7 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[4] "Verhulst-1978". Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

[5] "warmenbol-feit-1987, p.174". Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

[6] [prims-asia31, p.55 [2] Archived 7 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[7] "Antwerp city website, museum Vleeshuis". Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[Dixhoorn2008-8] Arjan Van Dixhoorn; Susie Speakman Sutch, eds. (2008). The Reach of the Republic of Letters: Literary and Learned Societies in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16955-5.

[proctor1898-9] Robert Proctor (1898). "Books Printed From Types: Belgium: Anvers". Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company. hdl:2027/uc1.c3450632 – via HathiTrust.

[Robertson2011-10] Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-60819-738-5.

[11] "Antwerp city website, Museum Vleeshuis". Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[baedeker1881-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac "Antwerp", Belgium and Holland (6th ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1881

[brit1910-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1911). "Antwerp (city)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156.

[14] Frans Olthoff (1891). De boekdrukkers, boekverkoopers en uitgevers in Antwerpen (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Ruef.

[rose2005places-15] Stephen Rose (2005). "Places and Institutions". In Tim Carter; John Butt (eds.). Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79273-8.

[16] Grapheus, Cornelius. "Spectaculorum in susceptione Philippi Hispan. Princ. a. 1549 Antverpia aeditorum mirificus apparatus". Europeana. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

[17] Theodore Low De Vinne (1888), Christopher Plantin, and the Plantin-Moretus Museum at Antwerp, New York: Printed for the Grolier Club, OL 7174501M

[Pollak2010-18] Martha Pollak (2010). "Paradigmatic Citadels: Antwerp/Turin". Cities at War in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11344-1.

[19] Bochius, Johannes, 1555-1609. "Historica narratio profectionis et inavgvrationis serenissimorvm Belgii principvm Alberti et Isabellae, Avstriae archidvcvm". Europeana. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link). Margit Thøfner (1999). "Marrying the City, Mothering the Country: Gender and Visual Conventions in Johannes Bochius's Account of the Joyous Entry of the Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella into Antwerp". Oxford Art Journal. 22.

[20] "Entry of Ferdinand, Infante of Spain, into Antwerp. (Antwerp: 15th May, 1635)". Treasures in Full: Renaissance Festival Books. British Library. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.

[21] Hans Vlieghe (1976). "The Decorations for Archduke Leopold William's State Entry into Antwerp". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes.

[22] "The Great Horticultural Show at Antwerp". Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener. London. 8 April 1875.

[23] The Bibliographer, London, April 1883{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[24] Annales de la Société de médecine d'Anvers (in French). 1863.

[25] Promenade au jardin zoologique d'Anvers (in French). J.-E. Buschmann. 1861. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.

[26] The Art Journal, London, 1 May 1852{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[27] Edouard Seve (July 1897). "L'Enseignement technique et commercial en Belgique". Journal of the Society of Arts (in French). London. Institut Supérieur de Commerce d'Anvers

[28] Catalogue du Musée d'antiquités d'Anvers (in French) (3rd ed.), Buschmann, 1885, archived from the original on 26 March 2016, retrieved 18 August 2016

[29] George Grove (1900), "Benoit", Dictionary of music and musicians, London: Macmillan

[30] Memoires de la societe de geographie d'Anvers (in French), vol. 1, Anvers, 1879, archived from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 18 August 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[31] Inge Bertels (2007). "Expressing Local Specificity: The Flemish Renaissance Revival in Belgium and the AntwerpCity Architect Pieter Jan Auguste Dens". Architectural History. 50.

[32] G. Thomann (1886), Some thoughts on the International Temperance meeting, held at Antwerp in September, 1885, New York, OL 14042676M{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[europa2004-33] "Belgium". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.

[Warrach1996-34] John Warrack; Ewan West (1996). "Antwerp". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280028-2.

[35] Bulletin officiel du VIme Congrès international de la paix tenu à Anvers (Belgique) du 29 août au 1r septembre 1894, Impr. veuve de Backer, 1895, archived from the original on 29 November 2014, retrieved 23 November 2014

[36] "State archives in Antwerp". State Archives in Belgium. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.

[37] "Historiek" (in Dutch). Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen - Koninklijk Conservatorium. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.

[Hogg1998-38] Ian V. Hogg (1998). "Antwerp". Historical Dictionary of World War I. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3372-2.

[Cook2003-39] Chris Cook; John Stevenson (2003). "First World War: Chronology". Longman Handbook of Twentieth Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89224-3.

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Timeline of Antwerp

Prior to 13th century

13th–15th centuries

16th century

17th–18th centuries

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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